The Casualty Gap: The Causes and Consequences of American Wartime Inequalities

The Casualty Gap: The Causes and Consequences of American Wartime Inequalities

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-320

  Kriner, Douglas ^a   Shen, Francis ^b  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

American democracy; American wartime casualties; Civic engagement; Community casualty rates; Korea; Political leaders; Social inequality; Vietnam; Wartime deaths; World War II

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955968046     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390964.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (351)

1. Abell, John D. 1994. "Military Spending and Income Inequality." Journal of Peace Research 31: 35-43.
2. Abramowitz, Alan. 1988. "Explaining Senate Election Outcomes." American Political Science Review 82: 385-403.
3. Abramowitz, Alan. 1989. "Campaign Spending in U.S. Senate Elections." Legislative Studies Quarterly 14: 487-507.
4. Abramowitz, Alan and Jeffrey Segal. 1986. "Determinants of the Outcomes of U.S. Senate Elections." Journal of Politics 48: 433-439.
5. Achen, Christopher, and W. Phillips Shively. 1995. Cross-level Inference. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
6. Aldrich, John. 1977. "Electoral Choice in 1972: A Test of Some Theorems of the Spatial Model of Electoral Competition." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 5: 215-237.
7. Aldrich, John, Christopher Gelpi, Peter Feaver, Jason Reifler, and Kristin Sharp. 2006. "Foreign Policy and the Electoral Connection." Annual Review of Political Science 9: 477-502.
8. Aldrich, John, J. D. Griffin, and Jill Rickershauser. 2005. "The Presidency and the Campaign: Campaigns and Voter Priorities in the 2004 Election." In The Presidency and the Political System, ed. Michael Nelson. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 219-234.
9. Aldrich, John, John Sullivan, and Eugene Borgida. 1989. "Foreign Affairs and Issue Voting:Do Presidential Candidates 'Waltz' before a Blind Audience?" American Political Science Review 83: 123-141.
10. Alesina, Alberto, and Howard Rosenthal. 1989. "Partisan Cycles in Congressional Elections and the Macroeconomy." American Political Science Review 83: 373-398.
11. Ali, Hamid E., and James Galbraith. 2003. "Military Expenditures and Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Global Data." University of Texas at Austin Working Paper no. 24. October 10.
12. Almond, Gabriel. 1960. The American People and Foreign Policy. New York: Praeger.
13. Altman, Stuart, and Alan Fechter. 1967. "The Supply of Military Personnel in the Absence of a Draft." American Economic Review 57: 19-31.
14. Angrist, Joshua D. 1991. "The Draft Lottery and Voluntary Enlistment in the Vietnam Era." Journal of the American Statistical Association 86: 584-595.
15. Appy, Christian. 1993. Working-class War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
16. Armor, David J., Joseph B. Giacquinta, R. Gordon McIntosh, and Diana E. H. Russell. 1967. "Professors' Attitudes toward the Vietnam War." Public Opinion Quarterly 31: 159-175.
17. Asch, Beth, and James Hosek. 2004. "Looking to the Future: What Does Transformation Mean for Military Manpower and Personnel Policy?" In The All-volunteer Force: Thirty Years of Service, eds. Barbara Bicksler, Curtis Gilroy, and John T. Warner. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. 257-296.
18. Asch, Beth, and Bruce Orvis. 1994. Recent Recruiting Trends and Their Implications:Preliminary Analysis and Recommendations. Santa Monica: RAND.
19. Atkeson, Lonna, and Randall Partin. 1995. "Economic and Referendum Voting: A Comparison of Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections." American Political Science Review 89: 99-107.
20. Badillo, Gilbert, and G. David Curry. 1976. "The Social Incidence of Vietnam Casualties." Armed Forces and Society 2: 397-406.
21. Barnett, Arnold, Timothy Stanley, and Michael Shore. 1992. "America's Vietnam Casualties: Victims of a Class War?" Operations Research 40: 856-866.
22. Bartels, Larry, and John Zaller. 2001. "Presidential Vote Models: A Recount." PS:Political Science and Politics 34: 9-20.
23. Baskir, Lawrence, and William Strauss. 1978. Chance and Circumstance. New York:Knopf.
24. Baum, Matthew. 2004. "How Public Opinion Constrains the Use of Force: The Case of Operation Restore Hope." Presidential Studies Quarterly 34: 187-226.
25. Baum, Matthew. and Samuel Kernell. 2001. "Economic Class and Popular Support for Franklin Roosevelt in War and Peace." Public Opinion Quarterly 65: 198-229.
26. Beck, Nathaniel, Jonathan Katz, and Richard Tucker. 1998. "Taking Time Seriously: Timeseries-cross-section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable." American Journal of Political Science 42: 1260-1288.
27. Belknap, George, and Angus Campbell. 1951. "Political Party Identification and Attitudes toward Foreign Policy." Public Opinion Quarterly 15: 601-623.
28. Berinsky, Adam. 2007. "Assuming the Costs of War: Events, Elites, and American Public Support for Military Conflict." Journal of Politics 69: 975-997.
29. Berinsky, Adam. 2009. America at War: Public Opinion during Wartime, from World War II to Iraq. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Berinsky, Adam and James N. Druckman. 2007. "Public Opinion Research and Support for the Iraq War." Public Opinion Quarterly 71(1): 126-141.
31. Bernard, H. Russell, Peter D. Killworth, Eugene C. Johnsen, Gene A. Shelley, and Christopher McCarty. 2001. "Estimating the Ripple Effect of a Disaster." Connections 24: 30-34.
32. Berney, Robert E., and Duane E. Leigh. 1974. "The Socioeconomic Distribution of American Casualties in the Indochina War: Implications for Tax Equity." Public Finance Quarterly 2: 223-235.
33. Berryman, Sue E. 1988. Who Serves? The Persistent Myth of the Underclass Army. Boulder: Westview.
34. Betts, Richard. 1991. Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crises. New York: Columbia University Press.
35. Bicksler, Barbara A., Curtis L. Gilroy, and John T. Warner, eds. 2004. The All-volunteer Force: Thirty Years of Service. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's.
