Carbohydrate molecules: An expanding horizon in drug delivery and biomedicine

Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 255-292

  Shukla, Raj Kumar ^a   Tiwari, Akanksha ^b  

^a Sun Pharma Advance Research Centre   (India)

^b M S UNIVERSITY OF BARODA   (India)

Author keywords

Carbohydrate molecules; Cell specific delivery; Immunology; Targeted drug delivery; Vaccines

Indexed keywords

ALGINIC ACID; ANTHRAX VACCINE; ARABINOGALACTAN; BUDESONIDE; CANCER VACCINE; CARBOHYDRATE DERIVATIVE; CELLULOSE; DOXORUBICIN; GUAR GUM; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B VACCINE; HEPARIN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VACCINE; INFLUENZA VACCINE; KETOPROFEN; LEISHMANIA VACCINE; MALARIA VACCINE; MENINGITIS VACCINE; MENINGOCOCCUS VACCINE; MOMETASONE FUROATE; OSELTAMIVIR; PACLITAXEL; PECTIN; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; POLYSACCHARIDE; PROVENGE; STARCH; TIMOLOL MALEATE; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; TYPHOID VACCINE; TYPHUS VACCINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTHRAX; ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; BINDING AFFINITY; BIOMEDICINE; CELL SPECIFICITY; CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYDROGEL; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFLUENZA; LEISHMANIASIS; LIVER CELL; MACROPHAGE; MALARIA; MENINGITIS; MICELLE; NONHUMAN; PNEUMONIA; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; TYPHOID FEVER; TYPHUS; ULCERATIVE COLITIS;

EID: 79958785480     PISSN: 07434863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v28.i3.20     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Ghazarian H, Idoni B, Oppenheimer SB. A Glycobiology review: Carbohydrates, lectins and implications in cancer therapeutics. Acta Histochem.2011;113:236-247.
2. Zhang H, Ma Y, Sun XL. Recent developments in carbohydrate-decorated targeted drug/gene delivery. Med Res Rev. 2010;30:270-289.
3. Qun W, Jonathan S, Dordick, Robert JL. Synthesis and application of carbohydrate-containing polymers. Chem Mater. 2002;14:3232-3244.
4. Burton RA, Gidley MJ, Fincher GB. Heterogeneity in the chemistry, structure and function of plant cell walls. Nat Chem Biol. 2010;6:724-732.
5. Izydorczyk M, Cui SW, Wang Q. Polysaccharide gums: Structures, functional properties, and applications. In: Cui SW, editor. Food carbohydrates -Chemistry, physical properties, and applications. New York: CRC Press; 2005, p. 263-307.
6. Boontheekul T, Kong HJ, Mooney DJ. Controlling alginate gel degradation utilizing partial oxidation and bimodal molecular weight distribution. Biomaterials. 2005;26:2455-2465.
7. Santos E, Zarate J, Orive G, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL. Biomaterials in cell microencapsulation. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010;670:5-21.
8. Jain SK, Jain A. Target-specific drug release to the colon. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2008;5: 483-498.
9. Roberts JN, Buck CB, Thompson CD, Kines R, Bernardo M, Choyke PL, Lowy DR, Schiller JT. Genital transmission of HPV in a mouse model is potentiated by nonoxynol-9 and inhibited by carrageenan. Nat Med. 2007;7:857-861.
10. Dukic-Ott A, Thommes M, Remon JP, Kleinebudde P, Vervaet C. Production of pellets via extrusion-spheronisation without the incorporation of microcrystalline cellulose: A critical review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009;71:38-46.
11. Sandra K. Polysaccharides in oral drug delivery-Recent applications and future perspectives. In: Kevin J, Edgar Thomas H, Charles MB, editors. Polysaccharide materials: Performance by design. ACS Symposium Series. 2009;1017:13-30.
12. Yi HM, Wu LQ, Bentley WE, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Culver JN, Payne GF. Biofabrication with chitosan. Biomacromolecules. 2005;6:2881-2894.
13. Yoshihara S, Kon A, Kudo D, Nakazawa H, Kakizaki I, Sasaki M, Endo M, Takagaki K. A hyaluronan synthase suppressor, 4-methylumbelliferone, inhibits liver metastasis of melanoma cells. FEBS Letters. 2005;12:2722-2726.
