메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 286-296

The diagnostic dilemma of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill children

Author keywords

antibiotics; bronchoalveolar lavage; diagnosis; nosocomial infection; pneumonia; tracheal aspirates; ventilator

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFEPIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEPHALOSPORIN; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; NARCOTIC AGENT; NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT; PROBIOTIC AGENT; STEROID;

EID: 79955925058     PISSN: 15297535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181fe2ffb     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (88)

References (126)
  • 1
    • 34047261095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in US hospitals 2002
    • Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL Jr, et al: Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in US hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep 2007; 122:160-166
    • (2007) Public Health Rep. , vol.122 , pp. 160-166
    • Klevens, R.M.1    Edwards, J.R.2    Richards, Jr.C.L.3
  • 4
    • 0035033413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feeding back surveillance data to prevent hospital-acquired infections
    • Gaynes R, Richards C, Edwards J, et al: Feeding back surveillance data to prevent hospital-acquired infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:295
    • (2001) Emerg Infect Dis. , vol.7 , pp. 295
    • Gaynes, R.1    Richards, C.2    Edwards, J.3
  • 7
    • 0036252543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit patients: Risk factors and outcomes
    • DOI 10.1542/peds.109.5.758
    • Elward AM, Warren DK, Fraser VJ: Ventilator- associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit patients: Risk factors and outcomes. Pediatrics 2002; 109:758-764 (Pubitemid 34493339)
    • (2002) Pediatrics , vol.109 , Issue.5 , pp. 758-764
    • Elward, A.M.1    Warren, D.K.2    Fraser, V.J.3
  • 8
    • 0034168028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients: A European multicenter prospective study
    • European Study Group.
    • Raymond J, Aujard Y: Nosocomial infections in pediatric patients: A European, multicenter prospective study. European Study Group. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21:260-263
    • (2000) Infect Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , vol.21 , pp. 260-263
    • Raymond, J.1    Aujard, Y.2
  • 10
    • 62649121855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the pediatric intensive care unit: Characterizing the problem and implementing a sustainable solution
    • Bigham MT, Amato R, Bondurrant P, et al: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the pediatric intensive care unit: Characterizing the problem and implementing a sustainable solution. J Pediatr 2009; 154:582-587
    • (2009) J. Pediatr. , vol.154 , pp. 582-587
    • Bigham, M.T.1    Amato, R.2    Bondurrant, P.3
  • 11
    • 0035038595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia or not contemporary diagnosis
    • Mayhall CG: Ventilator-associated pneumonia or not? Contemporary diagnosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:200
    • (2001) Emerg Infect Dis. , vol.7 , pp. 200
    • Mayhall, C.G.1
  • 12
    • 85030579893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for disease control and prevention guidelines: Guidelines and procedures for monitoring VAP
    • Available at: Accessed May 17, 2010
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines: Guidelines and Procedures for Monitoring VAP. National Healthcare Safety Network, 2009. Available at: . gov/ nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/6pscVAPcurrent.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2010
    • (2009) National Healthcare Safety Network
  • 14
    • 0028788729 scopus 로고
    • The effect of late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in determining patient mortality
    • Kollef MH, Silver P, Murphy DM, et al: The effect of late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in determining patient mortality. Chest 1995; 108:1655-1662
    • (1995) Chest , vol.108 , pp. 1655-1662
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Silver, P.2    Murphy, D.M.3
  • 17
    • 61449087358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and density of early tracheal colonization in intensive care unit patients
