Beyond immediate hypersensitivity: Evolving roles for IgE antibodies in immune homeostasis and allergic diseases

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 242, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 128-143

  Burton, Oliver T ^a   Oettgen, Hans C ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergy; IgE; Mast cell

Indexed keywords

CD23 ANTIGEN; FC EPSILON RECEPTOR 1 ALPHA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN FC FRAGMENT; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALLERGIC DISEASE; ALLERGY; ARTICLE; CELL FUNCTION; FOOD ALLERGY; GRANULOMA; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; INTESTINE; LARVA; MAST CELL; NONHUMAN; PARASITE IMMUNITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; SENSITIZATION; TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS; TRICHINOSIS;

ADULT; ANIMALS; CHILD; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; MAST CELLS; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; RECEPTORS, IGE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 79959355589     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: 1600065X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01024.x     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Kubo S, Nakayama T, Matsuoka K, Yonekawa H, Karasuyama H. Long term maintenance of IgE-mediated memory in mast cells in the absence of detectable serum IgE. J Immunol 2003;170:775-780.
2. Gould HJ, et al. The biology of IGE and the basis of allergic disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2003;21:579-628.
3. Stanworth DR. The discovery of IgE. Allergy 1993;48:67-71.
4. Oettgen HC, Martin TR, Wynshaw-Boris A, Deng C, Drazen JM, Leder P. Active anaphylaxis in IgE-deficient mice. Nature 1994;370:367-370.
5. Lin S, Cicala C, Scharenberg AM, Kinet JP. The Fc(epsilon)RIbeta subunit functions as an amplifier of Fc(epsilon)RIgamma-mediated cell activation signals. Cell 1996;85:985-995.
6. Dombrowicz D, Flamand V, Miyajima I, Ravetch JV, Galli SJ, Kinet JP. Absence of Fc epsilonRI alpha chain results in upregulation of Fc gammaRIII-dependent mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis. Evidence of competition between Fc epsilonRI and Fc gammaRIII for limiting amounts of FcR beta and gamma chains. J Clin Invest 1997;99:915-925.
7. Grayson MH, et al. Induction of high-affinity IgE receptor on lung dendritic cells during viral infection leads to mucous cell metaplasia. J Exp Med 2007;204:2759-2769.
8. van der Kleij H, et al. Evidence for neuronal expression of functional Fc (epsilon and gamma) receptors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:757-760.
9. Gould HJ, Sutton BJ. IgE in allergy and asthma today. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:205-217.
10. Acharya M, et al. CD23/FcepsilonRII: molecular multi-tasking. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;162:12-23.
11. Cheng LE, Wang ZE, Locksley RM. Murine B cells regulate serum IgE levels in a CD23-dependent manner. J Immunol 2010;185:5040-5047.
12. Aubry JP, Pochon S, Graber P, Jansen KU, Bonnefoy JY. CD21 is a ligand for CD23 and regulates IgE production. Nature 1992;358:505-507.
13. Kilmon MA, Ghirlando R, Strub MP, Beavil RL, Gould HJ, Conrad DH. Regulation of IgE production requires oligomerization of CD23. J Immunol 2001;167:3139-3145.
14. McCloskey N, et al. Soluble CD23 monomers inhibit and oligomers stimulate IGE synthesis in human B cells. J Biol Chem 2007;282:24083-24091.
15. Karagiannis SN, et al. Endocytosis and recycling of the complex between CD23 and HLA-DR in human B cells. Immunology 2001;103:319-331.
16. Flores-Romo L, Johnson GD, Ghaderi AA, Stanworth DR, Veronesi A, Gordon J. Functional implication for the topographical relationship between MHC class II and the low-affinity IgE receptor: occupancy of CD23 prevents B lymphocytes from stimulating allogeneic mixed lymphocyte responses. Eur J Immunol 1990;20:2465-2469.
17. Hjelm F, Karlsson MC, Heyman B. A novel B cell-mediated transport of IgE-immune complexes to the follicle of the spleen. J Immunol 2008;180:6604-6610.
18. Getahun A, Hjelm F, Heyman B. IgE enhances antibody and T cell responses in vivo via CD23+ B cells. J Immunol 2005;175:1473-1482.
