A model of third parties' morally motivated responses to mistreatment in organizations

Academy of Management Review

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 526-543

  O'Reilly, Jane ^a   Aquino, Karl ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79958091541     PISSN: 03637425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AMR.2011.61031810     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Adams, J. S. 1965. Inequity in social exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2: 267-299.
2. Alicke, M. D. 2000. Culpable control and the psychology of blame. Psychological Bulletin, 126: 556-574.
3. Aquino, K., & Freeman, D. 2009. Moral identity in business situations: A social-cognitive framework for understanding moral functioning. In D. Narvaez & D. K. Laps-ley (Eds.), Moral personality, identity, and character: 375-395. New York: Cambridge University Press.
4. Aquino, K., Freeman, D., Reed, A., II., Lim, V., & Felps, W. 2009. Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior: The interactive influence of situations and moral identity centrality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97: 123-141.
5. Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. 2001. How employees respond to personal offense: The effects of blame attribution, victim status, and offender status on revenge and reconciliation in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 52-59. (Pubitemid 33404728)
6. Aquino, K. F., & Reed, A., II. 2002. The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 1423-1440.
7. Bacharach, S. B. 1989. Organizational theories: Some criteria for evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 14: 496-515.
8. Bargh, J. A. 1996. Principles of automaticity. In E. T. Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles: 169-183. New York: Guilford Press.
9. Bergman, R. 2004. Identity as motivation: Toward a theory of the moral self. In A. Blasi, D. K. Lapsley, & D. Narváez (Eds.), Moral development, self, and identity: 21-46. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
10. Blasi, A. 1984. Moral identity: Its role in moral functioning. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Morality, moral behavior and moral development: 128-139. New York: Wiley.
11. Blau, P. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
12. Bless, H., Bohner, G., Schwartz, N., & Strack, F. 1990. Mood and persuasion: A cognitive response analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16: 331-345.
13. Bowes-Sperry, L., & O'Leary-Kelly, A. M. 2005. To act or not to act: The dilemma faced by sexual harassment observers. Academy of Management Review, 30: 288-306. (Pubitemid 40554555)
14. Bradfield, M., & Aquino, K. 1999. The effects of blame attributions and offender likableness on forgiveness and revenge in the workplace. Journal of Management, 25: 607-631.
15. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. 1998. Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. 1999. Coping, stress, and self-regulatory processes. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed.): 553-575. New York: Guilford Press.
17. Colquitt, J. A. 2001. On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 386-400. (Pubitemid 33403965)
18. Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. 2007. Exploring intuition and its role in managerial decision making. Academy of Management Review, 32: 33-54.
19. Dane, E., & Pratt, M. G. 2009. Conceptualizing and measuring intuition: A review of recent trends. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24: 1-40.
20. Ellard, J. H., & Skarlicki, D. P. 2002. A third-party observer's reactions to employee mistreatment: Motivation and cognitive processes in deservingness assessments. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P. Skarlicki (Eds.), Emerging perspectives on managing organizational justice: 133-158. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
21. Elsbach, K. D., & Barr, P. S. 1999. The effects of mood on individuals' use of structured decision protocols. Organization Science, 10: 181-198.
22. Epstein, S. 1990. Cognitive-experiential self-theory. In L. Per-vin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research: 165-192. New York: Guilford Press.
23. Epstein, S. 1994. Integration of the cognitive and psychody-namic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49: 709-724.
24. Epstein, S. 2002. Cognitive-experiential self-theory of personality. In T. Millon & M. J. Lerner (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychology. Volume 5: Personality and social psychology: 159-184. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
25. Feather, N. T. 1999. Values, achievement and justice: Studies in the psychology of deservingness. New York: Kluwer Academic.
26. Fields-Meyer, T., & Sweeney, S. 1998. McHoffa. People, 49: 137.
27. Fiske, S. T. 1992. Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from daguerreotype to laserphoto. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63: 877-889.
