Dental X-ray exposure and Alzheimer's disease: A hypothetical etiological association

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 77, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 29-34

  Rodgers, Caroline C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; TAU PROTEIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID PLAQUE; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CELL AGING; CELL DAMAGE; CELL DIVISION; CELL SURVIVAL; CHROMOSOME DAMAGE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; IONIZING RADIATION; MICROGLIA; NERVE CELL; NEUROPROTECTION; RADIATION DOSE; SENESCENCE; SPORT INJURY; TELOMERE; TOOTH RADIOGRAPHY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATHLETIC INJURIES; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; RADIOGRAPHY, DENTAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79958071004     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: 15322777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.03.016     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. A History of Alzheimer's Disease. Last reviewed 8.10.2010 [accessed 3.11.2010]. http://www.ahaf.org/alzheimers/about/understanding/history.html.
2. Berrios G. The history of "Alzheimer's disease." June 23, 2004. [accessed 3.11.2010]. http://www.genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020951.html.
3. Preventing Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline. April 26-28, 2010. [accessed 13.11.2010]. http://www.consensus.nih.gov/2010/alzstatement.htm.
4. Kolata G. Protein discovery may set new target for Alzheimer's drugs. New York Times; September 2, 2010.
5. The Changing Brain in AD. Last updated October 27, 2009 [accessed 3.11.2010]. http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/Publications/Unraveling/Part2/changing.htm.
6. Mayo Clinic Staff. Alzheimer's treatments: what's on the horizon? August 19, 2010 [accessed 3.11.2010]. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/alzheimers-treatments/AZ00048.
7. Panza F., Solfrizzi V., Colacicco A.M., et al. Mediterranean diet and cognitive decline. Public Health Nutr 2004, 7:959-963.
8. Irizarry M.C., Hyman B.T. Alzheimer disease therapeutics. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001, 60:923-928.
9. ADAPT Research Group, Martin B.K., Szekely C., et al. Cognitive function over time in the Alzheimer's disease anti-inflammatory prevention trial (ADAPT): results of a randomized, controlled trial of naproxen and celecoxib. Arch Neurol 2008, 65:896-905.
10. Aisen P.S., Schafer K.A., Grundman M., et al. Effects of rofecoxib or naproxen vs. placebo on Alzheimer disease progression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003, 289:2819-2826.
11. Streit W.J. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: a critical examination of recent history. Front Aging Neurosci 2010, 2:22.
12. Rabinovici G.D., Jagust W.J. Amyloid imaging in aging and dementia: testing the amyloid hypothesis in vivo. Behav Neurol 2009, 21:117-128.
13. Morris J.C., Roe C.M., Grant E.A., et al. Pittsburgh compound B imaging and prediction of progression from cognitive normality to symptomatic Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2009, 66:1469-1475.
14. Prohovnik I., Perl D.P., Davis K.L., Libow L., Lesser G., Haroutunian V. Dissociation of neuropathology from severity of dementia in late-onset Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006, 66:49-55.
15. Berg L., McKeel D.W., Miller J.P., et al. Clinicopathologic studies in cognitively healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: relation of histologic markers to dementia severity, age, sex and apolipoprotein E genotype. Arch Neurol 1998, 55:326-335.
16. Wyss-Coray T. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force, bystander or beneficial response?. Nat Med 2006, 12:1005-1015.
17. Shaftel S.S., Kyrkanides S., Olschowka J.A., Miller J.N., Johnson R.E., O'Banion M.K. Sustained hippocampal IL-1 beta overexpression mediates chronic neuroinflammation and ameliorates Alzheimer plaque pathology. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:1595-1604.
18. Chakrabarty P., Jansen-West K., Beccard A., et al. Massive gliosis induced by interleukin-6 suppresses Abeta deposition in vivo: evidence against inflammation as a driving force for amyloid deposition. FASEB J. 2010, 24:548-559.
19. Holmes C., Boche D., Wilkinson D., et al. Long-term effects of Abeta42 immunisation in Alzheimer's disease: follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial. Lancet 2008, 372:216-223.
20. Head E., Pop V., Vasilevko V., et al. A two-year study with fibrillar beta-amyloid (Abeta) immunization in aged canines: effects on cognitive function and brain Abeta. J Neurosci 2008, 28:3555-3566.