14. Borsig, L. Heparin as an inhibitor of cancer progression. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2010;93: 335-349.
15. Bisht S, Maitra A. Dextran-doxorubicin/chitosan nanoparticles for solid tumor therapy. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2009;1:415-425.
16. Seeberger PH, Werz DB. Synthesis and medical applications of oligosaccharides. Nature. 2007;446:1046-1051.
17. Coutinho DF, Sant SV, Shin H, Oliveira JT, Gomes ME, Neves NM, Khademhosseini A, Reis RL. Modified gellan gum hydrogels with tunable physical and mechanical properties. Biomaterials. 2010;31:7494-7502.
18. Leathers TD. Biotechnological production and applications of pullulan. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003;62:468-473.
19. Mano JF, Silva GA, Azevedo HS, Malafaya PB, Sousa RA, Silva SS, Boesel LF, Oliveira JM Santos TC, Marques AP, Neves NM, Reis RL. Natural origin biodegradable systems in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: present status and some moving trends. J R Soc Interface. 2007;4: 999-1030.
20. Eduardo P. Carbohydrate handles as natural resources in drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;13:311-323.
21. Liu B, Cheng Y, Bian HJ, Bao JK. Molecular mechanisms of polygonatum cyrtonema lectin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Autophagy. 2009;5:253-255.
22. Wang SY, Yu QJ, Bao JK, Liu B. Polygonatum cyrtonema lectin, a potential antineoplastic drug targeting programmed cell death pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;406:497-500.
23. Robinson MA, Charlton ST, Garnier P, Wang XT, Davis SS, Perkins AC, Frier M, Duncan R, Savage TJ, Wyatt DA, Watson SA, Davis BG. LEAPT: Lectin-directed enzyme-activated prodrug therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:14527-14532.
24. Garnier P, Wang XT, Robinson MA, Van Kasteren S, Perkins AC, Frier M, Fairbanks AJ, Davis BG. Lectin-directed enzyme activated prodrug therapy (LEAPT): Synthesis and evaluation of rhamnosecapped prodrugs. J Drug Target. 2010;10:794-802.
25. Russell D, Oldham NJ, Davis BG. Site-selective chemical protein glycosylation protects from autolysis and proteolytic degradation. Carbohydr Res. 2009;344:1508-1514.
26. Keler T, Ramakrishna V, Fanger MW. Mannose receptor-targeted vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2004;12:1953-1962.
27. Ayelet D. Carbohydrate-based biomedical copolymers for targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. Isr J Chem. 2010;50:204-219.
28. Baldwin AD, Kick KL. Polysaccharide-modified synthetic polymeric biomaterials. Biopolymers. 2010;94:128-140.
29. Jain AK, Khar RK, Ahmed FJ, Diwan PV. Effective insulin delivery using starch nanoparticles as a potential trans-nasal mucodhesive carrier. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008;69:426-435.
30. Naikwade SR, Meshram RN, Bajaj AN. Preparation and in vivo efficacy study of pancreatin microparticles as an enzyme replacement therapy for pancreatitis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2009;4:417-432.
31. Elgart A, Farber S, Domb AJ, Polacheck I, Hoffman A. Polysaccharide pharmacokinetics: Amphotericin B arabinogalactan conjugate-a drug delivery system or a new pharmaceutical entity. Biomacromolecules. 2010;11:1972-1977.
32. Rastogi R, Sultana Y, Aqil A, Ali S, Kumar K, Chuttani A, Mishra K. Alginate microspheres of isoniazid for oral sustained drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2007;334:71-77.
33. Tiwari A, Prabaharan M. An amphiphilic nanocarrier based on guar gum-graft-poly (epsilon-caprolactone) for potential drug-delivery applications. J Biomater Sci Polym. 2010;21:937-949.
34. Dhanaraju MD, Elizabeth SG. Triamcinolone-loaded glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan microspheres: Prolonged release approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Drug Deliv. 2011; 3:198-207.
35. Liu J, Li H, Chen D, Jin X, Zhao X, Zhang C, Ping Q. In vivo evaluation of novel chitosan graft polymeric micelles for delivery of paclitaxel. Drug Deliv. 2011;3:181-190.
36. Parajo Y, D'Angelo I, Welle A, Garcia-Fuentes M, Alonso MJ. Hyaluronic acid/chitosan nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for VEGF and PDGF-BB. Drug Deliv. 2010;17:596-604.
