Merits of non-invasive rat models of left ventricular heart failure

Cardiovascular Toxicology

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 91-112

  Carll, Alex P ^a   Willis, Monte S ^b   Lust, Robert M ^c   Costa, Daniel L ^d   Farraj, Aimen K ^d  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiomyopathy; Doxorubicin; Echocardiography; Heart failure; Heart failure model; Isoproterenol; Rat; Salt diet; SHHF; Spontaneously hypertensive

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN II; DOXORUBICIN; ISOPRENALINE; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AORTA CONSTRICTION; ARTICLE; CARDIOMYOPATHY; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; GENETIC MODEL; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HUMAN; INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT STRAIN; SALT INTAKE; THORACOTOMY;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; RATS; RATS, INBRED SHR; SODIUM, DIETARY; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS;

EID: 79958038178     PISSN: 15307905     EISSN: 15590259     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12012-011-9103-5     Document Type: Article

References (208)

1. DeFrances, C. J. & Podgornik, M. N. (2006). 2004 National hospital discharge survey. In Advance data. United States, pp. 1-19.
2. AM Minino MP Heron BL Smith 2006 Deaths: preliminary data for 2004. National vital statistics reports: From the centers for disease control and prevention, National center for health statistics National Vital Statistics System 54 19 1 49
3. W Rosamond, et al. 2008 Heart disease and stroke statistics-2008 update: A report from the American heart association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee Circulation 117 4 e25 e146 18086926
4. R Coronel JR de Groot JJ van Lieshout 2001 Defining heart failure Cardiovascular Research 50 3 419 422 11376615 (Pubitemid 32480233)
5. D Lloyd-Jones, et al. 2009 Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: A report from the American heart association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee Circulation 119 3 e21 e181 19075105
6. Goff, D. C.; Jr.; et al. (2000). Congestive heart failure in the United States: Is there more than meets the I(CD code)? The corpus christi heart project. In Archives of internal medicine, USA, pp. 197-202. (Pubitemid 30054339)
7. P Balakumar AP Singh M Singh 2007 Rodent models of heart failure Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 56 1 1 10 17391988 (Pubitemid 46829934)
8. Francis, G. S. (2001). Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure. American Journal of Medicine, 110(Suppl 7A), 37S-46S.
9. Braunwald, E.; Ross, J. & Sonnenblick, E. (1976). Mechanisms of contraction of the normal and failing heart, vol. 2, p. 417. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
10. DL Mann MR Bristow 2005 Mechanisms and models in heart failure: The biomechanical model and beyond Circulation 111 21 2837 2849 15927992 (Pubitemid 40791557)
11. Diwan, A. & Dorn, G. W. II (2007). Decompensation of cardiac hypertrophy: cellular mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Physiology (Bethesda), 22, 56-64.
12. Frey, N. & Olson, E. N. (2003). Cardiac hypertrophy: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Annual Review of Physiology, 65, 45-79. (Pubitemid 38249147)
13. Schoen, F. J. (2005). In V. Kumar, A. K. Abbas, & N. Fausto (Eds.), The heart, in robbins and cotran pathologic basis of disease. Elsevier Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, pp. 555-618.
14. YJ Kang 2006 Cardiac hypertrophy: A risk factor for QT-prolongation and cardiac sudden death Toxicologic Pathology 34 1 58 66 16507545
15. Funada, J.; et al. (2009). Substrate utilization by the failing human heart by direct quantification using arterio-venous blood sampling. PLoS One, 4(10), p. e7533.
16. MR Zile, et al. 2010 Mode of death in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: Results from the irbesartan in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction study (I-Preserve) trial Circulation 121 12 1393 1405 20231531
17. G Jackson, et al. 2000 ABC of heart failure. Pathophysiology BMJ 320 7228 167 170 10634740
18. T Tonnessen, et al. 1997 Increased cardiac expression of endothelin-1 mRNA in ischemic heart failure in rats Cardiovascular Research 33 3 601 610 9093530 (Pubitemid 27092861)
19. I Sjaastad, et al. 2000 Echocardiographic criteria for detection of postinfarction congestive heart failure in rats Journal of Applied Physiology 89 4 1445 1454 11007581
20. EE Morgan, et al. 2004 Validation of echocardiographic methods for assessing left ventricular dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287 5 H2049 H2053 15475530
21. E Holt, et al. 1998 Mechanisms of cardiomyocyte dysfunction in heart failure following myocardial infarction in rats Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 30 8 1581 1593 9737944 (Pubitemid 28418648)
22. R Wake, et al. 2005 Beneficial effect of candesartan on rat diastolic heart failure Journal of Pharmacological Science 98 4 372 379 (Pubitemid 41297010)
23. G Itter, et al. 2004 A model of chronic heart failure in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) Laboratory Animals 38 2 138 148 15070453 (Pubitemid 38586426)
24. SJ Pocock, et al. 2006 Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure European Heart Journal 27 1 65 75 16219658 (Pubitemid 41785934)
25. BJ Janssen, et al. 2004 Effects of anesthetics on systemic hemodynamics in mice American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287 4 H1618 H1624 15155266
26. MA Pfeffer, et al. 1979 Myocardial infarct size and ventricular function in rats Circulation Research 44 4 503 512 428047 (Pubitemid 9170880)
27. CF Opitz, et al. 1995 Arrhythmias and death after coronary artery occlusion in the rat. Continuous telemetric ECG monitoring in conscious, untethered rats Circulation 92 2 253 261 7600658
28. Lefebvre, F.; et al. (2006). Modification of the pulmonary renin-angiotensin system and lung structural remodelling in congestive heart failure. Clinical Science (London), 111(3), pp. 217-224. (Pubitemid 44352195)
29. P Mulder, et al. 1997 Role of endogenous endothelin in chronic heart failure: Effect of long-term treatment with an endothelin antagonist on survival, hemodynamics, and cardiac remodeling Circulation 96 6 1976 1982 9323089 (Pubitemid 27400761)
30. SA Samsamshariat ZA Samsamshariat MR Movahed 2005 A novel method for safe and accurate left anterior descending coronary artery ligation for research in rats Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine 6 3 121 123 16275608 (Pubitemid 41579081)
31. Molina, E. J.; et al. (2008). Novel experimental model of pressure overload hypertrophy in rats. Journal of Surgical Research.