    • Durairaj L, Mohamad Z, Launspach JL, et al: Patterns and density of early tracheal colonization in intensive care unit patients. J Crit Care 2009; 24:114-121
    • (2009) J. Crit. Care , vol.24 , pp. 114-121
    • Durairaj, L.1    Mohamad, Z.2    Launspach, J.L.3
  • 18
    • 60249087057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VAT vs VAP: Are we heading toward clarity or confusion
    • Dallas J, Kollef M: VAT vs VAP: Are we heading toward clarity or confusion? Chest 2009; 135:252-255
    • (2009) Chest , vol.135 , pp. 252-255
    • Dallas, J.1    Kollef, M.2
  • 19
    • 76449116530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency prevention outcome and treatment of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Agrafiotis M, Siempos II, Falagas ME: Frequency, prevention, outcome and treatment of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med 2010; 104:325-336
    • (2010) Respir Med. , vol.104 , pp. 325-336
    • Agrafiotis, M.1    Siempos, I.I.2    Falagas, M.E.3
  • 21
    • 0033857998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of antibiotics in pediatric intensive care and potential savings
    • Fischer JE, Ramser M, Fanconi S: Use of antibiotics in pediatric intensive care and potential savings. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26:959-966 (Pubitemid 30616051)
    • (2000) Intensive Care Medicine , vol.26 , Issue.7 , pp. 959-966
    • Fischer, J.E.1    Ramser, M.2    Fanconi, S.3
  • 22
    • 0033023730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States
    • DOI 10.1097/00003246-199905000-00020
    • Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, et al: Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:887-892 (Pubitemid 29266004)
    • (1999) Critical Care Medicine , vol.27 , Issue.5 , pp. 887-892
    • Richards, M.J.1    Edwards, J.R.2    Culver, D.H.3    Gaynes, R.P.4
  • 23
    • 55249096051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National healthcare safety network NHSN report data summary for 2006 through 2007 issued November 2008
    • Edwards JR, Peterson KD, Andrus ML, et al: National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) report, data summary for 2006 through 2007, issued November 2008. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36:609-626
    • (2008) Am. J. Infect Control. , vol.36 , pp. 609-626
    • Edwards, J.R.1    Peterson, K.D.2    Andrus, M.L.3
  • 24
    • 4744375310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a pediatric intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia: A 30-month prospective surveillance
    • DOI 10.1086/502472
    • Almuneef M, Memish ZA, Balkhy HH, et al: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a pediatric intensive care unit in Saudi Arabia: A 30-month prospective surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004; 25:753-758 (Pubitemid 39312047)
    • (2004) Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology , vol.25 , Issue.9 , pp. 753-758
    • Almuneef, M.1    Memish, Z.A.2    Balkhy, H.H.3    Alalem, H.4    Abutaleb, A.5
  • 25
    • 34547396873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit patients
    • DOI 10.1128/CMR.00041-06
    • Foglia E, Meier MD, Elward A: Ventilatorassociated pneumonia in neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:409-425 (Pubitemid 47175011)
    • (2007) Clinical Microbiology Reviews , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 409-425
    • Foglia, E.1    Meier, M.D.2    Elward, A.3
  • 27
    • 70349656290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator- associated pneumonia and mortality: A systematic review of observational studies
    • Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Bonten MJ: Ventilator- associated pneumonia and mortality: A systematic review of observational studies. Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2709-2718
    • (2009) Crit. Care Med. , vol.37 , pp. 2709-2718
    • Melsen, W.G.1    Rovers, M.M.2    Bonten, M.J.3
  • 29
    • 34447115829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors and outcomes for ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal intensive care unit patients
    • Yuan TM, Chen LH, Yu HM: Risk factors and outcomes for ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal intensive care unit patients. J Perinat Med 2007; 35:334-338
    • (2007) J. Perinat. Med. , vol.35 , pp. 334-338
    • Yuan, T.M.1    Chen, L.H.2    Yu, H.M.3
  • 30
    • 0346139501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Extremely Preterm Neonates in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Outcomes