19. Takizawa F, Adamczewski M, Kinet JP. Identification of the low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E on mouse mast cells and macrophages as Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII. J Exp Med 1992;176:469-475.
20. Hirano M, et al. IgEb immune complexes activate macrophages through FcgammaRIV binding. Nat Immunol 2007;8:762-771.
21. Mancardi DA, Iannascoli B, Hoos S, England P, Daeron M, Bruhns P. FcgammaRIV is a mouse IgE receptor that resembles macrophage FcepsilonRI in humans and promotes IgE-induced lung inflammation. J Clin Invest 2008;118:3738-3750.
22. Blink SE, Fu YX. IgE regulates T helper cell differentiation through FcgammaRIII mediated dendritic cell cytokine modulation. Cell Immunol 2010;264:54-60.
23. Frigeri LG, Liu FT. Surface expression of functional IgE binding protein, an endogenous lectin, on mast cells and macrophages. J Immunol 1992;148:861-867.
24. Frigeri LG, Zuberi RI, Liu FT. Epsilon BP, a beta-galactoside-binding animal lectin, recognizes IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) and activates mast cells. Biochemistry 1993;32:7644-7649.
25. Shampain MP, Behrens BL, Larsen GL, Henson PM. An animal model of late pulmonary responses to Alternaria challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;126:493-498.
26. Kawakami T, Galli SJ. Regulation of mast-cell and basophil function and survival by IgE. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:773-786.
27. Metcalfe DD, Peavy RD, Gilfillan AM. Mechanisms of mast cell signaling in anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:639-646; quiz 647-648.
28. Gilfillan AM, Rivera J. The tyrosine kinase network regulating mast cell activation. Immunol Rev 2009;228:149-169.
29. Castle JD, Guo Z, Liu L. Function of the t-SNARE SNAP-23 and secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) in exocytosis in mast cells. Mol Immunol 2002;38:1337-1340.
30. Stone KD, Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:S73-S80.
31. Kemp SF, Lockey RF. Anaphylaxis: a review of causes and mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:341-348.
32. Makabe-Kobayashi Y, et al. The control effect of histamine on body temperature and respiratory function in IgE-dependent systemic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:298-303.
33. Burd PR, Thompson WC, Max EE, Mills FC. Activated mast cells produce interleukin 13. J Exp Med 1995;181:1373-1380.
34. Hsu CL, Neilsen CV, Bryce PJ. IL-33 is produced by mast cells and regulates IgE-dependent inflammation. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e11944.
35. Ikeda K, et al. Mast cells produce interleukin-25 upon Fc epsilon RI-mediated activation. Blood 2003;101:3594-3596.
36. Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP. The eosinophil. Annu Rev Immunol 2006;24:147-174.
37. Pawankar R, Okuda M, Yssel H, Okumura K, Ra C. Nasal mast cells in perennial allergic rhinitics exhibit increased expression of the Fc epsilonRI, CD40L, IL-4, and IL-13, and can induce IgE synthesis in B cells. J Clin Invest 1997;99:1492-1499.
38. Shelburne CP, Ryan JJ. The role of Th2 cytokines in mast cell homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2001;179:82-93.
39. Feuser K, Feilhauer K, Staib L, Bischoff SC, Lorentz A. Akt cross-links IL-4 priming, stem cell factor signaling, and IgE-dependent activation in mature human mast cells. Mol Immunol 2011;48:546-552.
40. Lorentz A, Schwengberg S, Sellge G, Manns MP, Bischoff SC. Human intestinal mast cells are capable of producing different cytokine profiles: role of IgE receptor cross-linking and IL-4. J Immunol 2000;164:43-48.
41. Lorentz A, et al. IL-4-induced priming of human intestinal mast cells for enhanced survival and Th2 cytokine generation is reversible and associated with increased activity of ERK1/2 and c-Fos. J Immunol 2005;174:6751-6756.
42. Yamaguchi M, et al. IgE enhances Fc epsilon receptor I expression and IgE-dependent release of histamine and lipid mediators from human umbilical cord blood-derived mast cells: synergistic effect of IL-4 and IgE on human mast cell Fc epsilon receptor I expression and mediator release. J Immunol 1999;162:5455-5465.