28. Fiske, S. T. 1993. Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist, 48: 621-628.
29. Folger, R. 1998. Fairness as a moral virtue. In M. Schminke (Ed.), Managerial ethics: Morally managing people and processes: 13-34. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
30. Folger, R. 2001. Fairness as deonance. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P. Skarlicki (Eds.), Research in social issues in management: 3-31. Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
31. Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. 2001. Fairness theory: Justice as accountability. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational justice: 89-118. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
32. French, P. A. 2001. The virtues of vengeance. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
33. Frijda, N. H. 1987. Emotion, cognitive structure and action tendency. Cognition & Emotion, 1: 115-143.
34. Goodin, R. E. 1985. Protecting the vulnerable: A reanalysis of our social responsibilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Grayson, J. P. 1992. Vigilantism in Canada and the United States. Legal Studies Forum, 16: 21-39.
36. Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. 2004. The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44: 389-400. (Pubitemid 39346260)
37. Haidt, J. 2001. The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108: 814-834. (Pubitemid 33604149)
38. Haidt, J. 2003. The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences: 852-870. New York: Oxford University Press.
39. Haidt, J. 2010. Moral psychology must not be based on faith and hope: Commentary on Narvaez (2010). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5: 182-184.
40. Haidt, J., Bjorklund, F., & Murphy, S. 2000. Moral dumbfounding: When intuition finds no reason. Unpublished manuscript, University of Virginia.
41. Hardy, C., & Clegg, S. R. 1996. Some dare call it power. In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies: 622-641. London: Sage.
42. Haslam, S. A. 2001. Psychology in organizations: The social identity approach. London: Sage.
43. Haslam, S. A., & Ellemers, N. 2005. Social identity in industrial and organizational psychology: Concepts, controversies and contributions. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 20: 39-118. (Pubitemid 40875654)
44. Hauser, M., Cushman, F., Young, L., Jin, R., & Mikhail, J. 2007. A dissociation between moral judgments and justifications. Mind and Language, 22: 1-21.
45. Heider, F. 1958. The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
46. Higgins, E. T. 1997. Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52: 1280-1300.
47. Higgins, E. T. 1998. Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30: 1-46.
48. Hodgkinson, G. P., Langan-Fox, J., & Sadler-Smith, E. 2008. Intuition: A fundamental bridging construct in the behavioral sciences. British Journal of Psychology, 99: 1-27.
49. Hodgkinson, G. P., Sadler-Smith, E., Burke, L. A., Claxton, G., & Sparrow, P. R. 2009. Intuition in organizations: Implications for strategic management. Long Range Planning, 42: 277-297.
50. Hoffman, M. L. 1982. Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior: 218-231. New York: Academic Press.
51. Hogarth, R. M. 2001. Educating intuition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
52. James, W. 1983. (First published in 1890.) The principles of psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
53. Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. 1986. Fairness and the assumptions of economics. Journal of Business, 59: 285-300.
54. Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. 2003. Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological Review, 110: 265-284. (Pubitemid 37189444)
55. Kihlstrom, J. F., & Klein, S. B. 1994. The self as a knowledge structure. In R. S. Wyer, Jr., & K. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition. Volume 1: Basic processes (2nd ed.): 153-208. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
56. Lapsley, D. K., & Lasky, B. 2001. Prototypic moral character. Identity, 1: 345-363.
57. Lazarus, R. S. 1991. Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
58. Lewin, K. 1951. Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers. (Edited by D. Cartwright.) New York: Harper & Row.
59. Lieberman, M. D. 2007. Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58: 259-289.
60. Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. 1988. The social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum Press.
61. Lutgen-Sandvik, P. 2005. Water smoothing stones: Subordinate resistance to workplace bullying. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe.
62. Markus, H., & Wurf, E. 1987. The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38: 299-337.
63. McAdams, D. P., Albaugh, M., Farber, E., Daniels, J., Logan, R. L., & Olson, B. 2008. Family metaphors and moral intuitions: How conservatives and liberals narrate their lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95: 978-990.