32. HA Rockman, et al. 1991 Segregation of atrial-specific and inducible expression of an atrial natriuretic factor transgene in an in vivo murine model of cardiac hypertrophy Proceedings of National Academic Science of USA 88 18 8277 8281 (Pubitemid 21915339)
33. L Suckau, et al. 2009 Long-term cardiac-targeted RNA interference for the treatment of heart failure restores cardiac function and reduces pathological hypertrophy Circulation 119 9 1241 1252 19237664
34. EO Weinberg, et al. 1994 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prolongs survival and modifies the transition to heart failure in rats with pressure overload hypertrophy due to ascending aortic stenosis Circulation 90 3 1410 1422 8087951 (Pubitemid 24284463)
35. D Gupta, et al. 2008 Adenoviral beta-adrenergic receptor kinase inhibitor gene transfer improves exercise capacity, cardiac contractility, and systemic inflammation in a model of pressure overload hypertrophy Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 22 5 373 381 18690529
36. M Schwarzer, et al. 2009 The metabolic modulators, Etomoxir and NVP-LAB121, fail to reverse pressure overload induced heart failure in vivo Basic Research in Cardiology 104 5 547 557 19294446
37. EJ Cantor, et al. 2005 A comparative serial echocardiographic analysis of cardiac structure and function in rats subjected to pressure or volume overload Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 38 5 777 786 15850571 (Pubitemid 40591742)
38. DM Rivera BD Lowes 2005 Molecular remodeling in the failing human heart Current Heart Failure Reports 2 1 5 9 16036045
39. F del Monte, et al. 2001 Improvement in survival and cardiac metabolism after gene transfer of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2 +)-ATPase in a rat model of heart failure Circulation 104 12 1424 1429 11560860 (Pubitemid 32880157)
40. D Gianni, et al. 2005 SERCA2a in heart failure: Role and therapeutic prospects Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 37 6 375 380 16691468 (Pubitemid 43725161)
41. T Tsukioka, et al. 2007 Local and systemic impacts of pleural oxygen exposure in thoracotomy BioFactors 30 2 117 128 18356583 (Pubitemid 351496177)
42. Buvanendran, A.; et al. (2004). Characterization of a new animal model for evaluation of persistent postthoracotomy pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 99(5), 1453-1460; table of contents. (Pubitemid 39407298)
43. F del Monte, et al. 2002 Novel technique of aortic banding followed by gene transfer during hypertrophy and heart failure Physiol Genomics 9 1 49 56 11948290
44. D Lebeche, et al. 2004 In vivo cardiac gene transfer of Kv4.3 abrogates the hypertrophic response in rats after aortic stenosis Circulation 110 22 3435 3443 15557376 (Pubitemid 39602222)
45. P Hu, et al. 2003 Minimally invasive aortic banding in mice: effects of altered cardiomyocyte insulin signaling during pressure overload American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285 3 H1261 H1269 12738623
46. WE Stansfield, et al. 2007 Characterization of a model to independently study regression of ventricular hypertrophy Journal of Surgical Research 142 2 387 393 17574596 (Pubitemid 47418820)
47. DG Pawlush, et al. 1993 Echocardiographic evaluation of size, function, and mass of normal and hypertrophied rat ventricles Journal of Applied Physiology 74 5 2598 2605 8335596 (Pubitemid 23157093)
48. S Kobayashi, et al. 1996 Influence of aortic impedance on the development of pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy in rats Circulation 94 12 3362 3368 8989152 (Pubitemid 26427510)
49. KB Shah, et al. 2009 The cardioprotective effects of fish oil during pressure overload are blocked by high fat intake: Role of cardiac phospholipid remodeling Hypertension 54 3 605 611 19597033
50. W Linz, et al. 1996 ACE inhibition decreases postoperative mortality in rats with left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial infarction Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 18 5 691 712 8781754 (Pubitemid 26201927)
51. JD Luo, et al. 1999 Simvastatin inhibits cardiac hypertrophy and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in rats with aortic stenosis Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 26 11 903 908 10561812
52. AJ Woodiwiss, et al. 2001 Reduction in myocardial collagen cross-linking parallels left ventricular dilatation in rat models of systolic chamber dysfunction Circulation 103 1 155 160 11136701 (Pubitemid 32050451)
53. R Sethi, et al. 2007 Dependence of changes in beta-adrenoceptor signal transduction on type and stage of cardiac hypertrophy Journal of Applied Physiology 102 3 978 984 17122376 (Pubitemid 46377021)
54. E Monnet EC Orton 1999 A canine model of heart failure by intracoronary adriamycin injection: Hemodynamic and energetic results Journal of Cardiac Failure 5 3 255 264 10496198 (Pubitemid 29449264)
55. X Wang, et al. 2003 Characterization of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure due to volume overload in the rat Journal of Applied Physiology 94 2 752 763 12531914 (Pubitemid 36158255)