43. Nussenzweig RS, Merryman C, Benacerraf B. Electrophoretic separation and properties of mouse antihapten antibodies involved in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and passive hemolysis. J Exp Med 1964;120:315-328.
44. Miyajima I, Dombrowicz D, Martin TR, Ravetch JV, Kinet JP, Galli SJ. Systemic anaphylaxis in the mouse can be mediated largely through IgG1 and Fc gammaRIII. Assessment of the cardiopulmonary changes, mast cell degranulation, and death associated with active or IgE- or IgG1-dependent passive anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest 1997;99:901-914.
45. Finkelman FD. Anaphylaxis: lessons from mouse models. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120:506-515; quiz 516-517.
46. Sicherer SH, Munoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: a 5-year follow-up study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:1203-1207.
47. Schafer T, et al. Epidemiology of food allergy/food intolerance in adults: associations with other manifestations of atopy. Allergy 2001;56:1172-1179.
48. Aspock H, Auer H, Picher O. Trichuris trichiura eggs in the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps. Parasitol Today 1996;12:255-256.
49. Gounni AS, et al. High-affinity IgE receptor on eosinophils is involved in defence against parasites. Nature 1994;367:183-186.
50. Joseph M, Auriault C, Capron A, Vorng H, Viens P. A new function for platelets: IgE-dependent killing of schistosomes. Nature 1983;303:810-812.
51. Capron M, Capron A. Immunoglobulin E and effector cells in schistosomiasis. Science 1994;264:1876-1877.
52. Pinot de Moira A, Fulford AJ, Kabatereine NB, Ouma JH, Booth M, Dunne DW. Analysis of complex patterns of human exposure and immunity to Schistosomiasis mansoni: the influence of age, sex, ethnicity and IgE. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010;4:pii: e820.
53. Dunne DW, Butterworth AE, Fulford AJ, Ouma JH, Sturrock RF. Human IgE responses to Schistosoma mansoni and resistance to reinfection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1992;87(Suppl 4):99-103.
54. Kinet JP. The high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI): from physiology to pathology. Annu Rev Immunol 1999;17:931-972.
55. King CL, Xianli J, Malhotra I, Liu S, Mahmoud AA, Oettgen HC. Mice with a targeted deletion of the IgE gene have increased worm burdens and reduced granulomatous inflammation following primary infection with Schistosoma mansoni. J Immunol 1997;158:294-300.
56. Jankovic D, et al. Fc epsilonRI-deficient mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni mount normal Th2-type responses while displaying enhanced liver pathology. J Immunol 1997;159:1868-1875.
57. Amiri P, Haak-Frendscho M, Robbins K, McKerrow JH, Stewart T, Jardieu P. Anti-immunoglobulin E treatment decreases worm burden and egg production in Schistosoma mansoni-infected normal and interferon gamma knockout mice. J Exp Med 1994;180:43-51.
58. El Ridi R, Ozaki T, Kamiya H. Schistosoma mansoni infection in IgE-producing and IgE-deficient mice. J Parasitol 1998;84:171-174.
59. El Ridi R, Ragab S, Lewis S, Afifi A. Role of IgE in primary murine Schistosomiasis mansoni. Scand J Immunol 2001;53:24-31.
60. Delgado V, McLaren DJ. Evidence for enhancement of IgG1 subclass expression in mice polyvaccinated with radiation-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the role of this isotype in serum-transferred immunity. Parasite Immunol 1990;12:15-32.
61. Watanabe N, Bruschi F, Korenaga M. IgE: a question of protective immunity in Trichinella spiralis infection. Trends Parasitol 2005;21:175-178.
62. Gurish MF, et al. IgE enhances parasite clearance and regulates mast cell responses in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. J Immunol 2004;172:1139-1145.
63. Bryce PJ, Oettgen HC. Antigen-independent effects of immunoglobulin E. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2005;5:186-190.
64. Kawakami T, Kitaura J. Mast cell survival and activation by IgE in the absence of antigen: a consideration of the biologic mechanisms and relevance. J Immunol 2005;175:4167-4173.
65. Kisselgof AB, Oettgen HC. The expression of murine B cell CD23, in vivo, is regulated by its ligand, IgE. Int Immunol 1998;10:1377-1384.