64. Nadisic, T. 2008. The Robin Hood effect: Antecedents and consequences of managers using invisible remedies to correct workplace injustice. In S. W. Gilliland, D. Skar-licki, & D. Steiner (Eds.), Justice, morality and social responsibility: 125-153. Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
65. Narvaez, D. 2008. The social-intuitionist model: Some counter-intuitions. In W. A. Sinnott-Armstrong (Ed.), Moral psychology. Volume 2: The cognitive science of morality: Intuition and diversity: 233-240. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Narvaez, D. 2010. Moral complexity: The fatal attraction of truthiness and the importance of mature moral functioning. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5: 163-181.
67. Opotow, S. 1996. Affirmative action, fairness, and the scope of justice. Journal of Social Issues, 52: 19-24. (Pubitemid 126549484)
68. Oyserman, D. 2001. Self-concept and identity. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.) Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intraindividual processes: 499-517. Oxford: Blackwell.
69. Pettigrew, A. M. 1973. The politics of organizational decision making. London: Tavistock.
70. Pfeffer, J. 1992. Understanding power in organizations. California Management Review, 34(2): 29-50.
71. Reed, A., II., & Aquino, K. F. 2003. Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84: 1270-1286. (Pubitemid 37189383)
72. Reynolds, S. J. 2006. A neurocognitive model of the ethical decision-making process: Implications for study and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 737-748. (Pubitemid 44128201)
73. Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. 1977. Who gets power-and how they hold onto it: A strategic contingency model of power. Organizational Dynamics, 5(3): 3-21.
74. Schwartz, N., Bless, H., & Bohner, G. 1991. Mood and persuasion: Affective states influence the processing of persuasive communications. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24: 161-199.
75. Sederberg, P. 1978. The phenomenology of vigilantism in contemporary America. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 1: 287-305.
76. Shao, R., Aquino, K., & Freeman, D. 2008. Beyond moral reasoning: A review of moral identity research and its implications for business ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18: 513-540.
77. Shirley, D. A., & Langan-Fox, J. 1996. Intuition: A review of the literature. Psychological Reports, 79: 563-584. (Pubitemid 126672813)
78. Singer, P. 1981. The expanding circle: Ethics and sociobiol-ogy. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.
79. Skarlicki, D. P., & Kulik, C. T. 2005. Third-party reactions to employee (mis)treatment: A justice perspective. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26: 183-229.
80. Sloman, S. A. 1996. The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119: 3-22. (Pubitemid 126021382)
81. Smith, E. R., & Semin, G. R. 2007. Situated social cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16: 132-135.
82. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. 1995. Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69: 797-811.
83. Tedeschi, J. T., & Felson, R. B. 1994. Violence, aggression and coercive actions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
84. Tripp, T. M., Bies, R. J., & Aquino, K. 2007. A vigilante model of justice: Revenge, reconciliation, forgiveness, and avoidance. Social Justice Research, 20: 10-34.
85. Turillo, C. J., Folger, R., Lavelle, J. L., Umphress, E. E., & Gee, J. O. 2002. Is virtue its own reward? Self-sacrificial decisions for the sake of fairness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89: 839-865.
86. Tyler, T. R. 1988. What is procedural justice? Criteria used by citizens to assess the fairness of legal procedures. Law & Society Review, 22: 103-135.
87. Tyler, T. R. 2006. Why people obey the law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
88. Tyler, T. R., Boeckmann, R. J., Smith, H. J., & Huo, Y. J. 1997. Social justice in a diverse society. Boulder, CO: West-view Press.
89. Unger, P. 1996. Living high and letting die: Our illusion of innocence. New York: Oxford University Press.
90. Weaver, G. R. 2006. Virtue in organizations: Moral identity as a foundation for moral agency. Organization Studies, 27: 341-368. (Pubitemid 43384499)