56. GL Brower JS Janicki 2001 Contribution of ventricular remodeling to pathogenesis of heart failure in rats American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280 2 H674 H683 11158966
57. JS Janicki, et al. 2006 Cardiac mast cell regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-related ventricular remodeling in chronic pressure or volume overload Cardiovascular Research 69 3 657 665 16376324 (Pubitemid 43139728)
58. JD Gardner GL Brower JS Janicki 2002 Gender differences in cardiac remodeling secondary to chronic volume overload Journal of Cardiac Failure 8 2 101 107 12016634 (Pubitemid 34521420)
59. Brower, G. L.; Henegar, J. R. & Janicki, J. S. (1996). Temporal evaluation of left ventricular remodeling and function in rats with chronic volume overload. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 271(5 Pt 2), pp. H2071-H2078.
60. J Moreno, et al. 2005 Effect of remodelling, stretch and ischaemia on ventricular fibrillation frequency and dynamics in a heart failure model Cardiovascular Research 65 1 158 166 15621043 (Pubitemid 40038488)
61. N Hanna, et al. 2004 Differences in atrial versus ventricular remodeling in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure Cardiovascular Research 63 2 236 244 15249181 (Pubitemid 38900838)
62. S Cardin, et al. 2003 Evolution of the atrial fibrillation substrate in experimental congestive heart failure: Angiotensin-dependent and -independent pathways Cardiovascular Research 60 2 315 325 14613861 (Pubitemid 37412365)
63. M Takagaki, et al. 2002 Induction and maintenance of an experimental model of severe cardiomyopathy with a novel protocol of rapid ventricular pacing Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 123 3 544 549 11882829
64. E Monnet JC Chachques 2005 Animal models of heart failure: What is new? Annals of Thoracic Surgery 79 4 1445 1453 15797108 (Pubitemid 40431897)
65. VS Chekanov, et al. 2000 Effects of electrical stimulation postcardiomyoplasty in a model of chronic heart failure: Hemodynamic results after daily 12-hour cessation versus a nonstop regimen Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 23 7 1094 1102 10914364 (Pubitemid 30480156)
66. G Hasenfuss 1998 Animal models of human cardiovascular disease, heart failure and hypertrophy Cardiovascular Research 39 1 60 76 9764190 (Pubitemid 28322380)
67. AH Maass, et al. 2004 Hypertrophy, fibrosis, and sudden cardiac death in response to pathological stimuli in mice with mutations in cardiac troponin T Circulation 110 15 2102 2109 15466629 (Pubitemid 39372486)
68. E van Rooij, et al. 2007 Control of stress-dependent cardiac growth and gene expression by a microRNA Science 316 5824 575 579 17379774 (Pubitemid 46683138)
69. MM de Resende AJ Kriegel AS Greene 2006 Combined effects of low-dose spironolactone and captopril therapy in a rat model of genetic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 48 6 265 273 17204904 (Pubitemid 46066830)
70. DN Muller W Derer R Dechend 2008 Aliskiren-Mode of action and preclinical data Journal of Molecular Medicine 86 6 659 662 18443751
71. LB Wichers, et al. 2004 Effects of instilled combustion-derived particles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Part I: Cardiovascular responses Inhalation Toxicology 16 6-7 391 405 15204755 (Pubitemid 38685132)
72. DA Calhoun, et al. 1994 Diurnal blood pressure variation and dietary salt in spontaneously hypertensive rats Hypertension 24 1 1 7 8020996 (Pubitemid 24195397)
73. MM El-Mas AA Abdel-Rahman 2005 Longitudinal studies on the effect of hypertension on circadian hemodynamic and autonomic rhythms in telemetered rats Life Science 76 8 901 915 (Pubitemid 39601894)
74. OH Bing, et al. 1995 The spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of the transition from compensated left ventricular hypertrophy to failure Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 27 1 383 396 7760360
75. Boluyt, M. O.; Bing, O. H. & Lakatta, E. G. (1995). The ageing spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model of the transition from stable compensated hypertrophy to heart failure. European Heart Journal, 16(Suppl N), pp. 19-30. (Pubitemid 26082317)
76. D Badenhorst, et al. 2003 Beta-adrenergic activation initiates chamber dilatation in concentric hypertrophy Hypertension 41 3 499 504 12623950 (Pubitemid 36314623)
77. A Kuoppala, et al. 2003 Expression of bradykinin receptors in the left ventricles of rats with pressure overload hypertrophy and heart failure Journal of Hypertension 21 9 1729 1736 12923406 (Pubitemid 37076357)
78. S Koletsky 1975 Pathologic findings and laboratory data in a new strain of obese hypertensive rats American Journal of Pathology 80 1 129 142 1171627
79. McCune, S.; Baker, P. & Stills, H. Jr. (1990). SHHF/Mcc-cp rat: Model of obesity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and congestive heart failure. ILAR (Institute for Laboratory Animal Research) Journal, 32.