37. Kamat M, El-Boubbou K, Zhu DC, Lansdell T, Lu X, Li W, Huang X. Hyaluronic Acid immobilized magnetic nanoparticles for active targeting and imaging of macrophages. Bioconjugate Chem. 2010;21:2128-2135.
38. Du YZ, Weng Q, Yuan H, Hu FQ. Synthesis and antitumor activity of stearate-g-dextran micelles for intracellular doxorubicin delivery. ACS Nano. 2010;4:6894-6902.
39. Gupta H, Velpandian T, Jain S. Ion- and pH-activated novel in-situ gel system for sustained ocular drug delivery. J Drug Target. 2010;18:499-505.
40. Greupink R, Bakker HI, Reker-Smit C, van Loenen-Weemaes AM, Kok RJ, Meijer DKF, Beljaars L, Poelstra K. Studies on the targeted delivery of the antifibrogenic compound mycophenolic acid to the hepatic stellate cell. J Hepatology. 2005;43:884-892.
41. Singh A, Ariatti M, Singh M, Hawtrey A, Naidoo R. Biotin-directed assembly of targeted modular lipoplexes and their transfection of human hepatoma cells in vitro. Drug Deliv. 2010;17:426-433.
42. Dube D, Khatri K, Goyal AK, Mishra N, Vyas SP. Preparation and evaluation of galactosylated vesicular carrier for hepatic targeting of silibinin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2010;36:547-555.
43. Lin A, Chen J, Liu Y, Deng S, Wu Z, Huang Y, Ping Q. Preparation and evaluation of N-caproyl chitosan nanoparticles surface modified with glycyrrhizin for hepatocyte targeting. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2009;35:1348-1355.
44. Nahar M, Jain NK. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of targeting potential of amphotericin B-loaded engineered PLGA nanoparticles. Pharm Res. 2009;26:2588-2598.
45. Matsui M, Shimizu Y, Kodera Y, Kondo E, Ikehara Y, Nakanishi H. Targeted delivery of oligomannose-coated liposome to the omental micrometastasis by peritoneal macrophages from patients with gastric cancer. Cancer Sci. 2010;101:1670-1677.
46. Yu W, Liu C, Liu Y, Zhang N, Xu W. Mannan-modified solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery to alveolar macrophages. Pharm Res. 2010;27:1584-1596.
47. Raiber EA, Tulone C, Zhang Y, Martinez-Pomares L, Steed E, Sponaas AM, Langhorne J, Noursadeghi M, Chain BM, Tabor AB. Targeted delivery of antigen processing inhibitors to antigen presenting cells via mannose receptors. ACS Chem Biol. 2010;5:461-466.
48. Kim SS, Ye C, Kumar P, Chiu I, Subramanya S, Wu H, Shankar P, Manjunath N. Targeted delivery of siRNA to macrophages for anti-inflammatory treatment. Mol Ther. 2010;18:993-1001.
49. Asgeirsdottir SA, Zwiers PJ, Morselt HW, Moorlag HE, Bakker HI, Heeringa P, Kok JW, Kallenberg CG, Molema G, Kamps JA. Inhibition of proinflammatory genes in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis by targeted dexamethasone-loaded AbEsel liposomes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008;294: 554-561.
50. Yan F, Xue J, Zhu J, Marchant RE, Guo Z. Synthesis of a lipid conjugate of SO3Le(a) and its enhancement on liposomal binding to activated platelets. Bioconjug Chem. 2005;16:90-96.
51. Shamay Y, Paulin D, Ashkenasy G, David A. E-selectin binding peptide-polymer-drug conjugates and their selective cytotoxicity against vascular endothelial cells. Biomaterials. 2009;30: 6460-6668.
52. Eniola AO, Hammer DA. Characterization of biodegradable drug delivery vehicles with the adhesive properties of leukocytes II: effect of degradation on targeting activity. Biomaterials. 2005; 26:661-670.
53. Omolola Eniola A, Hammer DA. In vitro characterization of leukocyte mimetic for targeting therapeutics to the endothelium using two receptors. Biomaterials. 2005;26:7136-7144.
54. Houston TA. Painting the target around the arrow: Two-step prodrug therapies from a carbohydrate chemist's perspective. Curr Drug Deliv. 2007;4:264-268.
