The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: A meta-analytic review

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 29, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 607-616

  Rood, Lea ^a   Roelofs, Jeffrey ^a   Bögels, Susan M ^b   Nolen Hoeksema, Susan ^c   Schouten, Erik ^a  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Children; Distraction; Response styles theory; Rumination

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ANXIETY; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; EFFECT SIZE; GENDER BIAS; HOPELESSNESS; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; PROBLEM SOLVING; REVIEW; RUMINATION; SELF ESTEEM; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

ADOLESCENT; AFFECT; ATTENTION; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; CULTURE; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; TEMPERAMENT;

EID: 70149096172     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.001     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Abela J., Aydin C., and Auerbach R. Responses to depression in children: Reconceptualizing the relation among response styles. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 35 (2007) 913-927
2. Abela J., Brozina K., and Haigh E. An examination of the Response Styles Theory of depression in third and seventh grade children: A short term longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 30 5 (2002) 515-527
3. Abela J., Vanderbilt E., and Rochon A. A test of the integration of the response styles and social support theories of depression in third and seventh grade children. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23 5 (2004) 653-674
4. Abramson L., Metalsky G., and Alloy L. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review 96 2 (1989) 358-372
5. Alloy L., Abramson L., Hogan M., Whitehouse W., Rose D., Robinson M., et al. The Temple-Wisconsin cognitive vulnerability to depression project: Lifetime history of axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 3 (2000) 403-418
6. Angold A., Costello E., and Worthman C. Puberty and depression: The roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychological Medicine 28 (1998) 51-61
7. Beck A. Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects (1967), Harper & Row, New York
8. Beck A., Rush A., Shaw B., and Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression (1979), Guilford, New York
9. Birmaher B., Arbelaez C., and Brent D. Course and outcome of child and adolescent major depressive disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics North America 11 (2002) 619-637
10. Birmaher B., Ryan N.D., Williamson D.E., Brent D.A., Kaufman J., Dahl R.E., et al. Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35 11 (1996) 1427-1439
11. Borkovec T. The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In: Davey G., and Tallis F. (Eds). Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (1994), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 5-33
12. Broderick P. Mindfulness and coping with dysphoric mood: Contrasts with rumination and distraction. Cognitive Therapy and Research 29 5 (2005) 501-510
13. Broderick P., and Korteland C. A prospective study of rumination and depression in early adolescence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 9 3 (2004) 383-394
14. Burwell R., and Shirk S. Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 36 1 (2007) 56-65
15. Butler L., and Nolen-Hoeksema S. Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles 30 5/6 (1994) 331-346
16. Calmes C., and Roberts J. Repetitive thought and emotional distress: Rumination and worry as prospective predictors of depressive and anxious symptomatology. Cognitive Therapy and Research 30 (2007) 343-356
17. Carney C., Edinger J., Meyer B., Lindman L., and Istre T. Symptom-focused rumination and sleep disturbance. Behavioral Sleep Medicine 4 4 (2006) 228-241
18. Carver C. Goal engagement and the human experience. In: Wyer R.J. (Ed). Ruminative thoughts Vol. IX (1996), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Mahwah, New Jersey 49-61
19. Cole D.A., Ciesla J.A., Dallaire D.H., Jacquez F.M., Pineda A.Q., LaGrange B., et al. Emergence of attributional style and its relation to depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117 (2008) 16-31
20. Conway M., Giannopoulos C., and Stiefenhofer K. Response styles to sadness are related to sex and sex-role orientation. Sex Roles 22 9/10 (1990) 579-587
21. Dancho L. The relationship between children's beliefs about the stability of traits, rumination, and negative affect. Graduate Student Journal of Psychology 6 (2004) 24-31
22. Davey G. Pathological worrying as exacerbated problem-solving. In: Davey G., and Tallis F. (Eds). Worrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (1994), Wiley & Sons, Chichester
23. Dimidjian S., Hollon S., Dobson K., Schmaling K., Kohlenberg R., Addis M., et al. Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74 4 (2006) 658-670
24. Driscoll, K. A. (2004). Children's response styles and risk for depression and anxiety: Developmental and sex differences. Unpublished Dissertation, Florida State University.
25. Fresco D., Frankel A., Mennin D., Turk C., and Heimberg R. Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: The relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research 26 2 (2002) 179-188
26. Garnefski N., Boon S., and Kraaij V. Relationships between cognitive strategies of adolescents and depressive symptomatology across different types of life event. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 32 6 (2003) 401-408
27. Goodyer I., Herbert J., and Tamplin A. Psychoendocrine antecedents of persistent first-episode major depression in adolescents: A community-based longitudinal enquiry. Psychological Medicine 33 (2003) 601-610
28. Grabe S., Shibley Hyde J., and Lindberg S. Body objectification and depression in adolescents: The role of gender, shame, and rumination. Psychology of Women Quarterly 31 (2007) 164-175