80. F Muders D Elsner 2000 Animal models of chronic heart failure Pharmacological Research 41 6 605 612 10816329
81. J Roncalli, et al. 2007 NMR and cDNA array analysis prior to heart failure reveals an increase of unsaturated lipids, a glutamine/glutamate ratio decrease and a specific transcriptome adaptation in obese rat heart Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 42 3 526 539 17222424 (Pubitemid 46357552)
82. AL Mark, et al. 2003 A leptin-sympathetic-leptin feedback loop: Potential implications for regulation of arterial pressure and body fat Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 177 3 345 349 12609005 (Pubitemid 36337637)
83. MJ Radin, et al. 2003 Increased salt sensitivity secondary to leptin resistance in SHHF rats is mediated by endothelin Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 242 1-2 57 63 12619866 (Pubitemid 36240529)
84. EK Jackson, et al. 2001 A(1) receptor blockade induces natriuresis with a favorable renal hemodynamic profile in SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp) rats chronically treated with salt and furosemide Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 299 3 978 987 11714886 (Pubitemid 33104969)
85. cp rat model: effects of gender and genotype on age of expression of metabolic complications and congestive heart failure and on response to drug therapy. In E. Shafir (Ed.), Lessons from animal diabetes V. Smith-Gordon: London, pp. 255-270.
86. CA Emter, et al. 2005 Low-intensity exercise training delays onset of decompensated heart failure in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289 5 H2030 H2038 15994855
87. Y Abe, et al. 2007 Leptin induces elongation of cardiac myocytes and causes eccentric left ventricular dilatation with compensation American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292 5 H2387 H2396 17220191
88. JA Bienertova-Vasku, et al. 2009 Association between variants in the genes for leptin, leptin receptor, and proopiomelanocortin with chronic heart failure in the Czech population Heart and Vessels 24 2 131 137 19337797
89. GJ Haas, et al. 1995 Echocardiographic characterization of left ventricular adaptation in a genetically determined heart failure rat model American Heart Journal 130 4 806 811 7572590
90. AP Carll, et al. 2010 Particulate matter inhalation exacerbates cardiopulmonary injury in a rat model of isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy Inhalation Toxicology 22 5 355 368 20121584
91. Carll, A. P. (2010). Unpublished data.
92. EH Schlenker CK Kost Jr MM Likness 2004 Effects of long-term captopril and l-arginine treatment on ventilation and blood pressure in obese male SHHF rats Journal of Applied Physiology 97 3 1032 1039 15145922 (Pubitemid 39121429)
93. I Poornima, et al. 2008 Chronic glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion sustains left ventricular systolic function and prolongs survival in the spontaneously hypertensive, heart failure-prone rat Circulation. Heart failure 1 3 153 160 19727407
94. JT Peterson, et al. 2001 Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition attenuates left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in a rat model of progressive heart failure Circulation 103 18 2303 2309 11342481 (Pubitemid 32433722)
95. CM Hohl, et al. 1993 Effects of obesity and hypertension on ventricular myocytes: Comparison of cells from adult SHHF/Mcc-cp and JCR:LA-cp rats Cardiovascular Research 27 2 238 242 8386063 (Pubitemid 23070334)
96. JR Heyen, et al. 2002 Structural, functional, and molecular characterization of the SHHF model of heart failure American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 283 5 H1775 H1784 12384454
97. Anderson, K. M.; et al. (1999). The myocardial beta-adrenergic system in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats. Hypertension, 33(1 Pt 2), pp. 402-407. (Pubitemid 29065692)
98. T Tamura S Said AM Gerdes 1999 Gender-related differences in myocyte remodeling in progression to heart failure Hypertension 33 2 676 680 10024326 (Pubitemid 29091646)
99. T Reffelmann RA Kloner 2003 Transthoracic echocardiography in rats. Evaluation of commonly used indices of left ventricular dimensions, contractile performance, and hypertrophy in a genetic model of hypertrophic heart failure (SHHF-Mcc-facp-Rats) in comparison with Wistar rats during aging Basic Research in Cardiology 98 5 275 284 12955400 (Pubitemid 37107654)
100. PM Janssen, et al. 2003 Selective contractile dysfunction of left, not right, ventricular myocardium in the SHHF rat American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 284 3 H772 H778 12424099
101. T Onodera, et al. 1998 Maladaptive remodeling of cardiac myocyte shape begins long before failure in hypertension Hypertension 32 4 753 757 9774375 (Pubitemid 28480556)
102. AM Gerdes, et al. 1996 Myocyte remodeling during the progression to failure in rats with hypertension Hypertension 28 4 609 614 8843886 (Pubitemid 26327957)
103. S Park, et al. 1997 Verapamil accelerates the transition to heart failure in obese, hypertensive, female SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp) rats Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 29 6 726 733 9234652 (Pubitemid 27337523)
104. CM Ferrara, et al. 1996 Exercise training and the glucose transport system in obese SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp) rats Journal of Applied Physiology 81 4 1670 1676 8904585 (Pubitemid 26349624)