55. Aich U, Meledeo MA, Sampathkumar SG, Fu J, Jones MB, Weier CA, Chung SY, Tang BC, Yang M, Hanes J, Yarema KJ. Development of delivery methods for carbohydrate-based drugs: Controlled release of biologically-active short chain fatty acid-hexosamine analogs. Glycoconj J. 2010;4:445-459.
56. De Clercq E. Antiviral agents active against influenza A viruses. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5: 1015-10.
57. Oppenheimer SB, Alvarez M, Nnoli J. Carbohydrate-based experimental therapeutics for cancer, HIV/AIDS and other diseases. Acta Histochem. 2008;110:6-13.
58. Rene R. New trends in carbohydrate-based vaccines. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies 2004;1:327-36.
59. Knuf M, Grunert D, Wysocki J. Safety and reactogenicity of the new 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenza influenza protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV). Data presented at ISPPD; 2008 June 8-12; Reykjavik, Iceland.
60. Food and Drug Administration [homepage on the Internet]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Sciences [updated 2011 March 7; cited 2011 March 23]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/.
61. World Health Organization. Meningococcal position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record No. 44. 2002;77:329-30.
62. Ingale S, Wolfert MA, Gaekwad J, Buskas T, Boons GJ. Robust immune responses elicited by a fully synthetic three component vaccine. Nat Chem Biol. 2007;3:663-667
63. Ni J, Song H, Wang Y, Stamatos NM, Wang LX. Toward a carbohydrate-based HIV-1 vaccine: Synthesis and immunological studies of oligomannose-containing glycoconjugates. Bioconjug Chem. 2006;17:493-500.
64. Wang SK, Liang PH, Astronomo RD, Hsu TL, Hsieh SL, Burton DR, Wong CH. Targeting the carbohydrates on HIV-1: Interaction of oligomannose dendrons with human monoclonal antibody 2G12 and DC-SIGN. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:3690-3695.
65. Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363:411-422.
66. National Cancer Institute [homepage on the Internet]. U.S. National Institute of Health [updated 2011 March 16; cited 2011 March 23]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search.
67. Cobb BA, Wang Q, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. Polysaccharide processing and presentation by the MHCII. Cell. 2004;117:677-687.
68. Vliegenthart JF. Carbohydrate based vaccines. FEBS Letters. 2006;580:2945-2950.
69. Doores KJ, Fulton Z, Hong V, Patel MK, Scanlan CN, Wormald MR, Finn MG, Burton DR, Wilson IA, Davis BG. A nonself sugar mimic of the HIV glycan shield shows enhanced antigenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:17107-1712.
70. Abdel Motal UM, Wang S, Awad ALS, Wigglesworth K, Galili U. Increased immunogenicity of HIV-1 p24 and gp120 following immunization with gp120/p24 fusion protein vaccine expressing alpha-gal epitopes. Vaccine. 2010;28:1758-1765.
71. Hoorelbeke B, Huskens D, Férir G, François KO, Takahashi A, Van Laethem K, Schols D, Tanaka H, Balzarini J. Actinohivin, a broadly neutralizing prokaryotic lectin, inhibits HIV-1 infection by specifi cally targeting high-mannose-type glycans on the gp120 envelope. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:3287-3301.
72. Balzarini J, Francois KO, Van Laethem K, Hoorelbeke B, Renders M, Auwerx J, Liekens S, Oki T, Igarashi Y, Schols D, Pradimicin S. A highly soluble nonpeptidic small-size carbohydrate-binding antibiotic is an anti-HIV drug lead for both microbicidal and systemic use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:1425-1435.
73. Huskens D, Férir G, Vermeire K, Kehr JC, Balzarini J, Dittmann E, Schols D. Microvirin, a novel alpha(1,2)-mannose-specific lectin isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa, has anti-HIV-1 activity comparable with that of cyanovirin-N but a much higher safety profile. J Biol Chem. 2010;6285: 24845-24854.
74. Hecht ML, Stallforth P, Silva DV, Adibekian A, Seeberger PH. Recent advances in carbohydratebased vaccines. Curr Opi Chem Biol. 2009;13:354-359.
75. Abdel-Motal UM, Guay HM, Wigglesworth K, Welsh RM, Galili U. Immunogenicity of influenza virus vaccine is increased by anti-gal-mediated targeting to antigen-presenting cells. J Virol. 2007;81:9131-9141.