66. Lee WT, Rao M, Conrad DH. The murine lymphocyte receptor for IgE. IV. The mechanism of ligand-specific receptor upregulation on B cells. J Immunol 1987;139:1191-1198.
67. Saini SS, Klion AD, Holland SM, Hamilton RG, Bochner BS, Macglashan DW, Jr. The relationship between serum IgE and surface levels of FcepsilonR on human leukocytes in various diseases: correlation of expression with FcepsilonRI on basophils but not on monocytes or eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:514-520.
68. Malveaux FJ, Conroy MC, Adkinson NF, Jr, Lichtenstein LM. IgE receptors on human basophils. Relationship to serum IgE concentration. J Clin Invest 1978;62:176-181.
69. Sihra BS, Kon OM, Grant JA, Kay AB. Expression of high-affinity IgE receptors (Fc epsilon RI) on peripheral blood basophils, monocytes, and eosinophils in atopic and nonatopic subjects: relationship to total serum IgE concentrations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99:699-706.
70. Furuichi K, Rivera J, Triche T, Isersky C. The fate of IgE bound to rat basophilic leukemia cells. IV. Functional association between the receptors for IgE. J Immunol 1985;134:1766-1773.
71. Quarto R, Kinet JP, Metzger H. Coordinate synthesis and degradation of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-subunits of the receptor for immunoglobulin E. Mol Immunol 1985;22:1045-1051.
72. Yamaguchi M, et al. IgE enhances mouse mast cell Fc(epsilon)RI expression in vitro and in vivo: evidence for a novel amplification mechanism in IgE-dependent reactions. J Exp Med 1997;185:663-672.
73. Lantz CS, et al. IgE regulates mouse basophil Fc epsilon RI expression in vivo. J Immunol 1997;158:2517-2521.
74. MacGlashan DW, Jr, et al. Down-regulation of Fc(epsilon)RI expression on human basophils during in vivo treatment of atopic patients with anti-IgE antibody. J Immunol 1997;158:1438-1445.
75. MacGlashan D, Jr, et al. In vitro regulation of FcepsilonRIalpha expression on human basophils by IgE antibody. Blood 1998;91:1633-1643.
76. Saini SS, et al. Down-regulation of human basophil IgE and FC epsilon RI alpha surface densities and mediator release by anti-IgE-infusions is reversible in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 1999;162:5624-5630.
77. Beck LA, Marcotte GV, MacGlashan D, Togias A, Saini S. Omalizumab-induced reductions in mast cell Fcepsilon RI expression and function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:527-530.
78. Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. 4. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:S486-S494.
79. Borkowski TA, Jouvin MH, Lin SY, Kinet JP. Minimal requirements for IgE-mediated regulation of surface Fc epsilon RI. J Immunol 2001;167:1290-1296.
80. Asai K, et al. Regulation of mast cell survival by IgE. Immunity 2001;14:791-800.
81. Kalesnikoff J, et al. Monomeric IgE stimulates signaling pathways in mast cells that lead to cytokine production and cell survival. Immunity 2001;14:801-811.
82. Cruse G, Cockerill S, Bradding P. IgE alone promotes human lung mast cell survival through the autocrine production of IL-6. BMC Immunol 2008;9:2.
83. Kitaura J, et al. Evidence that IgE molecules mediate a spectrum of effects on mast cell survival and activation via aggregation of the FcepsilonRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:12911-12916.
84. James LC, Roversi P, Tawfik DS. Antibody multispecificity mediated by conformational diversity. Science 2003;299:1362-1367.
85. Kohno M, Yamasaki S, Tybulewicz VL, Saito T. Rapid and large amount of autocrine IL-3 production is responsible for mast cell survival by IgE in the absence of antigen. Blood 2005;105:2059-2065.
86. Kashiwakura J, et al. Pivotal advance: IgE accelerates in vitro development of mast cells and modifies their phenotype. J Leukoc Biol 2008;84:357-367.
87. Kitaura J, et al. Regulation of highly cytokinergic IgE-induced mast cell adhesion by Src, Syk, Tec, and protein kinase C family kinases. J Immunol 2005;174:4495-4504.
88. Kitaura J, et al. IgE- and IgE+Ag-mediated mast cell migration in an autocrine/paracrine fashion. Blood 2005;105:3222-3229.