    • DOI 10.1542/peds.112.6.1283
    • Apisarnthanarak A, Holzmann-Pazgal G, Hamvas A, et al: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in extremely preterm neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit: Characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. Pediatrics 2003; 112:1283-1289 (Pubitemid 37523408)
    • (2003) Pediatrics , vol.112 , Issue.6 I , pp. 1283-1289
    • Apisarnthanarak, A.1    Holzmann-Pazgal, G.2    Hamvas, A.3    Olsen, M.A.4    Fraser, V.J.5
  • 31
    • 65349171471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of ventilator-associatedpneumonia in children
    • Srinivasan R, Asselin J, Gildengorin G, et al: A prospective study of ventilator-associatedpneumonia in children. Pediatrics 2009; 123:1108-1115
    • (2009) Pediatrics , vol.123 , pp. 1108-1115
    • Srinivasan, R.1    Asselin, J.2    Gildengorin, G.3
  • 32
    • 56049097857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The business case for preventing ventilatorassociated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit patients
    • Brilli RJ, Sparling KW, Lake MR, et al: The business case for preventing ventilatorassociated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit patients. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2008; 34:629-638
    • (2008) Jt. Comm. J. Qual. Patient Saf. , vol.34 , pp. 629-638
    • Brilli, R.J.1    Sparling, K.W.2    Lake, M.R.3
  • 36
    • 33745513092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Children
    • DOI 10.1053/j.spid.2006.04.003, PII S1045187006000215
    • Wright ML, Romano MJ: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2006; 17:58-64 (Pubitemid 43963527)
    • (2006) Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 58-64
    • Wright, M.L.1    Romano, M.J.2
  • 37
    • 77949881579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastroesophageal reflux in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients and its relation to ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Abdel-Gawad TA, El Hodhod MA, Ibrahim HM, et al: Gastroesophageal reflux in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients and its relation to ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2009; 13:R164
    • (2009) Crit. Care , vol.13
    • Abdel-Gawad, T.A.1    El Hodhod, M.A.2    Ibrahim, H.M.3
  • 38
    • 70349269850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator- associated pneumonia in pediatric trauma patients
    • Taira BR, Fenton KE, Lee TK, et al: Ventilator- associated pneumonia in pediatric trauma patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009; 10:491-494
    • (2009) Pediatr Crit. Care Med. , vol.10 , pp. 491-494
    • Taira, B.R.1    Fenton, K.E.2    Lee, T.K.3
  • 39
    • 34247149303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does this patient have ventilator-associated pneumonia?
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.297.14.1583
    • Klompas M: Does this patient have ventilator- associated pneumonia? JAMA 2007; 297: 1583-1593 (Pubitemid 46588372)
    • (2007) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.297 , Issue.14 , pp. 1583-1593
    • Klompas, M.1
  • 40
    • 0028091355 scopus 로고
    • Validation of different techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia comparison with immediate postmortem pulmonary biopsy
    • Torres A, El Ebiary M, Padro L, et al: Validation of different techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Comparison with immediate postmortem pulmonary biopsy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:324-331
    • (1994) Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. , vol.149 , pp. 324-331
    • Torres, A.1    El Ebiary, M.2    Padro, L.3
  • 41
    • 77049125763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of clinical definitions of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Comparison with autopsy findings
    • Tejerina E, Esteban A, Fernandez-Segoviano P, et al: Accuracy of clinical definitions of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Comparison with autopsy findings. J Crit Care 2010; 25:62-68
    • (2010) J. Crit. Care , vol.25 , pp. 62-68
    • Tejerina, E.1    Esteban, A.2    Fernandez-Segoviano, P.3
  • 42
    • 0031796906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of grams stain and efficacy of quantitative cultures for posttraumatic pneumonia: A prospective study
