Casualties and Constituencies democratic accountability, electoral institutions, and costly conflicts

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Volumn 49, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 874-894

  Koch, Michael ^a   Gartner, Scott Sigmund ^b  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Accountability; Casualties; Conscription; Legislatures; Militarized inter state disputes; Selection effects

Indexed keywords

EID: 29144472645     PISSN: 00220027     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022002705281149     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Achen, Christopher H. 1986. The statistical analysis of quasi-experiments. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2. Baum, Matthew A. 2003. Soft news goes to war: Public opinion and American foreign policy in the new media age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3. Baum, Matthew A., and Samuel Kernell. 2001. Economic class and popular support for Franklin Roosevelt in war and peace. Public Opinion Quarterly 65 (1): 198-229.
4. Bennett, D. Scott, and Allan C. Stam. 1998. The declining advantages of democracy: A combined model of war outcomes and duration. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (3): 344-67.
5. _. 2000. EUGene: A conceptual manual. International Interactions 26 (2): 179-204.
6. Blainey, Geoffrey. 1988. The causes of war. 3rd ed. London: Macmillan.
7. Breen, Richard. 1996. Regression models: Censored, sample selected or truncated data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
8. Browne, Eric C., and Mark N. Franklin. 1973. Aspects of coalition payoffs in European parliamentary democracies. American Political Science Review 67 (2): 453-69.
9. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, and Randolph M. Siverson. 1995. War and the survival of political leaders: A comparative study of regime types and political accountability. American Political Science Review 89 (4): 841-55.
10. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James Morrow. 2003. The logic of political survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
11. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Michael T. Koch, and Randolph M. Siverson. 2004. Testing competing institutional explanations for the democratic peace. Conflict Management and Peace Science 21 (4): 1-13.
12. Carson, Jamie, Jeffrey Jenkins, David Rohde, and Mark Souva. 2001. The impact of national tides and district-level effects on electoral outcomes: The U.S. congressional elections of 1862-63. American Journal of Political Science 45 (4): 887-98.
13. Choi, Seung-Whan, and Patrick James. 2003. No professional soldiers, no militarized interstate disputes? Journal of Conflict Resolution 47 (6): 796-816.
14. Edwards, George C., III, and Tami Swenson. 1997. Who rallies the anatomy of a rally event? Journal of Politics 59 (1): 200-12.
15. Feaver, Peter D. and Christopher Gelpi. 2004. Choosing your battles: American civil-military relations and the use of force. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
16. Filkins, Dexter. 2003. The struggle for Iraq: casualties; at least 17 dead as 2 copters collide over Iraq. New York Times, November 16.
17. Foust, Brady, and Howard Botts. 1991. Age ethnicity and class in the Vietnam War: Evidence from the casualty file. Vietnam Generation Inc 3 (2): 22-31.
18. Gartner, Scott Sigmund, and Gary M. Segura. 2000. Race, opinion, and casualties in the Vietnam War. Journal of Politics 62 (1): 115-46.
19. Gartner, Scott Sigmund, Gary M. Segura, and Bethany Barratt. 2004. Casualties, positions, and Senate elections in the Vietnam War. Political Research Quarterly 53 (3): 467-77.
20. Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 1997. Strategic assessment in war. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
21. _. 2004. Making the international local: The terrorist attack on the USS Cole, local casualties, and media coverage. Political Communication 21 (2): 139-60.
22. Gartner, Scott Sigmund, and Gary M. Segura. 1998. War, casualties and public opinion. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (3): 278-300.
23. Gartner, Scott Sigmund, Gary M. Segura, and Michael Wilkening. 1997. All politics are local: Local losses and individual attitudes toward the Vietnam War. Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (5): 669-94.
24. Gartner, Scott Sigmund, and Randolph M. Siverson. 1996. War expansion and war outcome. Journal of Conflict Resolution 40 (1): 4-15.
25. Gartzke, Eric. 2001. Democracy and the preparation for war: Does regime type affect states' anticipation of casualties? International Studies Quarterly 45 (3): 467-84.
26. Ghosn, Faten, and Glenn Palmer. 2003. Codebook for the militarized interstate dispute data, version 3.0. http://cow2.la.psu.edu.
27. Gibler, Douglas M., and Meredith Sarkees. 2004. Measuring alliances: The Correlates of War formal inter-state alliance data set, 1816-2000. Journal of Peace Research 41 (2): 211-22.
28. Goemans, Hein. 2000. War and punishment: The causes of war termination in the First World War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
29. Goff, Brian, and Robert Tollison. 1987. The allocation of death in the Vietnam War: A public choice perspective. Southern Economic Journal 54 (3): 316-21.