29. Grant K., Lyons A., Finkelstein J.-A., Conway K., Reynolds L., O'Koon J., et al. Gender differences in rates of depressive symptoms among low-income, urban, African American youth: A test of two mediational hypotheses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 33 6 (2004) 523-533
30. Hampel P., and Petermann F. Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 34 (2005) 73-83
31. Hankin B. Stability of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: A short-term prospective multiwave study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117 2 (2008) 324-333
32. Harvey A., Ehlers A., and Clark D. Learning history in social phobia. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 33 3 (2005) 257-271
33. Harvey A., Watkins E., Mansell W., and Shafran R. Cognitive behavioral processes across psychological disorders: A transdiagnostic approach to research and treatment (2004), Oxford University Press, Oxford
34. Hilt L., Cha C., and Nolen-Hoeksema S. Non-suicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls: Moderators of the distress-function relationship. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76 1 (2008) 63-71
35. Hong R. Worry and rumination: Differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 277-290
36. Joormann J., Dkane M., and Gotlib I. Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination? Diagnostic specificity and relation to depressive biases. Behavior Therapy 37 (2006) 269-280
37. Jose P., and Brown I. When does the gender difference in rumination begin? Gender and age differences in the use of rumination by adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 37 (2008) 180-192
38. Just N., and Alloy L. The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106 2 (1997) 221-229
39. Kazdin A.E., and Weisz J.R. Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2003), Guilford Press, New York
40. Kennedy, E. (2006). The role of stress-reactive rumination in the relationship between peer victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Unpublished Dissertation, Saint Louis University.
41. Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Swartz M., Blazer D.G., and Nelson C.B. Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders 29 2-3 (1993) 85-96
42. Kirkegaard Thomsen D., Mehlsen M., Christensen S., and Zachariae R. Rumination -relationship with negative mood and sleep quality. Personality and Individual Differences 34 (2003) 1293-1301
43. Knowles R., Tai S., Christensen I., and Bentall R. Coping with depression and vulnerability to mania: A factor analytic study of the Nolen-Hoeksema (1991) Response Styles Questionnaire. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44 (2005) 99-112
44. Kocovski N., Endler N., Rector N., and Flett G. Ruminative coping and post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43 (2005) 971-984
45. Kuehner C. Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108 (2003) 163-174
46. Kuyken W., Watkins E., Holden E., and Cook W. Rumination in adolescents at risk for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 96 (2006) 39-47
47. Lang v.N., Ferdinand R., and Verhulst F. Predictors of future depression in early and late adolescence. Journal of Affective Disorders 97 (2007) 137-144
48. Lewinsohn P., Rohde P., and Seeley J. Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review 18 7 (1998) 765-794
49. Li C.E., DiGiuseppe R., and Froh J. The roles of sex, gender, and coping in adolescent depression. Adolescence 41 163 (2006) 409-415
50. Long, J. (2001). An introduction to and generalization of the "Fail-Safe N. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association (New Orleans, LA, February 1-3).
51. Lyubomirsky S., and Tkach C. The consequences of dysphoric rumination. In: Papageorgiou C., and Wells A. (Eds). Depressive rumination: Nature, theory, and treatment (2004), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 21-41
52. McIntosh W. When does goal nonattainment lead to negative emotional reactions, an when doesn't it?: The role of linking and rumination. In: Martin L., and Tesser A. (Eds). Striving and feeling. Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulations (1996), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey 53-77
53. McLaughlin K., Borkovec T., and Sibrava N. The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity. Behavior Therapy 38 (2007) 23-38
54. Michael T., Halligan S., Clark D., and Ehlers A. Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety 24 (2007) 307-317
55. Miranda R., and Nolen-Hoeksema S. Brooding and reflection: Rumination predicts suicidal ideation at one-year follow up in a community sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 3088-3095
56. Moberly N., and Watkins E. Ruminative self-focus and negative affect: An experience sampling study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117 2 (2008) 314-323
57. Muris P., Fokke M., and Kwik D. The ruminative response style in adolescents: An examination of its specific link to symptoms of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research 33 (2009) 21-32
58. Muris P., Roelofs J., Meesters C., and Boomsma P. Rumination and worry in nonclinical adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research 28 4 (2004) 539-554
59. Muris P., Roelofs J., Rassin E., Franken I., and Mayer B. Mediating effects of rumination and worry on the links between neuroticism, anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences 39 (2005) 1105-1111
60. Nolan S., Roberts J., and Gotlib I. Neuroticism and ruminative response style as predictors of change in depressive symptomatology. Cognitive Therapy and Research 22 5 (1998) 445-455
61. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin 101 2 (1987) 259-282
62. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100 4 (1991) 569-582
63. Nolen-Hoeksema S. The role of rumination and depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 3 (2000) 504-511