36. Binkin, Martin, and Mark J. Eitelberg. 1982. Blacks and the Military. Washington, D.C.:Brookings Institution Press.
37. Binkin, Martin, and John D. Johnston. 1973. All-volunteer Armed Forces: Progress, Problems, and Prospects. Brookings Institution Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
38. Boettcher, William, and Michael Cobb. 2006. "Echoes of Vietnam? Casualty Framing and Public Perceptions of Success and Failure in Iraq." Journal of Conflict Resolution 50: 831-854.
39. Booth, Bradford. 2000. "The Impact of Military Presence in Local Labor Markets on Unemployment Rates, Individual Earnings, and Returns to Education." PhD diss., University of Maryland-College Park, Department of Sociology.
40. Brace, Paul, and Barbara Hinckley. 1992. Follow the Leader. New York: Basic Books.
41. Brandes, Lisa. 1994. "Public Opinion, International Security Policy, and Gender: The United States and Great Britain since 1945." PhD diss., Yale University, Department of Political Science.
42. Brandon, Heather. 1984. Casualties: Death in Vietnam, Anguish and Survival in America. New York: St. Martin's.
43. Brehm, John, and Wendy Rahn. 1997. "Individual-level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital." American Journal of Political Science 41: 999-1023.
44. Brody, Richard. 1991. Assessing the President: The Media, Elite Opinion, and Public Support. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
45. Brown, Charles. 1985. "Military Enlistments: What Can We Learn from Geographic Variation?" American Economic Review 75: 228-234.
46. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, and David Lalman. 1992. War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives. New Haven: Yale University Press.
47. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, James Morrow, Randolph Siverson, and Alastair Smith. 1999. "An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace." American Political Science Review 93: 791-807.
48. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. New York: Cambridge University Press.
49. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Bruce, and Randolph Siverson. 1995. "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability." American Political Science Review 89: 841-855.
50. Burk, James. 1999. "Public Support for Peacekeeping in Lebanon and Somalia: Assessing the Casualties Hypothesis." Political Science Quarterly 114: 53-78.
51. Buzzanco, Robert. 1999. Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life. Oxford:Blackwell.
52. Calabresi, Guido, and Philip Bobbitt. 1978. Tragic Choices. New York: Norton.
53. Campbell, Angus, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
54. Campbell, James. 1991. "The Presidential Surge and Its Midterm Decline, 1868-1988." Journal of Politics 53: 477-487.
55. Campbell, James and Joe Sumners. 1990. "Presidential Coattails in Senate Elections." American Political Science Review 84: 513-524.
56. Campbell, Kenneth. 2007. A Tale of Two Quagmires: Iraq, Vietnam, and the Hard Lessons of War. Boulder: Paradigm.
57. Capdevilla, Luc, and Daniele Voldman. 2006. War Dead: Western Societies and the Casualties of War. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
58. Card, David, and Thomas Lemieux. 2001. "Going to College to Avoid the Draft: The Unintended Legacy of the Vietnam War." American Economic Review 91: 97-102.
59. Carsey, Thomas, and Gerald Wright. 1998. "State and National Factors in Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections." American Journal of Political Science 42: 994-1002.
60. Carson, Jamie, Jeffery Jenkins, David Rohde, and Mark Souva. 2001. "The Impact of National Tides and District-level Effects on Electoral Outcomes: The U.S. Congressional Elections of 1862-63." American Journal of Political Science 45: 887-898.
61. Casey, Steven. 2008. Selling the Korean War: Propaganda, Politics, and Public Opinion in the United States, 1950-1953. New York: Oxford University Press.
62. Cavin, Dennis. 2004. "Commentary." In The All-volunteer Force: Thirty Years of Service, eds. Barbara Bicksler, Curtis Gilroy, and John T. Warner. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's.
63. Chambers, John. 1975. Draftees or Volunteers: A Documentary History of the Debate over Military Conscription in the United States. New York: Garland.
64. Citrin, Jack. 1974. "Comment: The Political Relevance of Trust in Government." American Political Science Review 68: 973-988.
65. Clarke, Harold, and Marianne Stewart. 1994. "Prospections, Retrospections, and Rationality: The 'Bankers' Model of Presidential Approval Reconsidered." American Journal of Political Science 38: 1104-1123.
66. Cobb, Michael. 2007. "Dispelling Casualty Myths: Citizens' Knowledge and News Media's Coverage about Casualties." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
67. Cohen, Eliot. 1985. Citizens and Soldiers: The Dilemmas of Military Service. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
68. Coleman, James. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
69. Conetta, Carl. 2004. "Disappearing the Dead: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Idea of a 'New Warfare.'" Project on Defense Alternatives Research Monograph no. 9. February 18..
70. Congressional Budget Office. 1999. What Does the Military "Pay Gap" Mean? Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States.
71. Congressional Budget Office. 2007. "The All-volunteer Military: Issues and Performance." Pub. no. 2960, July..
72. Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Virginia Sapiro. 1993. "Gender, Feminist Consciousness, and War." American Journal of Political Science 37: 1079-1099.
73. Converse, Phillip. 1964. "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics." In Ideology and Discontent, ed. David Apter. New York: Free Press. 206-261.
74. Cooney, Patrick. 1984. "Journalists in Uniform: Military Public Affairs during the Grenadan Operation." Master's thesis, University of Kansas-Lawrence, Department of Journalism.
75. Cotton, Timothy. 1986. "War and American Democracy: Electoral Costs of the Last Five Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 30: 616-635.
76. Cowhey, Peter. 1993. "Domestic Institutions and the Credibility of International Commitments: Japan and the United States." International Organization 47: 299-326.
77. Crowley, Jocelyn Elise, and Theda Skocpol. 2001. "The Rush to Organize: Explaining Associational Formation in the United States, 1860s-1920s." American Journal of Political Science 45: 813-829.
78. Cymrot, Donald, and Michael Hansen. 2004. "Overhauling Enlisted Careers and Compensation." In Filling the Ranks: Transforming the U.S. Military Personnel System, ed. Cindy Williams. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 119-144.
79. Danzig, Richard. 1999. "The Big Three: Our Greatest Security Risks and How to Address Them." Syracuse University, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs.
80. DeBoer, Larry, and B. Wade Brorsen. 1989. "The Demand for and Supply of Military Labor." Southern Economic Journal 55: 853-869.
81. Dixon, William. 1994. "Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict." American Political Science Review 88: 14-32.
82. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
83. Druckman, James. 2001. The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence. Political Behavior 23: 225-256.
84. Edwards, Paul M. 2006. The Korean War. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
85. Eichenberg, Richard. 2003. "Gender Differences in Public Attitudes Toward the Use of Force by the United States, 1990-2003." International Security 28(1): 110-141.
86. Eichenberg, Richard. 2005. "Victory Has Many Friends: U.S. Public Opinion and the Use of Military Force 1981-2005." International Security 30: 140-178.
87. Eichenberg, Richard and Richard Stoll. 2006. "War President: The Approval Ratings of George W. Bush," with Matthew Lebo. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50: 783-808.
88. Erikson, Robert, Michael MacKuen, and James Stimson. 2002. The Macro Polity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
89. Faust, Drew Gilpin. 2008. This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York: Knopf.
90. Feaver, Peter, and Christopher Gelpi. 2004. Choosing Your Battles: American Civilmilitary Relations and the Use of Force. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
91. Feaver, Peter, and Richard Kohn, eds. 2001. Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-military Gap and American National Security. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
92. Fendrich, James. 2003. "The Forgotten Movement: The Vietnam Anti-war Movement." Sociological Inquiry 73: 338-358.
93. Fiorina, Morris. 1976. "The Voting Decision: Instrumental and Expressive Aspects." Journal of Politics 38: 390-415.
94. Fiorina, Morris. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press.
95. Flynn, George Q. 1993. The Draft: 1940-1973. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
96. Foust, Brady, and Howard Botts. 1991. "Age, Ethnicity, and Class in the Vietnam War:Evidence from the Casualty File." Vietnam Generation 3: 22-31.
97. Foyle, Douglas. 1999. Counting the Public In: Presidents, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy. New York: Columbia University Press.
98. Franklin, Benjamin. 1810. Works of the Late Doctor Benjamin Franklin: Consisting of Memoirs of his Early Life, Written by Himself, Together with a Collection of his Essay, Humorous, Moral and Literary, Chiefly in the Manner of the Spectator. Easton, Md.:Henry W. Gibbs.
99. Friedman, Matthew J. 2004. "Acknowledging the psychiatric cost of war." New England Journal of Medicine 351: 75-77.
100. Friedman, Matthew J. 2005. "Veterans' mental health in the wake of war." New England Journal of Medicine 352: 1287-1290.
101. Friedman, Matthew J. 2006. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Military Returnees From Afghanistan and Iraq." American Journal of Psychiatry 163: 586-593.
102. Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.
103. Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 2004. "Making the International Local: The Terrorist Attack on the USS Cole, Local Casualties, and Media Coverage." Political Communication 21: 139-159.
104. Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 2008a. "The Multiple Effects of Casualties on Popular Support for War: An Experimental Approach." American Political Science Review 102: 95-106.
105. Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 2008b. "Secondary Casualty Information: Uncertainty, Female Casualties, and Wartime Support." Conflict Management and Peace Science 25: 98-111.
106. Gartner, Scott Sigmund and Gary Segura. 1998. "War, Casualties, and Public Opinion." Journal of Conflict Resolution 42: 278-320.
107. Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 2000. "Race, Opinion, and Casualties in the Vietnam War." Journal of Politics 62: 115-146.
108. Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 2008. "All Politics Are Still Local: The Iraq War and the 2006 Midterm Elections." PS:Political Science and Politics 41: 95-100.
109. Gartner, Scott Sigmund and Bethany Barratt. 2004. "War Casualties, Policy Positions, and the Fate of Legislators." Political Research Quarterly 53: 467-477.
110. Gartner, Scott Sigmund. Gary M. Segura, and Michael Wilkening. 1997. "All Politics Are Local: Local Losses and Individual Attitudes toward the Vietnam War." Journal of Conflict Resolution 41: 669-694.
111. Gast, Kelly. 2004. "The Political Manipulation of War Images." Typescript. University of Delaware.
112. Geary, James. 1991. We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.
113. Gelb, Leslie. "The Essential Domino: American Politics and Vietnam." Foreign Affairs 50:459-475.
114. Gelpi, Christopher, Peter D. Feaver, and Jason Reifler. 2005/2006. "Success Matters:Casualty Sensitivity and the War in Iraq." International Security 30: 7-46.
115. Gelpi, Christopher, 2009. Paying the Human Costs of War: American Public Opinion and Casualties in Military Conflicts. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
116. Gelpi, Christopher, Jason Reifler, and Peter Feaver. 2007. "Iraq the Vote: Retrospective and Prospective Policy Judgments on Candidate Choice and Casualty Tolerance." Political Behavior 29: 151-174.
117. Gerber, Alan. 1998. "Estimating the Effects of Campaign Spending on Senate Election Outcomes Using Instrumental Variables." American Political Science Review 92: 401-411.
118. Gerhardt, James. 1971. The Draft and Public Policy: Issues in Military Manpower Procurement, 1945-1970. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
119. Gifford, Brian. 2005. "Combat Casualties and Race: What Can We Learn from the 2003-2004 Iraq Conflict?" Armed Forces and Society 31: 201-225.
120. Gillens, Martin. 1988. "Gender and Support for Reagan: A Comprehensive Model of Presidential Approval." American Journal of Political Science 32: 19-49.
121. Gilliam, Franklin, and Shanto Iyengar. 2000. "Prime Suspects: The Influence of Local Television News on the Viewing Public." American Journal of Political Science 44: 560-573.
122. Ginzberg, Eli. 1959. The Ineffective Soldier: Lessons for Management and the Nation. New York: Columbia University Press.
123. Goff, Stanley, and Robert Sanders, with Clark Smith. 1982. Brothers: Black Soldiers in the Nam. Novato, Calif.: Presidio.
124. Goodwin, Robert C. 1951. "Manpower Problems in Defense Production." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 278: 137-146.
125. Gowa, Joanne. 1998. "Politics at the Water's Edge: Parties, Voters, and the Use of Force Abroad." International Organization 52: 307-324.
126. Graeff, Peter, and Guido Mehlkop. 2006. "Excavating a Force That Drives Income Inequality: Rethinking and Analyzing the Link between Military Participation Ratio and Inequality." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 34: 257-280.
127. Grandstaff, Mark. 1996. "Making the Military American: Advertising, Reform, and the Demise of an Antistanding Military Tradition, 1945-1955." Journal of Military History 60: 299-323.