76. Paul A, Antony M, Mathai J, Appukuttan PS. High polymeric IgA content facilitates recognition of microbial polysaccharide-natural serum antibody immune complexes by immobilized human galectin-1. Immunol Lett. 2011;1:55-60.
77. Kurtenkov O, Klaamas K, Rittenhouse-Olson K, Vahter L, Sergejev B, Miljukhina L, Shljapnikova L. Ig G immune response to tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TF, Tn, alphaGal) in patients with breast cancer: impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and relation to the survival. Exp Oncol. 2005;27:136-140.
78. Li Y, Feng J, Geng S, Geng S, Wei H, Chen G, Li X, Wang L, Wang R, Peng H, Han G, Shen B, Li Y. The N- and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains of galectin-9 contribute differently to its multiple functions in innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Mol Immunol. 2011;48:670-677.
79. Yang F, Zheng XJ, Huo CX, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ye XS. Enhancement of the immunogenicity of synthetic carbohydrate vaccines by chemical modifications of STN antigen. ACS Chem Biol. 2011;6:252-259.
80. Liu X, Siegrist S, Amacker M, Zurbriggen R, Pluschke G, Seeberger PH. Enhancement of the immunogenicity of synthetic carbohydrates by conjugation to virosomes: a leishmaniasis vaccine candidate. ACS Chem Biol. 2006;1:161-164.
81. Widner B, Behr R, Von Dollen S, Tang M, Heu T, Sloma A, Sternberg D, Deangelis PL, Weigel PH, Brown S. Hyaluronic acid production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71: 3747-3752.
82. Naessens M, Cerdobbel A, Soetaert W, Vandamme EJ. Leuconostoc dextransucrase and dextran: Production, properties and applications. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2005;80:845-860.
83. Svensson A, Nicklasson E, Harrah T, Panilaitis B, Kaplan DL, Brittberg M, Gatenholm P. Bacterial cellulose as a potential scaffold for tissue engineering of cartilage. Biomaterials. 2005;26:419-431.
84. Itoh K, Hirayama T, Takahashi A, Kubo W, Miyazaki S, Dairaku M, Togashi M, Mikami R, Attwood D. In situ gelling pectin formulations for oral drug delivery at high gastric pH. Int J Pharm.2007;20:90-96.
85. Rojo J, Delgado R. dendrimers and dendritic polymers as anti-infective agents: New antimicrobial strategies for therapeutic drugs. Anti-Infect Agents Med Chem. 2007;6:151-174.
86. Yamasaki T, Hamabe S, Saeki I, Harima Y, Yamaguchi Y, Uchida K, Terai S, Sakaida I. A novel transcatheter arterial infusion chemotherapy using iodized oil and degradable starch microspheres for hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. J Gastroenterol. 2011;3:359-366.
87. Dev RK, Bali V, Pathak K. Novel microbially triggered colon specific delivery system of 5-fluorouracil: Statistical optimization, in vitro, in vivo, cytotoxic and stability assessment. Int J Pharm. 2011 (doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.057).
88. Lim HT, Balakrishnan P, Oh DH, Joe KH, Kim YR, Hwang DH, Lee YB, Yong CS, Choi HG. Development of novel sibutramine base-loaded solid dispersion with gelatin and HPMC: physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs. Int J Pharm. 2011;397:225-230.
89. Oddo L, Masci G, DiMeo C, Capitani D, Mannina L, Lamanna R, DeSantis S, Alhaique F Coviello, T, Matricardi P. Novel thermosensitive calcium alginate microspheres: Physico-chemical characterization and delivery properties. Acta Biomater. 2010;6:3657-3664.
90. Gianni C, Vittoria R, Tommaso P, Arianna M, Paolo D. Characterization of an alginate-based drug delivery system for neurological applications. Med Eng Phys. 2008;30:848-855.
91. Barbara L, Federica B, Angela A, Giuseppe C, Teresa C, Vittorio Z. Freeze-dried chitosan/pectin nasal inserts for antipsychotic drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2010;75:381-387.
92. Shiwali T, Ghanshyam S, Chauhan JH. Synthesis of acryloyl guar gum and its hydrogel materials for use in the slow release of l-DOPA and l-tyrosine. Carbohydr Polym. 2009;76:513-520.