89. Lam V, et al. IgE alone stimulates mast cell adhesion to fibronectin via pathways similar to those used by IgE+antigen but distinct from those used by Steel factor. Blood 2003;102:1405-1413.
90. Jones TG, et al. Antigen-induced increases in pulmonary mast cell progenitor numbers depend on IL-9 and CD1d-restricted NKT cells. J Immunol 2009;183:5251-5260.
91. Gurish MF, Boyce JA. Mast cells: ontogeny, homing, and recruitment of a unique innate effector cell. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117:1285-1291.
92. Fried AJ, Oettgen HC. Anti-IgE in the treatment of allergic disorders in pediatrics. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010;22:758-764.
93. Kashiwakura J, et al. Polyclonal IgE induces mast cell survival and cytokine production. Allergol Int 2009;58:411-419.
94. Harari Y, Russell DA, Castro GA. Anaphylaxis-mediated epithelial Cl- secretion and parasite rejection in rat intestine. J Immunol 1987;138:1250-1255.
95. Mathias CB, et al. IgE influences the number and function of mature mast cells, but not progenitor recruitment in allergic pulmonary inflammation. J Immunol 2009; 182:2416-2424.
96. Mathias CB, et al. IgE-mediated systemic anaphylaxis and impaired tolerance to food antigens in mice with enhanced IL-4 receptor signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127:795-805.
97. van de Rijn M, Mehlhop PD, Judkins A, Rothenberg ME, Luster AD, Oettgen HC. A murine model of allergic rhinitis: studies on the role of IgE in pathogenesis and analysis of the eosinophil influx elicited by allergen and eotaxin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:65-74.
98. Mehlhop PD, et al. CD40L, but not CD40, is required for allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000;23:646-651.
99. Mehlhop PD, et al. Allergen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity and eosinophilic inflammation occur in the absence of IgE in a mouse model of asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:1344-1349.
100. Macatonia SE, Knight SC, Edwards AJ, Griffiths S, Fryer P. Localization of antigen on lymph node dendritic cells after exposure to the contact sensitizer fluorescein isothiocyanate. Functional and morphological studies. J Exp Med 1987;166:1654-1667.
101. Nagai H, Inagaki N, Tanaka H. Role of IgE for the onset of allergic cutaneous response caused by simple chemical hapten in mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999;118:285-286.
102. Bryce PJ, Miller ML, Miyajima I, Tsai M, Galli SJ, Oettgen HC. Immune sensitization in the skin is enhanced by antigen-independent effects of IgE on mast cells. Novartis Found Symp 2005;271:15-24; discussion 24-38, 95-99.
103. Askenase PW, et al. Defective elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity in W/Wv and SI/SId mast cell-deficient mice. J Immunol 1983;131:2687-2694.
104. Biedermann T, et al. Mast cells control neutrophil recruitment during T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions through tumor necrosis factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. J Exp Med 2000;192:1441-1452.
105. Mekori YA, Galli SJ. Undiminished immunologic tolerance to contact sensitivity in mast cell-deficient W/Wv and Sl/Sld mice. J Immunol 1985;135:879-885.
106. Cumberbatch M, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Langerhans cell migration in mice requires intact type I interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1RI) function. Arch Dermatol Res 1999; 291:357-361.
107. Cumberbatch M, Griffiths CE, Tucker SC, Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha induces Langerhans cell migration in humans. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:192-200.
108. Gordon JR. Monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1 expression during cutaneous allergic reactions in mice is mast cell dependent and largely mediates the monocyte recruitment response. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:110-116.
109. Gordon JR, Galli SJ. Mast cells as a source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-alpha/cachectin. Nature 1990;346:274-276.
110. Wang B, et al. Depressed Langerhans cell migration and reduced contact hypersensitivity response in mice lacking TNF receptor p75. J Immunol 1997;159:6148-6155.
111. Mathias CB, Freyschmidt EJ, Oettgen HC. Immunoglobulin E antibodies enhance pulmonary inflammation induced by inhalation of a chemical hapten. Clin Exp Allergy 2009;39:417-425.
112. Allen KJ, Martin PE. Clinical aspects of pediatric food allergy and failed oral immune tolerance. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:391-401.