128. Green, Don, and Jonathan Krasno. 1988. "Salvation for the Spendthrift Incumbent:Reestimating the Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections." American Journal of Political Science 32: 884-907.
129. Green, Don, 1990. "Rebuttal to Jacobson's 'New Evidence for Old Arguments.' " American Journal of Political Science 34: 363-372.
130. Griffith, Robert. 1982. Men Wanted for the U.S. Army: America's Experience with an Allvolunteer Army between the World Wars. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
131. Grose, Christian, and Bruce Oppenheimer. 2007. "The Iraq War, Partisanship, and Candidate Attributes: Explaining Variation in Partisan Swing in the 2006 U.S. House Elections." Legislative Studies Quarterly 32: 531-557.
132. Guzman, Ralph. 1969. "Mexican-American Casualties in Vietnam." PhD diss., University of California-Santa Cruz, Dept. of Political Science.
133. Hahn, Harlan. 1970. "Correlates of Public Sentiments about War: Local Referenda on the Vietnam Issue." American Political Science Review 64: 1186-1198.
134. Hays, Samuel H. 1967. "Military Conscription in a Democratic Society." Army Magazine (February): 31-41. Reprinted in Chambers (1975, 505-515).
135. Helmer, John. 1974. Bringing the War Home: The American Soldier in Vietnam and After. New York: Free Press.
136. Hetherington, Marc. 1998. "The Political Relevance of Political Trust." American Political Science Review 92: 791-808.
137. Hibbs, Douglas, Jr. 2000. "Bread and Peace Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections." Public Choice 104: 149-180.
138. Hibbs, Douglas, Jr., Douglas Rivers, and Nicholas Vasilatos. 1982. "The Dynamics of Political Support for American Presidents among Occupational and Partisan Groups." American Journal of Political Science 26: 312-332.
139. Hogan, Paul. 2004. "Overview of the Current Personnel and Compensation System." In Filling the Ranks: Transforming the U.S. Military Personnel System, ed. Cindy Williams. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 29-54.
140. Hoge, Charles W., Jennifer L. Auchterlonie, and Charles S. Milliken. 2006. "Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan." Journal of the American Medical Association 295: 1023-1032.
141. Hoiberg, Anne. 1980. "Military Staying Power." In Combat Effectiveness: Cohesion, Stress, and the Volunteer Military, ed. Sam Sarkesian, Beverly Hills: Sage. 212-243.
142. Holm, Tom. 1996. Strong Hearts, Wounded Souls: Native American Veterans of the Vietnam War. Austin: University of Texas Press.
143. Holsti, Ole. 1992. "Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges the Almond-Lippman Consensus." International Studies Quarterly 36: 439-466.
144. Holsti, Ole. 2004. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
145. Holsti, Ole and Douglas Kriner. 2007. "Bending so as Not to Break: What the Bush Presidency Reveals about Unilateral Action." In The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush, eds. George Edwards and Desmond King. New York: Oxford University Press. 96-144.
146. Holsti, Ole and Jon Pevehouse. 2005. "Presidents, Congress, and the Use of Force." International Organization 59: 209-232.
147. Holsti, Ole. 2007. While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
148. Huelfer, Evan Andrew. 2003. The "Casualty Issue" in American Military Practice: The Impact of World War I. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
149. Humphries, Stan. 2001. "Who's Afraid of the Big, Bad Firm? The Impact of Economic Scale on Political Participation." American Journal of Political Science 45: 678-699.
150. Huntingon, Samuel. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civilmilitary Relations. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
151. Hurwitz, John, and Mark Peffley. 1987. "The Means and Ends of Foreign Policy as Determinants of Presidential Support." American Journal of Political Science 2: 236-258.
152. Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald Kinder. 1987. News That Matters: Television and American Public Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
153. Iyengar, Shanto, and Adam Simon. 1993. "News Coverage of the Gulf Crisis and Public Opinion." Communication Research 20: 365-383.
154. Jacobs, Lawrence, and Robert Shapiro. 2000. Politicians Don't Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
155. Jacobson, Gary. 1978. "The Effects of Campaign Spending in Congressional Elections." American Political Science Review 72: 769-783.
156. Jacobson, Gary. 1985. "Money and Votes Reconsidered: Congressional Elections, 1972-1982." Public Choice 47: 7-62.
157. Jacobson, Gary. 1990. "The Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections: New Evidence for Old Arguments." American Journal of Political Science 34: 334-362.
158. Jacobson, Gary. 2004. Politics of Congressional Elections. New York: Pearson Longman.
159. Jacobson, Gary. 2006. A Divider, Not a Uniter: George W. Bush and the American People. New York:Longman.
160. Jacobson, Gary and Samuel Kernell. 1981. Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections. New Haven: Yale University Press.
161. Janowitz, Morris. 1960. The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
162. Janowitz, Morris. ed. 1964. The New Military: Changing Patterns of Organization. New York: Sage Foundation.
163. Janowitz, Morris. 1965. Sociology and the Military Establishment. In collaboration with Roger Little. New York: Sage Foundation.
164. Janowitz, Morris and Charles C. Moskos Jr. 1979. "Five Years of the All-volunteer Force: 1973-1978." Armed Forces and Society 5(2): 171-218.
165. Jennings, M. Kent, and Gregory Markus. 1977. "The Effect of Military Service on Political Attitudes: A Panel Study." American Political Science Review 71: 131-147.
166. Jentleson, Bruce. 1992. "The Pretty Prudent Public: Post Post-Vietnam American Opinion on the Use of Military Force." International Studies Quarterly 36: 49-74.
167. Jentleson, Bruce. 2002. "Use of Force Dilemmas: Policy and Politics." In Eagle Rules? Foreign Policy and American Primacy in the Twenty-first Century, ed. Robert J. Lieber. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 266-281.
168. Jentleson, Bruce and Rebecca Britton. 1998. "Still Pretty Prudent: Post-Cold War American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution 42: 395-417.
169. Kage, Rieko. 2005. "Defeat and Reconstruction: Explaining the Rise of Civic Engagement in the Wake of Wars." PhD diss., Harvard University, Department of Government.
170. Kane, Tim. 2006. "Who Are the Recruits? The Demographic Characteristics of Military Enlistment, 2003-2005." CDA06-09. Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation.