21. Jang H., Arce F.T., Ramachandran S., et al. Truncated beta-amyloid peptide channels provide an alternative mechanism for Alzheimer's disease and down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:6538-6543.
22. Streit W.J. Microglial senescence: does the brain's immune system have an expiration date?. Trends Neurosci 2006, 29:506-510.
23. Streit W.J., Braak H., Xue Q.S., Bechmann I. Dystrophic (senescent) rather than activated microglial cells are associated with tau pathology and likely precede neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2009, 118:475-485.
24. Streit W.J. Microglia and neuroprotection: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2005, 48:234-239.
25. Streit W.J., Miller K.R., Lopes K.O., Nijie E. Microglial degeneration in the aging brain - bad news for neurons?. Front Biosci 2008, 13:3423-3438.
26. Streit W.J., Xue Q.S. Life and death of microglia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009, 4:371-379.
27. Graeber M.B. Changing face of microglia. Science 2010, 330:783-788.
28. Simard A.R., Rivest S. Neuroprotective properties of the innate immune system and bone marrow stem cells in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2006, 11:327-335.
29. Graeber M.B., Tetzlaff W., Streit W.J., Kreutzberg G.W. Microglial cells but not astrocytes undergo mitosis following rat facial nerve axotomy. Neurosci Lett 1988, 85:317-321.
30. Stern C., Munn Z. Cognitive leisure activities and their role in preventing dementia: a systematic review. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2010, 8:2-17.
31. Valenzuela M., Sachdev P. Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009, 17:179-187.
32. Verghese J., Lipton R.B., Katz M.J., et al. Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:2508-2516.
33. Wilson R.S., Mendes De Leon C.F., Barnes L.L., et al. Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2002, 287:742-748.
34. Wilson R.S., Barnes L.L., Aggarwal N.T., et al. Cognitive activity and the cognitive morbidity of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2010, 75:990-996.
35. Mental Health and Substance Abuse. Facts and figures, Alzheimer's disease: the brain killer. [accessed 7.7.2010]. http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section1174/Section1199/Section1567/Section1823_8066.htm.
36. Chandra V., Pandrav R., Dodge H.H., et al. Incidence of Alzheimer's disease in a rural community in India: the Indo-US study. Neurology 2001, 57:985-989.
37. Chandra V., Ganguli M., Pandav R., Johnston J., Belle S., DeKosky S.T. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias in rural India: the Indo-US study. Neurology 1998, 51:1000-1008.
38. 2010 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures. [accessed 10.7.2010]. http://www.alz.org/documents_custom/report_alzfactsfigures2010.pdf.
39. Indo-Asian News Service. Sixty-seven percent Indians have never visited a dentist: Survey. August 22, 2009 [accessed 9.7.2010]. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health1/67-percent-indians-have-never-visited-a-dentist-survey_100236506.html.
40. Summary Health Statistics for US Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2008. [accessed 10.7.2010]. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_242.pdf.
41. The Public Speaks Up on Oral Health Care: An ADA and Crest/Oral-B Survey. October 2008 [accessed 30.11.2010]. http://www.ada.org/sections/newsAndEvents/pdfs/survey_findings.pdf.
42. Pari L., Tewas D., Eckel J. Role of curcumin in health and disease. Arch Physiol Biochem 2008, 114:127-149.
43. Sikora E., Bielak-Zmijewska A., Mosieniak G., Piwocka K. The promise of slow down ageing may come from curcumin. Curr Pharm Des 2010, 16:884-892.
44. Mani UV. Rural vs. urban differences in diet and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Western India. Int J Diab Dev Ctries 1998;18:7-9. [accessed 10.8.2010].
45. Sinha R., Anderson D.E., McDonald S.S., Greenwald P. Cancer risk and diet in India. J Postgrad Med 2003, 49:222-228.
46. Kulkarni VS, Gaiha R. Dietary Transition in India. March 1, 2010 [accessed 13.11.2010]. http://www.casi.ssc.upenn.edu/iit/kulkarnigaiha.
47. Bankole OO, Denloye OO, Aderinokun GA. The effect of mothers past dental experience on the behaviour of some Nigerian children during dental treatment. African J Biomed Res 2004;7:113-8. [accessed 11.9.2010]. http://www.bioline.org.br/request?md04025.