    • Croce MA, Fabian TC, Waddle-Smith L, et al: Utility of Gram's stain and efficacy of quantitative cultures for posttraumatic pneumonia: A prospective study. Ann Surg 1998; 227:743-751
    • (1998) Ann. Surg. , vol.227 , pp. 743-751
    • Croce, M.A.1    Fabian, T.C.2    Waddle-Smith, L.3
  • 44
    • 0026586005 scopus 로고
    • The radiologic diagnosis of autopsyproven ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Wunderink RG, Woldenberg LS, Zeiss J, et al: The radiologic diagnosis of autopsyproven ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1992; 101:458-463
    • (1992) Chest , vol.101 , pp. 458-463
    • Wunderink, R.G.1    Woldenberg, L.S.2    Zeiss, J.3
  • 45
    • 34548214301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in pediatric intensive care units
    • DOI 10.1097/INF.0b013e31814625e4, PII 0000645420070900000014
    • Principi N, Esposito S: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in pediatric intensive care units. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:841-843 (Pubitemid 47329858)
    • (2007) Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , vol.26 , Issue.9 , pp. 841-843
    • Principi, N.1    Esposito, S.2
  • 46
    • 1842851862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: Controversies and dilemmas
    • DOI 10.1177/0885066603254249
    • Mehta RM, Niederman MS: Nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: Controversies and dilemmas. J Intensive Care Med 2003; 18:175-188 (Pubitemid 44526578)
    • (2003) Journal of Intensive Care Medicine , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 175-188
    • Mehta, R.M.1    Niederman, M.S.2
  • 47
    • 0023195090 scopus 로고
    • Microbiology of endotracheal aspirates in intubated pediatric intensive care unit patients: Correlations with radiographic findings
    • Golden SE, Shehab ZM, Bjelland JC, et al: Microbiology of endotracheal aspirates inintubated pediatric intensive care unit patients: Correlations with radiographic findings. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6:665-669 (Pubitemid 17098166)
    • (1987) Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , vol.6 , Issue.7 , pp. 665-669
    • Golden, S.E.1    Shehab, Z.M.2    Bjelland, J.C.3
  • 48
    • 0033847146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling methods for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Validation using different histologic and microbiological references
    • Torres AM, Fabregas NM, Ewig SM, et al: Sampling methods for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Validation using different histologic and microbiological references. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:2799-2804
    • (2000) Crit. Care Med. , vol.28 , pp. 2799-2804
    • Torres, A.M.1    Fabregas, N.M.2    Ewig, S.M.3
  • 49
    • 0032851762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia revisited: Comparative validation using immediate post-mortem lung biopsies
    • Fabregas N, Ewig S, Torres A, et al: Clinical diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia revisited: Comparative validation using immediate post-mortem lung biopsies. Thorax 1999; 54:867-873 (Pubitemid 29452793)
    • (1999) Thorax , vol.54 , Issue.10 , pp. 867-873
    • Fabregas, N.1    Ewig, S.2    Torres, A.3    El-Ebiary, M.4    Ramirez, J.5    De La Bellacasa, J.P.6    Bauer, T.7    Cabello, H.8
  • 50
    • 0030793580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Kirtland SH, Corley DE, Winterbauer RH, et al: The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1997; 112:445-457
    • (1997) Chest , vol.112 , pp. 445-457
    • Kirtland, S.H.1    Corley, D.E.2    Winterbauer, R.H.3
  • 51
    • 33744905364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiological diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Using the data to optimize clinical outcomes
    • DOI 10.1164/rccm.2603004
    • Kollef MH: Microbiological diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Using the data to optimize clinical outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173:1182-1184 (Pubitemid 43848385)
    • (2006) American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , vol.173 , Issue.11 , pp. 1182-1184
    • Kollef, M.H.1
  • 53
    • 12244294489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive approaches to the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A meta-analysis
    • DOI 10.1097/01.CCM.0000149852.32599.31
    • Shorr AF, Sherner JH, Jackson WL, et al: Invasive approaches to the diagnosis of ventilator- associated pneumonia: A metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:46-53 (Pubitemid 40116535)