171. Kant, Immanuel. 1983 [1795]. Perpetual Peace and Other Essays, trans. Ted Humphrey. Indianapolis: Hackett.
172. Karol, David, and Edward Miguel. 2007. "The Electoral Cost of War: Iraq Casualties and the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election." Journal of Politics 69: 633-648.
173. Karsten, Peter. 1982. "Consent and the American Soldier: Theory versus Reality." Parameters 12: 42-49.
174. Katznelson, Ira, and Martin Shefter. 2002. Shaped by War and Trade: International Influences on American Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
175. Kaufmann, Karen, and John Petrocik. 1999. "The Changing Politics of American Men:Understanding the Source of the Gender Gap." American Journal of Political Science 43: 864-887.
176. Kennett, Lee. 1987. G.I.: The American Soldier in World War II. New York: Scribner.
177. Kernell, Samuel. 1978. "Explaining Presidential Popularity." American Political Science Review 72: 506-522.
178. Kick, Edward, Byron Davis, and Jeffrey Kentor. 2006. "A Cross-national Analysis of Militarization and Inequality." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 34: 319-338.
179. Kinder, Donald, and Lynn Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
180. Kindsvatter, Peter. 2003. American Soldiers: Ground Combat in the World Wars, Korea, and Vietnam. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
181. King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1968a. "The Casualties of the War in Vietnam." In Speeches by the Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr. about the War in Vietnam. Annandale, Va.:Turnpike.
182. King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1968b. The Trumpet of Conscience. New York: Harper and Row.
183. Kittinger, Robert. 2007. "Web 2.0: Social Behavior of Internet Users." Typescript..
184. Klarevas, Louis. 2002. "The 'Essential Domino' of Military Operations: American Public Opinion and the Use of Force." International Studies Perspectives 3: 417-437.
185. Klarevas, Louis, Christopher Gelpi, and Jason Reifler. 2006. "Correspondence: Casualties, Polls, and the Iraq War." International Security 31: 186-198.
186. Koch, Michael, and Scott Sigmund Gartner. 2005. "Casualties and Constituencies:Democratic Accountability, Electoral Institutions, and Costly Conflicts." Journal of Conflict Resolution 49: 874-894.
187. Kohn, Margaret. 2004. Brave New Neighborhoods: The Privatization of Public Space. New York: Routledge.
188. Kohut, Andrew, and Robert Toth. 1995. "Intervention in the Post-Cold War World: A Public Perspective." In Managing Conflict in the Post-Cold War World: The Role of Intervention. Aspen: Aspen Institute.
189. Kosiak, Steven. 2008. Analysis of the FY 2009 Defense Budget Request. Washington, D.C.:Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.
190. Kriner, Douglas L. 2006. "Examining Variance in Presidential Approval: The Case of FDR in World War II." Public Opinion Quarterly 70: 23-47.
191. Kriner, Douglas L., and Francis X. Shen. 2007. "Iraq Casualties and the 2006 Senate Elections." Legislative Studies Quarterly 32: 507-530.
192. Kriner, Douglas L. 2009. "Limited War and American Political Engagement." Journal of Politics 71: 1514-1529.
193. Kriner, Douglas L., and William G. Howell. n.d. Congressional Leadership of War Opinion: Conditional influence and the risk of "backlash." Typescript, Boston University.
194. Krosnick, John, and Laura Brannon. 1993. "The Impact of the Gulf War on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Multidimensional Effects of Political Involvement." American Political Science Review 87: 963-975.
195. Kryder, Daniel. 2000. Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State during World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press.
196. Kull, Steven. 1995. "What the Public Knows That Washington Doesn't." Foreign Policy 101: 102-115.
197. Kull, Steven and I. M. Destler. 1999. Misreading the Public: The Myth of a New Isolationism. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
198. Kull, Steven and Clay Ramsay. 1994. U.S. Public Attitudes on U.S. Involvement in Bosnia. College Park: Program on International Policy Attitudes, University of Maryland.
199. Kull, Steven. 2001. "The Myth of the Reactive Public: American Public Attitudes on Military Fatalities in the Post-Cold War Period." In Public Opinion and the International Use of Force, eds. Phillip Everts and Pierangelo Isneria. London: Routledge, 205-228.
200. Larson, Eric. 1996. Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in Domestic Support for U.S. Military Operations. Santa Monica: RAND.
201. Larson, Eric and Bogdan Savych. 2005. American Public Support for U.S. Military Interventions from Mogadishu to Baghdad. Santa Monica: RAND.
202. Lau, Richard, Thad Brown, and David Sears. 1978. "Self-interest and Civilians' Attitudes toward the Vietnam War." Public Opinion Quarterly 42: 464-483.
203. Laurence, Janice H. 2004. "The All-volunteer Force: A Historical Perspective." Santa Monica: RAND.
204. Levi, Margaret. 1996. "The Institution of Conscription." Social Science History 20: 133-167.
205. Lewis-Beck, Michael, and Tom Rice. 1992. Forecasting Elections. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
206. Lippmann, Walter. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan.
207. Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1996. American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword. New York: Norton.
208. Lunch, William, and Peter Sperlich. 1979. "American Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam." Western Political Quarterly 32: 21-44.
209. Luttwak, Eric. 1996. "A Post-heroic Military Policy." Foreign Affairs 75: 33-44.
210. MacKuen, Michael B., Robert S. Erikson, and James A. Stimson. 1992. "Peasants or Bankers? The American Electorate and the U.S. Economy." American Political Science Review 86: 597-611.
211. Mansfield, Edward, and Jon Pevehouse. 2003. "Trade Blocs, Trade Flows, and International Conflict." International Organization 54: 775-808.
212. Maoz, Zeev, and Bruce Russett. 1993. "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986." American Political Science Review 87: 624-638.
213. Martin, Lisa. 1993. "Credibility, Costs, and Institutions: Cooperation on Economic Sanctions." World Politics 45: 406-432.
214. Mayer, Albert J., and Thomas Ford Hoult. 1955. "Social Stratification and Combat Survival." Social Forces 34: 155-159.