48. Popkin B.M., Paeratakul S., Zhai F., Ge K. Dietary and environmental correlates of obesity in a population study in China. Obes Res 1995, 3(Suppl. 2):135a-143a.
49. Wu B. Dental service utilization among urban and rural older adults in China - a brief communication. J Public Health Dent 2007, 67:185-188.
50. Lo E.C., Jin L.J., Zee K.Y., Leung W.K., Corbet E.F. Oral health status and treatment need of 11-13-year-old urban children in Tibet, China. Community Dent Health 2000, 17:161-164.
51. Leung W.K., Chu C.H. Dental caries and periodontal status of 12-year-old school children in rural Qinghai, China. Int Dent J 2003, 53:73-78.
52. Hesketh T., Ding Q.J., Tomkins A.M. Health and health care-seeking behavior of adolescents in urban and rural China. J Adolesc Health 2003, 33:271-274.
53. Kracher C.M. C. Edmund Kells (1856-1928). J Hist Dent 2000, 48:65-69.
54. A Century of Service: Dental Technology and Research. 2002 [accessed 10.7.2010]. http://www.cda-adc.ca/_files/cda/about_cda/history/HSPart8.pdf.
55. What is Alzheimer's Disease (AD)? Last updated August 19, 2010 [accessed 13.11.2010]. http://www.nia.nih.gov/Alzheimers/AlzheimersInformation/GeneralInfo.
56. Schulein TM. Significant events in the history of operative dentistry. J Hist Dent 2005;53:63-72. [accessed 10.7.2010]. http://www.fauchard.org/history/articles/jdh/v53n2_july05/p69/operative_dentistry_jdhv53no2-p69.html.
57. Frommer HH. The history of dental radiation. Tex Dent J 2002:119:416-21, 423.
58. US National Health Survey. Preliminary report on the volume of Dental Care Untied States July-September 1957. [accessed 10.7.2010]. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/public_health/SeriesB_15.pdf.
59. Ramsthaler F., Proschek P., Betz W., Verhoff M.A. How reliable are the risk estimates for X-ray examinations in forensic age estimations?. Int J Legal Med 2009, 123(3):199-204. [Epub 2009 January 20].
60. Ron E. Cancer risks from medical radiation. Health Phys 2003, 85(1):47-59.
61. Bogdanich W, McGinty JC. Radiation worries for children in dentist's chairs. New York Times 11-22-2010.
62. Rothkamm K., Lobrich M. Evidence for a lack of DNA double-strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low X-ray doses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:5057-5062. [Epub 2003 April 4].
63. Grudzenski S., Raths A., Conrad S., Rube C.E., Lobrich M. Inducible response required for repair of low-dose radiation damage in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:14205-14210. [Epub 2010 July 26].
64. Memon A., Godward S., Williams D., Siddique I., Al-Saleh K. Dental X-rays and the risk of thyroid cancer: a case-control study. Acta Oncol 2010, 49:447-453.
65. Ryan P., Lee M.W., North B., McMichael A.J. Amalgam fillings, diagnostic dental X-rays and tumours of the brain and meninges. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 1992, 28B:91-95.
66. Longstreth W.T., Phillips L.E., Drangsholt M., et al. Dental X-rays and the risk of intracranial meningioma: a population-based case-control study. Cancer 2004, 100:1026-1034.
67. Ron E., Modan B., Boice J.D., et al. Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood. N Engl J Med 1988, 319:1033-1039.
68. Preston-Martin S., Mack W., Henderson B.E. Risk factors for gliomas and meningiomas in males in Los Angeles County. Cancer Res 1989, 49:6137-6143.
69. Hall P, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D, et al. Effect of low doses of ionising radiation in infancy on cognitive function in adulthood: Swedish population based cohort study. BMJ 2004:328:19. [accessed 11.11.2010]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC313898/pdf/bmj32800019.pdf.
70. Ojima M., Hamano H., Suzuki M., Suzuki K., Kodama S., Watanabe M. Delayed induction of telomere instability in normal human fibroblast cells by ionizing radiation. J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 2004, 45:105-110.