    • (2005) Critical Care Medicine , vol.33 , Issue.1 , pp. 46-53
    • Shorr, A.F.1    Sherner, J.H.2    Jackson, W.L.3    Kollef, M.H.4
  • 54
    • 33845693544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian Critical Care Trials Group: A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Canadian Critical Care Trials Group: A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2619-2630
    • (2006) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.355 , pp. 2619-2630
  • 55
    • 0032732733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blind protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in ventilated children
    • Labenne MM, Poyart CM, Rambaud CM, et al: Blind protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in ventilated children. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2537-2543
    • (1999) Crit. Care Med. , vol.27 , pp. 2537-2543
    • Labenne, M.M.1    Poyart, C.M.2    Rambaud, C.M.3
  • 56
    • 2142719785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated children: Comparison of different diagnostic methods
    • Gauvin FM, Dassa CP, Chaibou MM, et al: Ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated children: Comparison of different diagnostic methods. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003; 4:437-443
    • (2003) Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. , vol.4 , pp. 437-443
    • Gauvin, F.M.1    Dassa, C.P.2    Chaibou, M.M.3
  • 57
    • 0029153763 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Chastre J, Fagon JY, Bornet-Lecso M, et al: Evaluation of bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 231-240
    • (1995) Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. , vol.152 , pp. 231-240
    • Chastre, J.1    Fagon, J.Y.2    Bornet-Lecso, M.3
  • 58
    • 0346272673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective assessment of diagnostic efficacy of blind protective bronchial brushings compared to bronchoscope-assisted lavage bronchoscope-directed brushings and blind endotracheal aspirates in ventilatorassociated pneumonia
    • Wood AYM, Davit AJI, Ciraulo DLD, et al: A prospective assessment of diagnostic efficacy of blind protective bronchial brushings compared to bronchoscope-assisted lavage, bronchoscope-directed brushings, and blind endotracheal aspirates in ventilatorassociated pneumonia. J Trauma 2003; 55: 825-834
    • (2003) J. Trauma. , vol.55 , pp. 825-834
    • Wood, A.Y.M.1    Davit, A.J.I.2    Ciraulo, D.L.D.3
  • 59
    • 40849087901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Diagnosis and treatment
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.12.008, PII S0883944108000099
    • Muscedere J, Dodek P, Keenan S, et al: Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Diagnosis and treatment. J Crit Care 2008; 23:138-147 (Pubitemid 351400356)
    • (2008) Journal of Critical Care , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 138-147
    • Muscedere, J.1    Dodek, P.2    Keenan, S.3    Fowler, R.4    Cook, D.5    Heyland, D.6
  • 62
    • 0021750346 scopus 로고
    • Blind use of the double-lumen plugged catheter for diagnosis or respiratory tract infections in critically ill children
    • Zucker A, Pollack M, Katz R: Blind use of the double-lumen plugged catheter for diagnosis of respiratory tract infections in critically ill children. Crit Care Med 1984; 12:867-870 (Pubitemid 15201267)
    • (1984) Critical Care Medicine , vol.12 , Issue.10 , pp. 867-870
    • Zucker, A.1    Pollack, M.2    Katz, R.3
  • 63
    • 0024366040 scopus 로고
    • A prospective study of protected bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Rouby JJ, Rossignon MD, Nicolas MH, et al: A prospective study of protected bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Anesthesiology 1989; 71: 679-685
    • (1989) Anesthesiology , vol.71 , pp. 679-685
    • Rouby, J.J.1    Rossignon, M.D.2    Nicolas, M.H.3
  • 64
    • 0026863605 scopus 로고
    • Nonbronchoscopic approach to bronchoalveolar lavage in children with artificial airways
    • Alpert BE, O'Sullivan BP, Panitch HB: Nonbronchoscopic approach to bronchoalveolar lavage in children with artificial airways. Pediatr Pulmonol 1992; 13:38-41
    • (1992) Pediatr. Pulmonol. , vol.13 , pp. 38-41
    • Alpert, B.E.1    O'Sullivan, B.P.2    Panitch, H.B.3
  • 65
    • 0027582488 scopus 로고
    • Nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in mechanically ventilated infants: Technique efficacy and applications