215. Mayhew, David. 2005. "Wars and American Politics." Perspectives on Politics 3: 473-493.
216. Mazur, Allan. 1995. "Was Vietnam a Class War?" Armed Forces and Society 21: 455-459.
217. Mazur, Diane H. 2003. "Why Progressives Lost the War When They Lost the Draft." 32 Hofstra Law Review 553: 563-564.
218. McAdam, Doug, and Ronnelle Paulsen. 1993. "Specifying the Relationship between Social Ties and Activism." American Journal of Sociology 99: 640-667.
219. McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su. 2002. "The War at Home: Antiwar Protests and Congressional Voting, 1965 to 1973." American Sociological Review 67: 696-721.
220. McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
221. McCormick, James, and Eugene Witkopf. 1990. "Bipartisanship, Partisanship, and Ideology in Congressional-executive Foreign Policy Relations, 1947-1988." Journal of Politics 52: 1077-1100.
222. McGrath, John J. 2007. The Other End of the Spear: The Tooth-to-Tail Ratio (T3R) in Modern Military Operations. The Long War Series Occasional Paper 23. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Combat Studies Institute Press.
223. Meernik, James. 1995. "Congress, the President, and the Commitment of the U.S. Military." Legislative Studies Quarterly 20: 377-392.
224. Mettler, Suzanne. 2002. "Bringing the State Back in to Civic Engagement: Policy Feedback: Effects of the GI Bill for World War II Veterans." American Political Science Review 96: 351-365.
225. Miller, Arthur H. 1974. "Political Issues and Trust in Government: 1964-1970." American Political Science Review 68: 951-972.
226. Miller, Jake C. 1979. The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs. Washington, D.C.:University Press of America.
227. Miller, Jake C. 2000. "African American Males in Foreign Affairs." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 569: 29-41.
228. Miller, Joanne, and Jon Krosnick. 1996. "News Media Impact on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: A Program of Research on the Priming Hypothesis." In Political Persuasion and Attitude Change, eds. Dianna Mutz, Paul Sniderman, and Richard Brody. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 79-100.
229. Miller, Joanne. 2000. "News Media Impact on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Politically Knowledgeable Citizens Are Guided by a Trusted Source." American Journal of Political Science 44: 301-315.
230. Miller, Warren, and Donald Stokes. 1963. "Constituency Influence in Congress." American Political Science Review 57: 45-56.
231. Modell, John, and Timothy Hagerty. 1991. "The Social Impact of War." Annual Review of Sociology 17: 205-224.
232. Modigliani, Andre. 1972. "Hawks and Doves, Isolationism, and Political Distrust: An Analysis of Public Opinion on Military Policy." American Political Science Review 66: 960-978.
233. Monroe, Alan. 1998. "Public Opinion and Public Policy, 1980-1993." Public Opinion Quarterly 62: 6-28.
234. Moody, James. 2006. "Fighting a Hydra: A Note on the Network Embeddedness of the War on Terror." Structure and Dynamics: eJournal of Anthropological and Related Sciences 1, Article 9..
235. Moon, Penelope Adams. 2003. " 'Peace on Earth-Peace in Vietnam': The Catholic Peace Fellowship and Antiwar Witness, 1964-1976." Journal of Social History 36: 1033-1057.
236. Moon, Penelope Adams. 2008. "Loyal Sons and Daughters of God? American Catholics Debate Catholic Antiwar Protest." Peace & Change 33: 1-30.
237. Moore, Will, and David Lanoue. 2003. "Domestic Politics and U.S. Foreign Policy: A Study of Cold War Conflict Behavior." Journal of Politics 65: 376-396.
238. Morgan, T. Clifton, and Sally Campbell. 1991. "Domestic Structure, Decisional Constraints, and War." Journal of Conflict Resolution 35: 187-211.
239. Morgan, T. Clifton, and Valerie L. Schwebach. 1992. "Take Two Democracies and Call Me in the Morning: A Prescription for Peace?" International Interactions 17: 305-320.
240. Moskos, Charles C. 1970. The American Enlisted Man: The Rank and File in Today's Military. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
241. Moskos, Charles C. 1977. "From Institution to Occupation." Armed Forces and Society 4: 41-50.
242. Moskos, Charles C. 2000. "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm." In The Postmodern Military, eds. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal. New York: Oxford University Press. 14-31.
243. Moskos, Charles C. 2001. What Ails the All-volunteer Force: An Institutional Perspective. Parameters:US Army War College 31: 29-47.
244. Moskos, Charles C. and John Sibley Butler. 1996. All That We Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration the Army Way. New York: Basic Books.
245. Moskos, Charles C. and Frank R. Wood, eds. 1988. The Military: More than Just a Job? Washington, D.C.:Pergamon-Brassey's.
246. Mueller, John. 1973. War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. New York: Wiley.
247. Mueller, John. 1994. Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
248. Mueller, John. 2005. "The Iraq Syndrome." Foreign Affairs 84(6): 44-54.
249. National Research Council. 2003. Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth:Implications for Military Recruitment. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
250. Newman, Katherine S. 2000. No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City. New York: Vintage.
251. Nicholson, Stephen, and Robert Howard. 2003. "Framing Support for the Supreme Court in the Aftermath of Bush v. Gore." Journal of Politics 65: 676-695.
252. Nincic, Miroslav, and Dianna Nincic. 2002. "Race, Gender, and War." Journal of Peace Research 39: 547-568.
253. Nye, Joseph S. 1997. "Introduction: The Decline of Confidence in Government." In Why People Don't Trust Government, eds. J. S. Nye Jr., P. D. Zelikow, and D. C. King Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1-18.
254. Office of the Secretary of Defense. 2006. "2006 Population Representation in the Military Services." Washington, D.C.: Author.
255. O'Hare, William, and Bill Bishop. 2006. "U.S. Rural Soldiers Account for a Disproportionately High Share of Casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan." Carsey Institute Fact Sheet..
256. Oliver, J. Eric. 1999. "The Effects of Metropolitan Economic Segregation on Local Civic Participation." American Journal of Political Science 43: 186-212.
257. Oliver, J. Eric. 2000. "City Size and Civic Involvement in Metropolitan America." American Political Science Review 94: 361-373.
258. Oliver, J. Eric. 2001. Democracy in Suburbia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
259. Oliver, J. Eric. 2003. "Mental Life and the Metropolis in Suburban America." Urban Affairs Review 39: 228-253.
260. Oneal, John, and Bruce Russett. 1997. "The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950-1985." International Studies Quarterly 41: 267-294.