105. P Pacher, et al. 2004 Left ventricular pressure-volume relationship in a rat model of advanced aging-associated heart failure American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287 5 H2132 H2137 15231502
106. Anversa, P.; et al. (1994). Effects of aging on quantitative structural properties of coronary vasculature and microvasculature in rats. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 267(3 Pt 2), pp. H1062-H1073. (Pubitemid 24299056)
107. H Bugger ED Abel 2009 Rodent models of diabetic cardiomyopathy Disease Models & Mechanisms 2 9-10 454 466
108. MR Bristow, et al. 1980 Acute and chronic cardiovascular effects of doxorubicin in the dog: The cardiovascular pharmacology of drug-induced histamine release Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2 5 487 515 6157945 (Pubitemid 10039365)
109. M Djelmami-Hani, et al. 2007 Induction of heart failure: Haemodynamic comparison of three different canine models Laboratory Animals 41 1 63 70 17234051 (Pubitemid 46174428)
110. AL Ferreira LS Matsubara BB Matsubara 2008 Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents In Medicinal Chemistry 6 4 278 281
111. L Gille H Nohl 1997 Analyses of the molecular mechanism of adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity Free Radical Biology and Medicine 23 5 775 782 9296455 (Pubitemid 27364872)
112. EH Herman, et al. 1998 Comparison of the chronic toxicity of piroxantrone, losoxantrone and doxorubicin in spontaneously hypertensive rats Toxicology 128 1 35 52 9704904 (Pubitemid 28342732)
113. X Liu, et al. 2006 Neuregulin-1/erbB-activation improves cardiac function and survival in models of ischemic, dilated, and viral cardiomyopathy Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48 7 1438 1447 17010808 (Pubitemid 44436803)
114. SY Saad TA Najjar AC Al-Rikabi 2001 The preventive role of deferoxamine against acute doxorubicin-induced cardiac, renal and hepatic toxicity in rats Pharmacological Research 43 3 211 218 11401411 (Pubitemid 32601427)
115. OJ Arola, et al. 2000 Acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity involves cardiomyocyte apoptosis Cancer Research 60 7 1789 1792 10766158 (Pubitemid 30207630)
116. T Li I Danelisen PK Singal 2002 Early changes in myocardial antioxidant enzymes in rats treated with adriamycin Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 232 1-2 19 26 12030376 (Pubitemid 34413877)
117. J Liu, et al. 2008 A therapeutic dose of doxorubicin activates ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated proteolysis by acting on both the ubiquitination apparatus and proteasome American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 295 6 H2541 H2550 18978187
118. AR Kumarapeli, et al. 2005 A novel transgenic mouse model reveals deregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the heart by doxorubicin FASEB Journal 19 14 2051 2053 16188962 (Pubitemid 41759762)
119. VC Tu JJ Bahl QM Chen 2002 Signals of oxidant-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy: Key activation of p70 S6 kinase-1 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 300 3 1101 1110 11861821 (Pubitemid 34165018)
120. RD Olson, et al. 2005 Doxorubicin cardiac dysfunction: Effects on calcium regulatory proteins, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and triiodothyronine Cardiovascular Toxicology 5 3 269 283 16244372 (Pubitemid 41506868)
121. Pfizer Inc. (2010). Doxorubicin Hydrochloride for Injection, USP. Available from: http://www.pfizer.com/files/products/uspi-adriamycin.pdf .
122. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2010). Oncology Tools: Dose Calculator. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/onctools/ animalresults.cfm .
123. R Hayward DS Hydock 2007 Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in the rat: An in vivo characterization Journal of American Association of Laboratory in Animal Science 46 4 20 32 (Pubitemid 351182139)
124. O Kozluca, et al. 1996 Prevention of doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity by catechin Cancer Letters 99 1 1 6 8564920 (Pubitemid 26030346)
125. X Chen, et al. 2007 Preventive cardioprotection of erythropoietin against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 21 5 367 374 17924179 (Pubitemid 47598930)
126. H Matsui, et al. 1999 Protective effects of carvedilol against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats Life Science 65 12 1265 1274 (Pubitemid 29425963)
127. M Ueno, et al. 2006 Doxorubicin induces apoptosis by activation of caspase-3 in cultured cardiomyocytes in vitro and rat cardiac ventricles in vivo Journal of Pharmacological Science 101 2 151 158 (Pubitemid 43938766)
128. PR Deepa P Varalakshmi 2003 Protective effect of low molecular weight heparin on oxidative injury and cellular abnormalities in adriamycin-induced cardiac and hepatic toxicity Chemico-biological Interactions 146 2 201 210 14597133 (Pubitemid 37323883)
129. M Zheng QD Han RP Xiao 2004 Distinct beta-adrenergic receptor subtype signaling in the heart and their pathophysiological relevance Sheng li xue bao 56 1 1 15 14985822
130. HA Rockman WJ Koch RJ Lefkowitz 2002 Seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors and heart function Nature 415 6868 206 212 11805844 (Pubitemid 34059526)
131. Y Wu, et al. 2009 Calmodulin kinase II is required for fight or flight sinoatrial node physiology Proceedings of National Academic Science USA 106 14 5972 5977
132. Boluyt, M.O.; et al.; Isoproterenol infusion induces alterations in expression of hypertrophy-associated genes in rat heart. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 1995. 269(2 Pt 2): p. H638-47.
