Getting a life: Gender differences in postwar recovery

Sex Roles

Volumn 61, Issue 7-8, 2009, Pages 554-565

  Kimhi, Shaul ^a   Eshel, Yohanan ^a   Zysberg, Leehu ^a   Hantman, Shira ^a  

^a TEL HAI COLLEGE   (Israel)

Author keywords

Family support; Gender differences; Mediation model; Posttraumatic recovery; Sense of danger; Stress symptoms

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350153037     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-009-9660-2     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Agronick, G., Stueve, A., Vargo, S., & O'Donnell, L. (2007). New York City young adults' psychological reactions to 9/11: Findings from the reach for health longitudinal study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 79-90.
2. Al-Turkait, F. A., & Ohaeri, J. U. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder among Kuwaiti military men according to level of involvement in the first Gulf War. Depression & Anxiety, 25, 932-941.
3. Anshel, M. H., & Sutarso, T. (2007). Relationships between sources of acute stress and athletes' coping style in competitive sport as a function of gender. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 1-24.
4. Arbuckle, J. L. (2007). Amos 16.0 user's guide. Chicago: SPSS.
5. Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Child care in the Anglo-Saxon mode. In U. Bronfenbrenner (Ed.), Making human being human: Bioecological perspectives on human development (pp. 274-282). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6. Büchi, S., Mörgeli, H. S., Jenewein, J., Hepp, U., Jina, E., Neuhaus, R., et al. (2007). Grief and post-traumatic growth in parents 2-6 years after the death of their extremely premature baby. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 106-114.
7. Carballo, M., Smajkic, A., Damir, D. A., Dzidowsk, A. M., Gebre-Medhin, J., & van Halem, J. (2004). Mental health and coping in a war situation: The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Biosocial Science, 36, 463-477.
8. Chen, C. H. (2007). Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: A survey of a high-risk sample with property damage. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 269-275.
9. Collins, N. L., & Miller, L. C. (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 457-475.
10. Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., Beidas, R. S., Wiener, C. L., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). Children and terrorism related news. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 568-578.
11. Dandoy, A. C., & Goldstein, A. G. (1990). The use of cognitive appraisal to reduce stress reactions: A replication. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 5, 275-285.
12. Derogatis, L. R., & Savitz, K. L. (2000). The SCL-90-R and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in primary care. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), Handbook of psychological assessment in primary care settings (pp. 297-334). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13. Derogatis, L. R., & Spencer, P. M. (1982). The Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual-I. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
14. Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Raundalen, M. (2002). Children exposed to warfare: a longitudinal study. Journal Of Traumatic Stress, 15, 59-68.
15. Ehntholt, K. A., & Yule, W. (2006). Practitioner review: assessment and treatment of refugee children and adolescents who have experienced war-related trauma. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1197-1210.
16. Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle: Selected papers. Psychological Issues, 1, 1-171.
17. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
18. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150-170.
19. Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & Delongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 571-579.
20. Galea, S., Vlahov, D., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Susser, E., Gold, J., et al. (2003). Trends of probable posttraumatic stress disorder in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 58, 514-524.
21. Gavranidou, M., & Rosner, R. (2003). The weaker sex? Gender and posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 17, 130-139.
22. Gilbar, O., & Ben-Zur, H. (2002). Cancer and the family caregiver: Distress and coping. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher.
23. Goldberger, L., & Breznitz, S. (1993). Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects. New York, NY, US: Free Press.
24. Hadi, F., Llabre, M. M., & Spitzer, S. (2006). Gulf War-related trauma and psychological distress of Kuwaiti children and their mothers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 653-662.
25. Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti-Nisim, D., & Johnson, R. J. (2006). Exposure to terrorism, stress-related mental health symptoms, and defensive coping among Jews and Arabs in Israel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 24, 207-218.
26. Hobfoll, S. E., Hall, B. J., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Palmieri, P. A. (2007). Refining our understanding of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism: Moving from meaning cognitions to doing what is meaningful. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56, 345-366.
27. Hoffman, M. H., & Lewy-Shiff, R. (1992). Children's vulnerability to stressful life events in mother's eyes: Effects of gender and parental experiences. Sex Roles, 27, 39-45.
28. Hoffman, M. H., & Lewy-Shiff, R. (1993). Gender differences in relation between stressful life events and adjustment among school-aged children. Sex Roles, 29, 441-455.
29. Hoffmann, M. L., Powlishta, K. K., & White, K. (2004). An examination of gender differences in adolescent adjustment. Sex Roles, 50, 795-800.
30. Ickovics, J. R., Meade, C. S., & Kershaw, T. S. (2006). Urban teens: Trauma, posttraumatic growth, and emotional distress among female adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 841-850.
31. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2006). Hizbullah attacks Northern Israel and Israel's response. Retrieved 21 October 2006, from http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+from+Lebanon-+Hizbullah/Hizbullah+attack+in+northern+Israel+and+Israels+response+12-Jul-2006.htm.
32. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