261. Ornelas, Charles, and Michael Gonzalez. 1971. "The Chicano and the War: An Opinion Survey in Santa Barbara." Journal of Chicano Studies 2: 23-35.
262. Page, Benjamin, and Robert Shapiro. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
263. Page, Benjamin, and Glenn Dempsey. 1987. "What Moves Public Opinion?" American Political Science Review 81: 23-44.
264. Peterson, Paul E., ed. 1994. The President, Congress, and the Making of U.S. Foreign Policy. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
265. Pogue, Forrest C. 1973. George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory 1943-1945, 2d ed. New York: Viking Adult.
266. Pols, Hans, and Stephanie Oak. 2007. "War & Military Mental Health: The US Psychiatric Response in the 20th Century." American Journal of Public Health 97: 2132-2142.
267. Preston, Samuel, and Emily Buzzell. 2006. "Mortality of American Troops in Iraq." Population Studies Council Working Paper Series PSC 06-01.
268. Putnam, Robert. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
269. Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York:Simon and Schuster.
270. Quinley, Harold. 1970. "The Protestant Clergy and the War in Vietnam." Public Opinion Quarterly 34: 43-52.
271. Ray, James Lee. 1995. Democracy and International Conflict: An Evaluation of the Democratic Peace Proposition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
272. Reddick, L. D. 1949. "The Negro Policy of the United States Army, 1775-1945." Journal of Negro History 34: 9-29.
273. Reiter, Dan, and Allan Stam. 2002. Democracies at War. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
274. Richards, Carl. 1995. The Founders and the Classics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
275. Riker, William, and Peter Ordeshook. 1968. "A Theory of the Calculus of Voting." American Political Science Review 62: 25-42.
276. Roberts, Joel. 2007. "Small Towns Hit Hard by War." Associated Press (February 20)..
277. Robinson, John, and Solomon Jacobsen. 1968. "American Public Opinion about Vietnam." Peace Research Society International Papers 10: 69.
278. Rosenberg, Milton, Sidney Verba, and Philip Converse. 1970. Vietnam and the Silent Majority: The Dove's Guide. New York: Harper and Row.
279. Rosenstone, Steven, and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
280. Rostker, Bernard. 2006. I Want YOU: The Evolution of the All-volunteer Force. Santa Monica: RAND.
281. Roth-Douquet, Kathy, and Frank Schaeffer. 2006. AWOL: The Unexcused Absence of America's Upper Classes from Military Service-and How It Hurts Our Country. New York: Harper Collins.
282. Russett, Bruce. 1990. Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
283. Russett, Bruce. 1990-1991. "Doves, Hawks, and U.S. Public Opinion." Political Science Quarterly 105: 515-538.
284. Russett, Bruce. 1993. Grasping the Democratic Peace. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
285. Russett, Bruce and Miroslav Nincic. 1976. "American Opinion on the Use of Military Force Abroad." Political Science Quarterly 91: 411-431.
286. Russett, Bruce and John Oneal. 2001. Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations. New York: Norton.
287. Sampson, Robert, Jeffrey Morenoff, and Thomas Gannon-Rowley. 2002. "Assessing 'Neighborhood Effects': Social Processes and New Directions in Research." Annual Review of Sociology 28: 443-478.
288. Sandel, Michael. 2000. "What Money Can't Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets." In Tanner Lectures on Human Values 21, ed. Grethe Peterson. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 89-122.
289. Schaefer, Janet, and Marjorie Allen. 1944. "Class and Regional Selection in Fatal Casualties in the First 18-23 Months of World War II." Social Forces 23: 165-169.
290. Schultz, Kenneth. 1998. "Domestic Opposition and Signaling in International Crises." American Political Science Review 92: 829-844.
291. Schultz, Kenneth. 1999. "Do Democratic Institutions Constrain or Inform? Contrasting Two Institutional Perspectives on Democracy and War." International Organization 53: 233-266.
292. Schultz, Kenneth. 2001. Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
293. Seal, Karen H., Daniel Bertenthal, Christian R. Miner, Saunak Sen, and Charles Marmar. "Bringing the war back home: mental disorders among 103,788 US veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan seen at Department of Veteran Affairs facilities." Archives of Internal Medicine 167: 476-482.
294. Segal, David R. 1986. "Measuring the Institutional/Occupational Change Thesis." Armed Forces and Society 1: 351-376.
295. Segal, David R. 1989. Recruiting for Uncle Sam: Citizenship and Military Manpower Policy. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
296. Segal, David R. 2000. "Stratification and Labor Market Dynamics in the American Military." In The Oxford Companion to Military History, ed. John Whiteclay Chambers. New York: Oxford University Press. 695-697.
297. Segal, David R. and Mady Wechsler Segal. 2004. "America's Military Population." Population Bulletin 59. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau.
298. Shafer, Michael D. 1990. "The Vietnam-Era Draft: Who went, who didn't, and why it matters." In The Legacy: The Vietnam War in the American Imagination, ed. D. Michael Shafter. Boston: Beacon Press. 57-79.
299. Siegel, Pascale Combelles. 2003. "Is U.S. Casualty Reporting Suffering from Double Standards?" Washington, D.C.: Foreign Policy in Focus (April 15).
300. Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
301. Skocpol, Theda. 1999. "How Americans Became Civic." In Civic Engagement in American Democracy, eds. Theda Skocpol and Morris Fiorina. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 27-80.
302. Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson. 2000. "Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the US." American Political Science Review 94: 527-546.
303. Skocpol, Theda, Ziad Munson, Andrew Karch, and Bayliss Camp. 2002. "Patriotic Partnerships: Why Great Wars Nourished American Civic Voluntarism." In Shaped by War and Trade:International Influences on American Political Development, eds. Ira Katznelson and Martin Shefter. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 134-180.
304. Sledge, Michael. 2005. Soldier Dead: How We Recover, Identify, Bury, and Honor Our Military Fallen. New York: Columbia University Press.
305. Sobel, Richard. 1993. Public Opinion in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid. Lanham, Md.: Rowan Littlefield.
306. Sobel, Richard. 1998. "Portraying American Public Opinion toward the Bosnia Crisis." Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 3: 16-33.