133. Zevitz, M. E. & October (2006). Heart Failure. eMedicine from WebMD.
134. G Rona 1985 Catecholamine cardiotoxicity Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 17 4 291 306 3894676 (Pubitemid 15030720)
135. Y Peng, et al. 2003 Effects of catecholamine-beta-adrenoceptor-cAMP system on severe patients with heart failure Chinese Medical Journal 116 10 1459 1463 14570600 (Pubitemid 37474041)
136. J Abraham, et al. 2009 Stress cardiomyopathy after intravenous administration of catecholamines and beta-receptor agonists Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53 15 1320 1325 19358948
137. IS Wittstein 2008 Acute stress cardiomyopathy Current Heart Failure Reports 5 2 61 68 18765075
138. G Iaccarino, et al. 2005 Elevated myocardial and lymphocyte GRK2 expression and activity in human heart failure European Heart Journal 26 17 1752 1758 16055494 (Pubitemid 41219848)
139. Iaccarino, G.; et al. (1999). Bbeta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 levels in catecholamine-induced myocardial hypertrophy: Regulation by beta- but not alpha1-adrenergic stimulation. Hypertension, 33(1 Pt 2), 396-401. (Pubitemid 29065691)
140. S Lamba WT Abraham 2000 Alterations in adrenergic receptor signaling in heart failure Heart Failure Reviews 5 1 7 16 16228912 (Pubitemid 30301507)
141. Keys, J. R. & Koch, W. J. (2004). The adrenergic pathway and heart failure. Recent progress in hormone research, 59, 13-30. (Pubitemid 41327145)
142. M Nishikawa, et al. 1993 Differential down-regulation of pulmonary beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptor messenger RNA with prolonged in vivo infusion of isoprenaline European Journal of Pharmacology 247 2 131 138 8282002 (Pubitemid 23309993)
143. JC Yeager SG Iams 1981 The hemodynamics of isoproterenol-induced cardiac failure in the rat Circulatory Shock 8 2 151 163 7226440 (Pubitemid 11077993)
144. AS Maisel, et al. 1989 Regulation of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors by captopril. Implications for congestive heart failure Circulation 80 3 669 675 2548769 (Pubitemid 19231402)
145. DR Murray SD Prabhu B Chandrasekar 2000 Chronic beta-adrenergic stimulation induces myocardial proinflammatory cytokine expression Circulation 101 20 2338 2341 10821806 (Pubitemid 30329120)
146. V Nerme T Abrahamsson G Vauquelin 1990 Chronic isoproterenol administration causes altered beta adrenoceptor-Gs-coupling in guinea pig lung Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 252 3 1341 1346 2157000 (Pubitemid 20127449)
147. YX Jia, et al. 2006 Apelin protects myocardial injury induced by isoproterenol in rats Regulatory Peptides 133 1-3 147 154 16278022
148. RL Montgomery, et al. 2008 Maintenance of cardiac energy metabolism by histone deacetylase 3 in mice Journal of Clinical Investigation 118 11 3588 3597 18830415
149. S Reiken, et al. 2003 Protein kinase A phosphorylation of the cardiac calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) in normal and failing hearts. Role of phosphatases and response to isoproterenol Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 1 444 453 12401811 (Pubitemid 36043595)
150. ZS Zhang, et al. 2005 Enhanced inhibition of L-type Ca2 + current by beta3-adrenergic stimulation in failing rat heart Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 315 3 1203 1211 16135702
151. J Borlak T Thum 2003 Hallmarks of ion channel gene expression in end-stage heart failure FASEB Journal 17 12 1592 1608 12958166 (Pubitemid 37100061)
152. D Grimm, et al. 1998 Development of heart failure following isoproterenol administration in the rat: Role of the renin-angiotensin system Cardiovascular Research 37 1 91 100 9539862 (Pubitemid 28122620)
153. YH Yan, et al. 2008 Effects of diesel exhaust particles on left
154. D Grimm, et al. 1999 Effects of beta-receptor blockade and angiotensin II type I receptor antagonism in isoproterenol-induced heart failure in the rat Cardiovascular Pathology 8 6 315 323 10615017
155. F Brouri, et al. 2002 Toxic cardiac effects of catecholamines: Role of beta-adrenoceptor downregulation European Journal of Pharmacology 456 1-3 69 75 12450571 (Pubitemid 35351738)
156. F Brouri, et al. 2004 Blockade of beta 1- and desensitization of beta 2-adrenoceptors reduce isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis European Journal of Pharmacology 485 1-3 227 234 14757145 (Pubitemid 38134419)