    • Koumbourlis AC, Kurland G: Nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in mechanically ventilated infants: Technique, efficacy, and applications. Pediatr Pulmonol 1993; 15:257-262
    • (1993) Pediatr. Pulmonol. , vol.15 , pp. 257-262
    • Koumbourlis, A.C.1    Kurland, G.2
  • 66
    • 0026664477 scopus 로고
    • Fractional processing of sequential bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from intubated babies
    • Grigg J, Arnon S, Silverman M: Fractional processing of sequential bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from intubated babies. Eur Respir J 1992; 5:727-732
    • (1992) Eur. Respir J. , vol.5 , pp. 727-732
    • Grigg, J.1    Arnon, S.2    Silverman, M.3
  • 67
    • 0031231502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Ventilated Newborn Infants: Safety and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Activity
    • Belai YZ, Findlay RD, Lau AS, et al: Bronchoalveolar lavage in ventilated newborn infants: Safety and tumor necrosis factoralpha activity. J Perinatol 1997; 17:360-365 (Pubitemid 127454928)
    • (1997) Journal of Perinatology , vol.17 , Issue.5 , pp. 360-365
    • Belai, Y.Z.1    Findlay, R.D.2    Lau, A.S.3    Walther, F.J.4
  • 68
    • 0035047870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How safe is non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in critically ill mechanically ventilated children?
    • DOI 10.1007/s001340100904
    • Burmester M, Mok Q: How safe is nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in critically ill mechanically ventilated children? Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:716-721 (Pubitemid 32304577)
    • (2001) Intensive Care Medicine , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 716-721
    • Burmester, M.1    Mok, Q.2
  • 69
    • 77949469700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in children in resource-limited setting: A comparative study of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic methods
    • Sachdev A, Chugh K, Sethi M, et al: Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in children in resource-limited setting: A comparative study of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic methods. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2010; 11:258-266
    • (2010) Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. , vol.11 , pp. 258-266
    • Sachdev, A.1    Chugh, K.2    Sethi, M.3
  • 70
    • 67650745973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guideline for the diagnosis prevention and treatment of paediatric ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Morrow BM, Argent AC, Jeena PM, et al: Guideline for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of paediatric ventilator-associated pneumonia. S Afr Med J 2009; 99: 255-267
    • (2009) S. Afr. Med. J. , vol.99 , pp. 255-267
    • Morrow, B.M.1    Argent, A.C.2    Jeena, P.M.3
  • 71
    • 28344447840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential microbiological monitoring of tracheal aspirates in intubated patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit
    • DOI 10.2223/1279
    • Carvalho CE, Berezin EN, Pistelli IP, et al: Sequential microbiological monitoring of tracheal aspirates in intubated patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2005; 81:29-33 (Pubitemid 41717652)
    • (2005) Jornal de Pediatria , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-33
    • Carvalho, C.E.1    Berezin, E.N.2    Pistelli, I.P.3    Mimica, L.4    Cardoso, M.R.A.5
  • 73
    • 0032931970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical utility of invasive diagnostic techniques in the setting of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • DOI 10.1378/chest.115.4.1076
    • Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Marshall J, et al: The clinical utility of invasive diagnostic techniques in the setting of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1999; 115: 1076-1084 (Pubitemid 29193680)
    • (1999) Chest , vol.115 , Issue.4 , pp. 1076-1084
    • Heyland, D.K.1    Cook, D.J.2    Marshall, J.3    Heule, M.4    Guslits, B.5    Lang, J.6    Jaeschke, R.7
  • 74
    • 19944429484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator associated pneumonia: Comparison between quantitative and qualitative cultures of tracheal aspirates
    • Camargo LF, De Marco FV, Barbas CS, et al: Ventilator associated pneumonia: Comparison between quantitative and qualitative cultures of tracheal aspirates. Crit Care 2004; 8:R422-R430