71. Williams E.S., Klingler R., Ponnaiya B., et al. Telomere dysfunction and DNA-PKcs deficiency: characterization and consequence. Cancer Res 2009, 69:2100-2107.
72. Harley C.B. Telomere loss: mitotic clock or genetic time bomb?. Mutat Res 1991, 256:271-282.
73. Engelhardt M., Martens U.M. The implication of telomerase activity and telomere stability for replicative aging and cellular immortality (Review). Oncol Rep 1998, 5:1043-1052.
74. Alzheimer's Disease. New York Times. Review date June 22, 2010 [accessed 22.8.2010].
75. Magnoni S., Brody D.L. New perspective on amyloid-beta dynamics after acute brain injury: moving between experimental approaches and studies in the human brain. Arch Neurol 2010, 67:1068-1073.
76. Bazarian J.J., Cernak I., Noble-Haeusslein L., Potolicchio S., Temkin N. Long-term neurologic outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehab 2009, 24:439-451.
77. Guskiewicz K.M., Marshall S.W., Bailes J., et al. Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery 2005, 57:719-726.
78. Belloni P., Latini P., Palitti F. Relationship between spontaneous or radiation-induced apoptosis and telomere shortening in G(0) human lymphocytes. Mutat Res 2010, 70:118-122. [Epub 2010 May 24].
79. 10 Warning Signs of Alzheimer's Disease. [accessed 9.12.2010]. http://www.alz.org/national/documents/brochure_10warnsigns.pdf.
80. Giannakopoulos P., Hof P.R., Michel J.P., Guimon J., Bouras C. Cerebral cortex pathology in aging and Alzheimer's disease: a quantitative survey of large hospital-based geriatric and psychiatric cohorts. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1997, 25:217-245.
81. Highlights of a new report from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHC) Mortality Trends for Alzheimer's Disease. [accessed 10.12.2010]. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/96facts/fs_alzhe.htm.
82. Leading Causes of Death. Last updated December 31, 2009 [accessed 22.11.2010]. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm.
83. Chang J.Y., Chavis J.A., Liu L.Z., Drew P.D. Cholesterol oxides induce programmed cell death in microglial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998, 249:817-821.
84. Soloman A., Kivipelto M., Wolozin B., Zhou J., Whitmer R.A. Midlife serum cholesterol and increased risk of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia three decades later. Dement Gariatr Cogn Disord 2009, 28:75-80. [Epub 2009 Aug 4].
85. Mielke M.M., Zandi P.P., Shao H., et al. The 32-year relationship between cholesterol and dementia from midlife to late life. Neurology 2010, 75:1888-1895. [Epub 2010 Nov 10].
86. McGuinness B, O'Hare J, Craig D, Bullock R, Malouf R, Passmore P. Statins for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010: CD007514.
87. Belluck P. Children Ease Alzheimer's in Land of Aging. November 25, 2010 [accessed 25.11.2010]. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/26/health/26alzheimers.html.
88. Bloom B.S., de Pouvourville N., Straus W.L. Cost of illness of Alzheimer's disease: how useful are current estimates?. Gerontologist 2003, 43:158-164.
89. National Center for Policy Analysis. Cost of Alzheimer's care to rise. March 21, 2007 [accessed 13.11.2010]. http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=14331.
90. Underhill T.K., Kimura K., Chilvarquer I., et al. Radiobiologic risk estimation from dental radiology. Part II. Cancer incidence and fatality. Oral Sug Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988, 66:261-267.
91. Soulet D., Rivest S. Bone-marrow-derived microglia: myth or reality?. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008, 8:508-518. [Epub 2008 may 16].
92. Opydo-Chanek M., Dabrowski Z. Response of astrocytes and microglia/macrophages to brain injury after bone marrow stromal cell transplantation: a quantitative study. Neurosci Lett 2011, 487:163-168. [Epub 2010 Oct 14].
93. Narantuya D, Nagai A, Sheikh AM et al. Human microglia transplanted in rat focal ischemia brain induced neuroprotection and behavioral improvement. PLoS One 2010;5:e11746.
94. Huang A.H., Snyder B.R., Cheng P.H., Chan A.W. Putative dental pulp-derived stem/stromal cells promote proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural cells in the hippocampus of mice. Stem Cells 2008, 26:2654-2663. [Epub 2008 Aug 7].