30. Holsti, Kalevi J. 1991. Peace and war: Armed conflicts and the international order 1648-1989. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
31. Huth, Paul K. 1996. Standing your ground: Territorial disputes and international conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
32. Ireland, Michael J., and Scott Sigmund Gartner. 2001. Time to fight: Government type and conflict initiation in parliamentary systems. Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (5): 547-68.
33. Jones, Daniel, Stuart Bremer, and J. David Singer. 1996. Militarized interstate disputes, 1816-1992: Rationale, coding rules, and empirical patterns. Conflict Management and Peace Science 15 (2): 163-213.
34. Kam, Cindy D., David Greenwald, and Jennifer M. Ramos. 2004. Who leaves the rally? Explaining declines in presidential approval following rally 'round the flag events. Prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September, Chicago.
35. Karnow, Stanley. 1991. Vietnam: A history. New York: Penguin.
36. Keefer, Philip. 2002. Database of political institutions: Changes and variable definitions. Development Research Group: The World Bank. www.worldbank.org/research/bios/keefer/DPI2000.
37. Kitschelt, Herbert P. 1988. Left-libertarian parties: Explaining innovation in competitive party systems. World Politics 40 (2): 194-234.
38. Koch, Michael T. 2002. Opportunities and audiences: The removal costs of government and conflict escalation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, August-September, Boston.
39. Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral systems and party systems: A study of twenty-seven democracies, 1945-1990. New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Lupia, Arthur, and Kaare Strom. 1995. Coalition termination and the strategic parliamentary elections. American Political Science Review 89 (3): 648-55.
41. Marshall, Monty, and Keith Jaggers. 2002. Polity IV: Political regime characteristics and transitions, 1800-2002. www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity/.
42. Morgan, T. Clifton, and Sally Howard Campbell. 1991. Domestic structure, decisional constraints, and war - so why Kant democracies fight? Journal of Conflict Resolution 35 (3): 187-211.
43. Mueller, John. 1973. War, presidents and public opinion. New York: John Wiley.
44. Palmer, Glenn, Tamar R. London, and Patrick M. Regan. 2004. What's stopping you: The sources of political constraints on international conflict behavior in parliamentary democracies. International Interactions 30 (1): 1-24.
45. Parker, Suzanne L. 1995. Toward an understanding of "rally" effects: Public opinion in the Persian Gulf War. Public Opinion Quarterly 59 (4): 526-46.
46. Ray, James Lee. 1995. Democracies in international conflict. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
47. Reed, William. 2000. A unified statistical model of conflict onset and escalation. American Journal of Political Science 44 (1): 84-93.
48. Reiter, Dan, and Allan C. Stam. 1998. Democracy, war initiation, and victory. American Political Science Review 92 (2): 377-90.
49. _. 2002. Democracies at war. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
50. Reiter, Dan, and Erik Tillman. 2002. Public, legislative and executive constraints on the democratic initiation of conflict. Journal of Politics 64 (4): 810-26.
51. Russett, Bruce. 1990. Controlling the sword: The democratic governance of national security. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
52. Schlesinger, Joseph A. 1984. On the theory of party organization. Journal of Politics 46 (2): 369-400.
53. Schwartz, Thomas. 1995. The paradox of representation. Journal of Politics 57 (2): 309-23.
54. Sigelman, Lee, and Pamela Johnston Conover. 1981. The dynamics of presidential support during international conflict situations: The Iranian hostage crisis. Political Behavior 3 (4): 303-18.
55. Singer, J. David, Stuart Bremer, and John Stuckey. 1972. Capability distribution, uncertainty, and major power war, 1820-1965. In Peace, war and numbers, edited by Bruce Russett, 19-48. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
56. Siverson, Randolph M. 1995. Democracies and war participation: In defense of institutional constraints. European Journal of International Relations 1 (4): 481-8.
57. Smythe, Tony, and Devi Prasad. 1968. Conscription: A world survey: Compulsory military service and resistance to it. London: War Resisters International.
58. Stinnett, Douglas, Jaroslav Tir, Philip Schafer, Paul Diehl, and Charles Gochman. 2002. The Correlates of War (COW) project direct contiguity data, version 3.0. Conflict Management and Peace Science 19 (2): 59-67.
59. Strom, Kaare. 1990. A behavioral theory of competitive political parties. American Journal of Political Science 34 (2): 565-98.
60. Sullivan, Patricia Lynne and Scott Sigmund Gartner. Forthcoming. Disaggregating peace: Domestic politics and dispute outcomes. International Interactions.
61. Tsebelis, George. 1999. Veto players and law production in parliamentary democracies: An empirical analysis. American Political Science Review 93 (3): 591-698.
62. Vasquez, Paul. 2004. Shouldering the soldiering: Democracy, conscription, and military casualties. Prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September, Chicago.