157. GX Zhang, et al. 2005 Cardiac oxidative stress in acute and chronic isoproterenol-infused rats Cardiovascular Research 65 1 230 238 15621051
158. OE Osadchii, et al. 2007 Cardiac dilatation and pump dysfunction without intrinsic myocardial systolic failure following chronic beta-adrenoreceptor activation American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292 4 H1898 H1905 17158652
159. TK Harden YF Su JP Perkins 1979 Catecholamine-induced desensitization involves an uncoupling of beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase Journal of Cyclic Nucleotide Research 5 2 99 106 221555 (Pubitemid 9185895)
160. IJ Benjamin, et al. 1989 Isoproterenol-induced myocardial fibrosis in relation to myocyte necrosis Circulation Research 65 3 657 670 2527639 (Pubitemid 19226442)
161. CJ Friddle, et al. 2000 Expression profiling reveals distinct sets of genes altered during induction and regression of cardiac hypertrophy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 12 6745 6750 10829065 (Pubitemid 30412785)
162. FH Leenen R White B Yuan 2001 Isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy: Role of circulatory versus cardiac renin-angiotensin system American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 281 6 H2410 H2416 11709406
163. P Gengo, et al. 1988 Regulation by chronic drug administration of neuronal and cardiac calcium channel, beta-adrenoceptor and muscarinic receptor levels Biochemical Pharmacology 37 4 627 633 2449216 (Pubitemid 18053743)
164. JS Hayes GD Pollock RW Fuller 1984 In vivo cardiovascular responses to isoproterenol, dopamine and tyramine after prolonged infusion of isoproterenol Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 231 3 633 639 6094797 (Pubitemid 15178977)
165. R Bos, et al. 2005 Inhibition of catecholamine-induced cardiac fibrosis by an aldosterone antagonist Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 45 1 8 13 15613973 (Pubitemid 40039749)
166. EM Oliveira JE Krieger 2005 Chronic beta-adrenoceptor stimulation and cardiac hypertrophy with no induction of circulating renin European Journal of Pharmacology 520 1-3 135 141 16129426 (Pubitemid 41375821)
167. D Takeshita, et al. 2008 Isoproterenol-induced hypertrophied rat hearts: Does short-term treatment correspond to long-term treatment? The Journal of Physiological Sciences 58 3 179 188 18462563 (Pubitemid 351846447)
168. S Johar, et al. 2006 Aldosterone mediates angiotensin II-induced interstitial cardiac fibrosis via a Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase FASEB Journal 20 9 1546 1548 16720735
169. Y Sakata, et al. 2003 Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade prevents diastolic heart failure through modulation of Ca(2 +) regulatory proteins and extracellular matrix Journal of Hypertension 21 9 1737 1745 12923407 (Pubitemid 37076358)
170. A Di Zhang, et al. 2008 Cross-talk between mineralocorticoid and angiotensin II signaling for cardiac remodeling Hypertension 52 6 1060 1067 18981328
171. C Freund, et al. 2005 Requirement of nuclear factor-kappaB in angiotensin II- and isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vivo Circulation 111 18 2319 2325 15870116 (Pubitemid 40647067)
172. A Beck, et al. 1985 Angiotensin-induced hypertension in conscious dogs: Biochemical parameters and baroreceptor reflex Cardiovascular Research 19 11 721 726 3907839 (Pubitemid 16204149)
173. RY Cao, et al. 2010 The murine angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm model: Rupture risk and inflammatory progression patterns Frontiers in Pharmacology 1 9 1 7
174. C Perrino, et al. 2006 Intermittent pressure overload triggers hypertrophy-independent cardiac dysfunction and vascular rarefaction Journal of Clinical Investigation 116 6 1547 1560 16741575
175. Hershman, J. M. & March (2008). Hypothyroidism: Thyroid Disorders: Merck Manual Professional. Merck.
176. Maitra, A. & Abbas, A. K. (2005). The endocrine system. In V. Kumar, A. K. Abbas, & N. Fausto (Eds.), Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, pp. 1155-1226.
177. Gay, R. G.; et al. (1988). Effects of thyroid state on venous compliance and left ventricular performance in rats. American Journal of Physiology, 254(1 Pt 2), pp. H81-H88.