33. Jenings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., Spiro, A., & Mroczek, D. K. (2006). Combat exposure, perceived benefits of military service and wisdom in later life. Research on Aging, 28, 115-134.
34. Karen, A. M., & Gerdenio, M. (1994). Stress responses to Loma Prieta earthquake, males vs. females. Sex Roles, 30, 725-733.
35. Kimhi, S., & Shamai, M. (2004). Community resilience and the impact of stress: Adult response to Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 439-451.
36. Kimhi, S., & Shamai, M. (2006). Are women at higher risk than man? Gender differences among teenagers and adults in their response to threat of war and terror. Women & Health, 43, 1-19.
37. Kimhi, S., & Eshel, Y., Zysberg, L., & Hantman, S. (2009). Postwar Winners and Losers in the Long Run: Determinants of War Related Stress Symptoms and Posttraumatic Recovery. Community Mental Health Journal (forthcoming).
38. Lazarus, R. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
39. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
40. Levine, S. Z., Laufer, A., Hamama-Raz, Y., Stein, E., & Solomon, Z. (2008). Posttraumatic growth in adolescence: Examining its components and relationship with PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 492-496.
41. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 551-558.
42. Marcotte, D., Fortin, L., & Potvin, P. (2002). Gender differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence: Role of gender-typed characteristics, self-esteem, body image, stressful life events, and pubertal status. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 29-42.
43. Norberg, A. L., Lindblad, F., & Boman, K. K. (2006). Support-seeking, perceived support, and anxiety in mothers and fathers after children's cancer treatment. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 335-343.
44. O'Rourke, J. J. F., Tallman, B. A., & Altmaier, E. (2008). Measuring post-traumatic changes in spirituality/religiosity. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 11, 719-728.
45. Palmieri, P. A., Canetti-Nisim, D., Galea, S., Johnson, R. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2008). The psychological impact of the Israel-Hezbollah War on Jews and Arabs in Israel: the impact of risk and resilience factors. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 1208-1216.
46. Park, C. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2006). Introduction to the special section: Growth following highly stressful life events-current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 791-796.
47. Patterson, J. M., & Garwick, A. W. (1994). Theoretical linkages: Family meanings and sense of coherence. In H. I. McCubbin, E. A. Thompson & J. E. Fromer (Eds.), Sense ofoherence and resiliency: Stress, coping and health (pp. 71-89). Madison WI: University of Wisconsin System, Center for Excellence in Family Studies.
48. Polatinsky, S., & Esprey, Y. (2000). An assessment of gender differences in the perception of benefit resulting from the loss of a child. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 709-718.
49. Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2006). Post-traumatic growth: An opportunity after the trauma? Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 12, 133-144.
50. Ronen, T., Rahav, G., & Rosenbaum, M. (2003). Children's reactions to a war situation as a function of age and sex. Anxiety Stress & Coping, 16, 59-69.
51. Sagy, S., & Antonovsky, H. (2000). The development of the sense of coherence: A retrospective study of early life experiences in the family. Journal of Aging and Human Development, 51, 155-166.
52. Schraedley, P. K., Gotlib, I. H., & Hayward, C. (1999). Gender differences in correlates of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25, 98-108.
53. Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., et al. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507-1512.
54. Shamai, M., & Kimhi, S. (2006). Exposure to threat of war and terror, political attitudes, stress, and life satisfaction among teenagers. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 165-176.
55. Shamai, M., & Kimhi, S. (2007). Teenager's response to threat of war and terror: The impact of gender and social systems. Community Mental Health Journal, 43, 359-374.
56. Shu-Cheng, J. Y., Chia-Hsiung, H., Hsueh-Chin, C., & Thomas, T. H. W. (2009). Gender differences in stress and coping among elderly patients of hemodialysis. Sex Roles, 60, 44-56.
57. Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., Hacam, B., & Stuvland, R. (2002). War exposure among children from Bosnia-Hercegovina: Psychological adjustment in a community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15, 147-56.
58. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. In S. Leinhart (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp. 290-312). Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.
59. Solomon, Z., & Prager, E. (1992). Elderly Israeli holocaust survivors during the Persian Gulf War: A study of psychological distress. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1707-1710.
60. Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 2-30.
61. Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
62. Thabet, A. A., & Vostanis, P. (2000). Post traumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 291-298.
63. van Wijk, C. H., & Waters, A. H. (2008). Positive psychology made practical: a case study with naval specialists. Military Medicine, 173, 488-492.
64. Walsh, F. (1998). Strengthening family resilience. New York: Guilford.
65. Weekes, N. Y., MacLean, J., & Berger, D. (2005). Sex, stress, and health: Does stress predict health symptoms differently for the two sexes? Stress and Health, 21, 147-156.
66. Weinrib, A., Rothrock, N. E., Johnsen, E. L., & Lutgendorf, S. K. (2006). The assessment and validity of stress-related growth in a community based sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 851-858.
67. Yahav, R., & Cohen, M. (2007). Symptoms of acute stress in Jewish and Arab Israeli citizens during the Second Lebanon War. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 830-836.
68. Yaswi, A., & Haque, A. (2008). Prevalence of PTSD symptoms and depression and level of coping among the victims of the Kashmir conflict. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 13, 471-480.
69. Zeidner, M. (2006). Gender group differences in coping with chronic terror: The Israeli scene. Sex Roles, 54, 297-310.