64. Nolen-Hoeksema S., and Girgus J. The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin 115 3 (1994) 424-443
65. Nolen-Hoeksema S., and Harrell Z. Rumination, depression, and alcohol use: Tests of gender differences. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 16 (2002) 391-403
66. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Larson J., and Grayson C. Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 5 (1999) 1061-1072
67. Nolen-Hoeksema S., and Morrow J. A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 1 (1991) 115-121
68. Nolen-Hoeksema S., and Morrow J. Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion 7 (1993) 561-570
69. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Morrow J., and Fredrickson B. Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102 1 (1993) 20-28
70. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Stice E., Wade E., and Bohon C. Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in female adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116 1 (2007) 198-207
71. Nolen-Hoeksema S., Wisco B.E., and Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3 (2008) 400-424
72. Orwin R.G. A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics 8 (1983) 157-159
73. Papadakis A.A., Prince R.A., Jones N.P., and Strauman T.J. Self-regulation, rumination, and vulnerability to depression in adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology 18 (2006) 815-829
74. Papageorgiou C., and Wells A. Treatment of recurrent major depression with Attention Training. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 7 (2000) 407-413
75. Papageorgiou C., and Wells A. Depressive rumination: Nature, theory and treatment (2004), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
76. Park R., Goodyer I.M., and Teasdale J. Effects of induced rumination and distraction on mood and overgeneral autobiographical memory in adolescent Major Depressive Disorder and controls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 5 (2004) 996-1006
77. Park R., Goodyer I., and Teasdale J. Self-devaluative dysphoric experience and the prediction of persistent first-episode major depressive disorder in adolescents. Psychological Medicine 35 (2005) 539-548
78. Roberts J., Gilboa E., and Gotlib I. Ruminative response style and vulnerability to episodes of dysphoria: Gender, neuroticism, and episode duration. Cognitive Therapy and Research 22 4 (1998) 401-423
79. Robinson M., and Alloy L. Negative cognitive styles and stress-reactive rumination interact to predict depression: A prospective study. Cognitive Therapy and Research 27 3 (2003) 275-292
80. Roelofs J., Huibers M., Peeters F., and Arntz A. Effects of neuroticism on depression and anxiety: Rumination as a possible mediator. Personality and Individual Differences 44 (2008) 576-586
81. Schwartz J., and Koenig L. Response styles and negative affect among adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research 20 1 (1996) 13-36
82. Segal Z., Williams J., and Teasdale J. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. A new approach to preventing relapse (2002), The Guilford Press, New York
83. Segerstrom S., Tsao J., Alden L., and Craske M. Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research 24 6 (2000) 671-688
84. Skitch S., and Abela J.R.Z. Rumination in response to stress as a common vulnerability factor to depression and substance misuse in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 36 (2008) 1029-1045
85. Smith J., Alloy L., and Abramson L. Cognitive vulnerability to depression, rumination, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation: Multiple pathways to self-injurious thinking. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior 36 (2006) 443-454
86. Starcevic V. Pathological worry in major depression: A preliminary report. Behaviour Research and Therapy 33 1 (1995) 55-56
87. Teasdale J., Williams J., Soulsby J., Segal Z., Ridgeway V., and Lau M. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 4 (2000) 615-623
88. Treynor W., Gonzalez R., and Nolen-Hoeksema S. Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research 27 3 (2003) 247-259
89. Turner J.J., and Cole D. Developmental differences in cognitive diatheses for child depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 22 1 (1994) 15-32
90. Washington, F. (2006). The relationship among rumination and distraction in pathological gamblers. Unpublished Dissertation, University of Northern Colorado.
91. Watkins E. Appraisals and strategies associated with rumination and worry. Personality and Individual Differences 37 (2004) 679-694
92. Watkins E. Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thoughts. Psychological Bulletin 134 (2008) 163-206
93. Watkins E., Moulds M., and Mackintosh B. Comparisons between rumination and worry in a non-clinical population. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43 (2005) 1577-1585
94. Watkins E., Scott J., Wingrove J., Rimes K., Bathurst N., Steiner, et al. Rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy for residual depression: A case series. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 2144-2154
95. Weir K., and Jose P. A comparison of the Response Styles Theory and the Hopelessness Theory of depression in preadolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence 28 (2008) 356-374
96. Weisz J., McCarty C., and Valeri S. Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 132 1 (2006) 132-149
97. Wilkinson P., and Goodyer I. Attention difficulties and mood-related ruminative response style in adolescents with unipolar depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47 12 (2006) 1284-1291
98. Wilkinson P., and Goodyer I. The effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on mood-related ruminative response style in depressed adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2 3 (2008)
99. Ziegert D., and Kistner J. Response Styles Theory: Downward extension to children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 31 3 (2002) 325-334