113. Perrier C, Corthesy B. Gut permeability and food allergies. Clin Exp Allergy 2011;41:20-28.
114. Coombes JL, et al. A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism. J Exp Med 2007;204:1757-1764.
115. Smurthwaite L, et al. Persistent IgE synthesis in the nasal mucosa of hay fever patients. Eur J Immunol 2001;31:3422-3431.
116. Negrao-Correa D, Adams LS, Bell RG. Intestinal transport and catabolism of IgE: a major blood-independent pathway of IgE dissemination during a Trichinella spiralis infection of rats. J Immunol 1996; 157:4037-4044.
117. Untersmayr E, et al. The high affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilonRI is expressed by human intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e9023.
118. Yu LC, Montagnac G, Yang PC, Conrad DH, Benmerah A, Perdue MH. Intestinal epithelial CD23 mediates enhanced antigen transport in allergy: evidence for novel splice forms. Am J Physiol 2003;285:G223-G234.
119. Yang PC, Berin MC, Yu LC, Conrad DH, Perdue MH. Enhanced intestinal transepithelial antigen transport in allergic rats is mediated by IgE and CD23 (FcepsilonRII). J Clin Invest 2000;106:879-886.
120. Tu Y, et al. CD23-mediated IgE transport across human intestinal epithelium: inhibition by blocking sites of translation or binding. Gastroenterology 2005;129:928-940.
121. Berin MC, Li H, Sperber K. Antibody-mediated antigen sampling across intestinal epithelial barriers. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006;1072:253-261.
122. McDermott JR, Bartram RE, Knight PA, Miller HR, Garrod DR, Grencis RK. Mast cells disrupt epithelial barrier function during enteric nematode infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:7761-7766.
123. Groschwitz KR, et al. Mast cells regulate homeostatic intestinal epithelial migration and barrier function by a chymase/Mcpt4-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:22381-22386.
124. Groschwitz KR, Hogan SP. Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124:3-20; quiz 21-22.
125. Ceponis PJ, Botelho F, Richards CD, McKay DM. Interleukins 4 and 13 increase intestinal epithelial permeability by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Lack of evidence for STAT 6 involvement. J Biol Chem 2000;275:29132-29137.
126. Berin MC, Mayer L. Immunophysiology of experimental food allergy. Mucosal Immunol 2009;2:24-32.
127. Brandt EB, et al. Mast cells are required for experimental oral allergen-induced diarrhea. J Clin Invest 2003;112:1666-1677.
128. Wang M, et al. Peanut-induced intestinal allergy is mediated through a mast cell-IgE-FcepsilonRI-IL-13 pathway. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126:306-316.
129. Brandt EB, et al. Targeting IL-4/IL-13 signaling to alleviate oral allergen-induced diarrhea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123:53-58.
130. Forbes EE, et al. IL-9- and mast cell-mediated intestinal permeability predisposes to oral antigen hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 2008;205:897-913.
131. Ober C, et al. Variation in the interleukin 4-receptor alpha gene confers susceptibility to asthma and atopy in ethnically diverse populations. Am J Hum Genet 2000;66:517-526.
132. Hershey GK, Friedrich MF, Esswein LA, Thomas ML, Chatila TA. The association of atopy with a gain-of-function mutation in the alpha subunit of the interleukin-4 receptor. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1720-1725.
133. Tachdjian R, et al. In vivo regulation of the allergic response by the IL-4 receptor alpha chain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:1128-1136.
134. Kung TT, et al. Mast cells modulate allergic pulmonary eosinophilia in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995;12:404-409.
135. Kobayashi T, et al. An essential role of mast cells in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine asthma model. J Immunol 2000;164:3855-3861.
136. Williams CM, Galli SJ. Mast cells can amplify airway reactivity and features of chronic inflammation in an asthma model in mice. J Exp Med 2000;192:455-462.
137. Kitawaki T, et al. IgE-activated mast cells in combination with pro-inflammatory factors induce Th2-promoting dendritic cells. Int Immunol 2006;18:1789-1799.
138. Holgate ST, Church M, Lichtenstein LM. Allergy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.
139. Middleton E. Allergy: principles & practice. 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1998.