93. Bertolotti A, Borgogna M, Facoetti A, Marsich E, Nano R. The effects of alginate encapsulation on NIT-1 insulinoma cells: Viability, growth and insulin secretion. In Vivo. 2009;23:929-935.
94. Giovagnoli S, Blasi P, Luca G, Fallarino F, Calvitti M, Mancuso F, Ricci M, Basta G, Becchetti E, Rossi C, Calafiore R. Bioactive long-term release from biodegradable microspheres preserves implanted ALG-PLO-ALG microcapsules from in vivo response to purified alginate. Pharm Res. 2010; 27:285-295.
95. Ahmadi F, Varshosaz J, Emami J, Tavakoli N, Minaiyan M, Mahzouni P, Dorkoosh F. Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of dextran matrix tablets of budesonide in experimental ulcerative colitis in rats. Drug Deliv. 2011;2:122-130.
96. Jeong YI, Chung KD, Choi KC. Doxorubicin release from self-assembled nanoparticles of deoxycholic acid-conjugated dextran. Arch Pharm Res. 2011;1:159-167.
97. Cao SL, Ren XW, Zhang QZ, Chen E, Xu F, Chen J, Liu LC, Jiang XG. In situ gel based on gellan gum as new carrier for nasal administration of mometasone furoate. Int J Pharm. 2009;365:109-115.
98. Nochi T, Yuki Y, Takahashi H, Sawada S, Mejima M, Kohda T, Harada N, Kong IG, Sato A, Kataoka N, Tokuhara D, Kurokawa S, Takahashi Y, Tsukada H, Kozaki S, Akiyoshi K, Kiyono H. Nanogel antigenic protein-delivery system for adjuvant-free intranasal vaccines. Nat Mater. 2010;9:572-578.
99. Galonic DP, Gin DY. Chemical glycosylation in the synthesis of glycoconjugate antitumour vaccines. Nature. 2007;446:1000-1007.
100. Bishop JR, Schuksz M, Esko JD. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans fine-tune mammalian physiology. Nature 2007;446:1030-1037.
101. Scanlan CN, Offer J, Zitzmann N, Dwek RA. Exploiting the defensive sugars of HIV-1 for drug and vaccine design. Nature. 2007;446:1038-1045.
102. Ni J, Song H, Wang Y, Stamatos NM, Wang LX. Toward a carbohydrate-based HIV-1 vaccine: Synthesis and immunological studies of oligomannose-containing glycoconjugates. Bioconjug Chem. 2006;17:493-500.
103. Gringhuis SI, Den Dunnen J, Litjens M, Vanderlist M, Geijtenbeek TB. Carbohydrate-specific signaling through the DC-SIGN signalosome tailors immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV-1 and Helicobacter pylori. Nat Immunol. 2009;10:1081-1088.
104. Phalipon A, Tanguy M, Grandjean C, Guerreiro C, Bélot F, Cohen D, Sansonetti PJ, Mulard LA. A synthetic carbohydrate-protein conjugate vaccine candidate against Shigella flexneri 2a infection. J Immunol. 2009;182:2241-2247.
105. Neimert AT, Thunberg S, Swedin L, Wiedermann U, Jacobsson EG, Dahlén SE, Scheynius A, Grönlund H, Van Hage M, Gafvelin G. Carbohydrate-based particles reduce allergic inflammation in a mouse model for cat allergy. Allergy. 2008;63:518-526.
106. Cox AD, St Michael F, Neelamegan D, Lacelle S, Cairns CM, Giuliani MM, Biolchi A, Hoe JC, Moxon ER, Richards JC. Investigating the candidacy of LPS-based glycoconjugates to prevent invasive meningococcal disease: immunology of glycoconjugates with high carbohydrate loading. Glycoconj J. 2010;27:643-648.
107. Kubler-Kielb J, Vinogradov E, Ben-Menachem G, Pozsgay V, Robbins JB, Schneerson R. Saccharide/protein conjugate vaccines for Bordetella species: Preparation of saccharide, development of new conjugation procedures, and physico-chemical and immunological characterization of the conjugates. Vaccine. 2008;26:3587-3593.
108. Robbins JB, Kubler-Kielb J, Vinogradov E, Mocca C, Pozsgay V, Shiloach J, Schneerson R. Synthesis, characterization, and immunogenicity in mice of Shigella sonnei O-specific oligosaccharidecore-protein conjugates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:7974-7978.