307. Sobel, Richard. 2001. The Impact of Public Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy since Vietnam:Constraining the Colossus. New York: Oxford University Press.
308. Sparrow, Bartholomew. 1997. From the Outside In: World War II and the American State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
309. Sparrow, Bartholomew. 2002. "Limited Wars and the Attenuation of the State: Soldiers, Money, and Political Communication in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam." In Shaped by War and Trade:International Influences on American Political Development, eds. Ira Katznelson and Martin Shefter. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 267-300.
310. Squire, Peverill. 1992. "Challenger Quality and Voting Behavior in Senate Elections." Legislative Studies Quarterly 17: 247-263.
311. Squire, Peverill. 1995. "Candidates, Money, and Voters: Assessing the State of Congressional Elections Research." Political Research Quarterly 48: 891-917.
312. Steel, Robert. 2004. "The All-volunteer Force: An Employer's Perspective." In The Allvolunteer Force: Thirty Years of Service, eds. Barbara Bicksler, Curtis Gilroy, and John T. Warner. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. 169-190.
313. Stein, Arthur, and Bruce Russett. 1980. "Evaluating War: Outcomes and Consequences." In Handbook of Political Conflict: Theory and Research, ed. T. R. Gurr. New York:Macmillan. 399-424.
314. Strawn, Thomas. 2004. "The War for Talent in the Private Sector." In Filling the Ranks:Transforming the U.S. Military Personnel System, ed. Cindy Williams. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT Press. 69-92.
315. Suchman, Edward, Rose Goldsen, and Robin M. Williams Jr. 1953. "Attitudes toward the Korean War." Public Opinion Quarterly 17: 171-184.
316. Tarrow, Sidney. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
317. Teixeira, Ruy. 1992. The Disappearing American Voter. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
318. Tetlock, Philip E. 2003. "Thinking the unthinkable: sacred values and taboo cognitions." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7: 320-324.
319. Thucydides. 1982 [431 B.C.]. History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Richard Crawley. New York: Modern Library.
320. Tocqueville, Alexis de. 1990 [1840]. Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve. New York: Vintage.
321. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2006a. Military Personnel: DOD Needs an Oversight Framework and Standards to Improve Management of Its Casualty Assistance Program. GAO-06-1010. Washington, D.C.: Author.
322. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2006b. Military Recruiting: DOD and Services Need Better Data to Enhance Visibility over Recruiter Irregularities. GAO-06-846. Washington, D.C.: Author.
323. U.S. National Advisory Commission on Selective Service. 1967. In Pursuit of Equity: Who Serves When Not All Serve? Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
324. U.S. Senate Committee on Military Affairs. 1918. "The Delay in the Publication of Casualty Lists of the American Expeditionary Forces of the Army." December 3. Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office.
325. Useem, Michael. 1973. Conscription, Protest, and Social Conflict: The Life and Death of a Draft Resistance Movement. New York: Wiley.
326. Vagts, Alfred. 1945a. "Battle and Other Combatant Casualties in the Second World War, I." Journal of Politics 7: 256-294.
327. Vagts, Alfred. 1945b. "Battle and Other Combatant Casualties in the Second World War, II." Journal of Politics 7: 411-438.
328. Verba, Sidney, and Richard A. Brody. 1970. "Participation, Policy Preferences, and the War in Vietnam." Public Opinion Quarterly 34: 325-332.
329. Verba, Sidney, Edwin Parker, Norman Nie, Nelson Polsby, Paul Ekman, and Gordon Black. 1967. "Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam." American Political Science Review 61: 317-333.
330. Verba, Sidney, and Norman Nie. 1972. Participation in America. New York: Harper and Row.
331. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
332. Verba, Sidney, and Norman Nie. 1993. "Citizen Activity: Who Participates? What Do They Say?" American Political Science Review 87: 303-318.
333. Voeten, Erik, and Paul Brewer. 2006. "Public Opinion, the War in Iraq, and Presidential Accountability." Journal of Conflict Resolution 50: 809-830.
334. Warner, John, and Beth Asch. 2001. "The Record and Prospects of the All-volunteer Military in the United States." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15: 169-192.
335. Weigley, Russell F. 1969. The American Military: Readings in the History of the Military in American Society. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
336. Westheider, James E. 1999. Fighting on Two Fronts: African Americans and the Vietnam War. New York: New York University Press.
337. White, Halbert. 1980. "A Heteroskedasticity-consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity." Econometrica 48: 817-838.
338. Wildavsky, Aaron. 1966. "The Two Presidencies." Trans-Action 4: 7-14.
339. Williams, Cindy, ed. Filling the Ranks: Transforming the U.S. Military Personnel System. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
340. Williams, David. 1998. Rich Man's War: Class, Caste, and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
341. Williamson, Thad. 2002. "Sprawl, Politics, and Participation: A Preliminary Analysis." National Civic Review 91: 235-244.
342. Willis, John. 1975. "Variations in State Casualty Rates in World War II and the Vietnam War." Social Problems 22: 558-568.
343. Wilson, George. 1987. If You Survive: From Normandy to the Battle of the Bulge to the End of World War II, One American Officer's Riveting True Story. New York: Ballantine.
344. Wilson, Thomas C. 1995. "Vietnam-era Military Service: A Test of the Class-bias Theory." Armed Forces and Society 21(3) (Spring): 461-471.
345. Wittkopf, Eugene. 1990. Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Durham: Duke University Press.
346. Wolfinger, Raymond, and Stephen J. Rosenstone. 1980. Who Votes? New Haven: Yale University Press.
347. Woodruff, Todd, Ryan Kelty, and David R. Segal. 2006. Propensity to Serve and Motivation to Enlist among American Combat Soldiers. Armed Forces and Society 32(3):353-366.
348. Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
349. Zaller, John. 1994a. "Elite Leadership of Mass Opinion: New Evidence from the Gulf War." In Taken by Storm: Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War, eds. W. Lance Bennett and David L. Paletz, 186-209. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
350. Zaller, John. 1994b. "Strategic Politicians, Public Opinion, and the Gulf Crisis." In Taken by Storm: Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War, eds. W. L. Bennett and D. Paletz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 250-274.
351. Zeitlin, M., K. G. Lutterman, and J. W. Russell. 1973. "Death in Vietnam: Class, Poverty, and the Risks of War." Politics and Society 3: 313-328.