178. YD Tang, et al. 2005 Low thyroid function leads to cardiac atrophy with chamber dilatation, impaired myocardial blood flow, loss of arterioles, and severe systolic dysfunction Circulation 112 20 3122 3130 16275864
179. Z Liu AM Gerdes 1990 Influence of hypothyroidism and the reversal of hypothyroidism on hemodynamics and cell size in the adult rat heart Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 22 12 1339 1348 2089154
180. B Kisso, et al. 2008 Effect of low thyroid function on cardiac structure and function in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats Journal of Cardiac Failure 14 2 167 171 18325465 (Pubitemid 351312886)
181. GT Schuyler LR Yarbrough 1990 Changes in myosin and creatine kinase mRNA levels with cardiac hypertrophy and hypothyroidism Basic Research in Cardiology 85 5 481 494 1703406 (Pubitemid 20369944)
182. Y Seta, et al. 1996 Basic mechanisms in heart failure: The cytokine hypothesis Journal of Cardiac Failure 2 3 243 249 8891862
183. D Bryant, et al. 1998 Cardiac failure in transgenic mice with myocardial expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha Circulation 97 14 1375 1381 9577949 (Pubitemid 28182676)
184. P Panagopoulou, et al. 2008 Desmin mediates TNF-alpha-induced aggregate formation and intercalated disk reorganization in heart failure Journal of Cell Biology 181 5 761 775 18519735 (Pubitemid 351786982)
185. SD Prabhu 2004 Cytokine-induced modulation of cardiac function Circulation Research 95 12 1140 1153 15591236 (Pubitemid 39648205)
186. N Mariappan, et al. 2007 TNF-alpha-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction: Restoration by superoxide dismutase mimetic Tempol American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293 5 H2726 H2737 17675574
187. B Bozkurt, et al. 1998 Pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha promote progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in rats Circulation 97 14 1382 1391 9577950 (Pubitemid 28182677)
188. I Biaggioni 2007 The sympathetic nervous system and blood volume regulation: Lessons from autonomic failure patients American Journal of the Medical Sciences 334 1 61 64 17630595 (Pubitemid 47067448)
189. Gradin, K.; Elam, M. & Persson, B. (1985). Chronic salt loading and central adrenergic mechanisms in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica (Copenh), 56(3), 204-213. (Pubitemid 15149186)
190. K Gradin, et al. 1988 Adrenergic mechanisms during hypertension induced by sucrose and/or salt in the spontaneously hypertensive rat Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 337 1 47 52 3368013 (Pubitemid 18061413)
191. Y Takata, et al. 1988 Central and peripheral mechanisms of the enhanced hypertension following long-term salt loading in spontaneously hypertensive rats Japanese Circulation Journal 52 11 1317 1322 3225897
192. J Ahn, et al. 2004 Cardiac structural and functional responses to salt loading in SHR American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 287 2 H767 H772 15059772
193. J Varagic, et al. 2006 Myocardial fibrosis, impaired coronary hemodynamics, and biventricular dysfunction in salt-loaded SHR American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 290 4 H1503 H1509 16299266
194. PA Watson, et al. 2007 Restoration of CREB function is linked to completion and stabilization of adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to exercise American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293 1 H246 H259 17337597
195. M Miyachi, et al. 2009 Exercise training alters left ventricular geometry and attenuates heart failure in dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats Hypertension 53 4 701 707 19255362
196. HC Yu, et al. 1998 Salt induces myocardial and renal fibrosis in normotensive and hypertensive rats Circulation 98 23 2621 2628 9843472 (Pubitemid 29001204)
197. MJ Radin, et al. 2008 Salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy is independent of blood pressure and endothelin in obese, heart failure-prone SHHF rats Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 30 7 541 552 18855258
198. Y Iwanaga, et al. 2001 Differential effects of angiotensin II versus endothelin-1 inhibitions in hypertrophic left ventricular myocardium during transition to heart failure Circulation 104 5 606 612 11479261 (Pubitemid 32738133)
199. H Takenaka, et al. 2006 Angiotensin II, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix degradation during transition to LV failure in rats with hypertension Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 41 6 989 997 16979182 (Pubitemid 44791331)
200. T Ogata, et al. 2004 Myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats is ameliorated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activator fenofibrate, partly by suppressing inflammatory responses associated with the nuclear factor-kappa-B pathway Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43 8 1481 1488 15093887 (Pubitemid 38496358)
201. F Kramer, et al. 2008 Plasma concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and osteopontin reflect severity of heart failure in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat Biomarkers 13 3 270 281 18415800 (Pubitemid 351552473)
202. SK Bjelogrlic, et al. 2007 Effects of dexrazoxane and amifostine on evolution of Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy in vivo Experimental Biology and Medicine 232 11 1414 1424 18040065 (Pubitemid 350220539)
203. M Xu, et al. 2008 Protective effect of the endothelin antagonist CPU0213 against isoprenaline-induced heart failure by suppressing abnormal expression of leptin, calcineurin and SERCA2a in rats Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 60 6 739 745 18498710 (Pubitemid 351702448)
204. M Suzuki, et al. 1998 Altered inotropic response of endothelin-1 in cardiomyocytes from rats with isoproterenol-induced cardiomyopathy Cardiovascular Research 39 3 589 599 9861301 (Pubitemid 28407591)
205. J Meszaros G Levai 1990 Ultrastructural and electrophysiological alterations during the development of catecholamine-induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure Acta Biologica Hungarica 41 4 289 307 2151869
206. JR Teerlink JM Pfeffer MA Pfeffer 1994 Progressive ventricular remodeling in response to diffuse isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in rats Circulation Research 75 1 105 113 8013068
207. C Bruch, et al. 2000 Tei-index in patients with mild-to-moderate congestive heart failure European Heart Journal 21 22 1888 1895 11052862
208. S Kim-Mitsuyama, et al. 2004 Additive beneficial effects of the combination of a calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin blocker on a hypertensive rat-heart failure model Hypertension Research 27 10 771 779 15785013 (Pubitemid 40045517)