    • (2004) Crit. Care , vol.8
    • Camargo, L.F.1    De Marco, F.V.2    Barbas, C.S.3
  • 76
    • 0034855217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Purulence and gram-negative bacilli in tracheal aspirates of mechanically ventilated very low birth weight infants
    • Cordero L, Sananes M, Dedhiya P, et al: Purulence and Gram-negative bacilli in tracheal aspirates of mechanically ventilated very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol 2001; 21:376
    • (2001) J. Perinatol. , vol.21 , pp. 376
    • Cordero, L.1    Sananes, M.2    Dedhiya, P.3
  • 77
    • 0030866430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: An evaluation of direct examination and presence of intracellular organisms
    • DOI 10.1097/00000542-199708000-00013
    • Papazian L, Autillo-Touati A, Thomas P, et al: Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: An evaluation of direct examination and presence of intracellular organisms. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:268-276 (Pubitemid 27435368)
    • (1997) Anesthesiology , vol.87 , Issue.2 , pp. 268-276
    • Papazian, L.1    Autillo-Touati, A.2    Thomas, P.3    Bregeon, F.4    Garbe, L.5    Saux, P.6    Seite, R.7    Gouin, F.8
  • 78
    • 0029055820 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: Prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard
    • Marquette CH, Copin MC, Wallet F, et al: Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: Prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard. Am J Respir Crit CareMed 1995; 151:1878-1888
    • (1995) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.151 , pp. 1878-1888
    • Marquette, C.H.1    Copin, M.C.2    Wallet, F.3
  • 79
    • 0035143474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the gram stain in protected. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Duflo F, Allaouchiche B, Debon R, et al: An evaluation of the Gram stain in protected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the early diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:442-447 (Pubitemid 32127634)
    • (2001) Anesthesia and Analgesia , vol.92 , Issue.2 , pp. 442-447
    • Duflo, F.1    Allaouchiche, B.2    Debon, R.3    Bordet, F.4    Chassard, D.5
  • 80
    • 0033694879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of gram stain examination of lower respiratory tract secretions for early diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Blot F, Raynard B, Chachaty E, et al: Value of Gram stain examination of lower respiratory tract secretions for early diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:1731-1737
    • (2000) Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. , vol.162 , pp. 1731-1737
    • Blot, F.1    Raynard, B.2    Chachaty, E.3
  • 81
    • 67650667689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia: An overview
    • DiCocco JM, Croce MA: Ventilator-associated pneumonia: An overview. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:1461-1467
    • (2009) Exp. Opin. Pharmacother , vol.10 , pp. 1461-1467
    • DiCocco, J.M.1    Croce, M.A.2
  • 82
    • 0025809112 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic blind bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
    • Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Mili N, et al: Diagnosis of ventilator- associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic 'blind' bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:1121-1129
    • (1991) Am. Rev. Respir Dis. , vol.143 , pp. 1121-1129
    • Pugin, J.1    Auckenthaler, R.2    Mili, N.3
  • 83
    • 0028875696 scopus 로고
    • Bronchoscopic or blind sampling techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Papazian L, Thomas P, Garbe L, et al: Bronchoscopic or blind sampling techniques for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:1982-1991
    • (1995) Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. , vol.152 , pp. 1982-1991
    • Papazian, L.1    Thomas, P.2    Garbe, L.3
  • 84
    • 0033837067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit: A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription
    • Singh N, Rogers P, Atwood CW, et al: Shortcourse empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:505-511 (Pubitemid 30647191)
    • (2000) American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , vol.162 , Issue.2 I , pp. 505-511
    • Singh, N.1    Rogers, P.2    Atwood, C.W.3    Wagener, M.M.4    Yu, V.L.5
  • 85
    • 0034949783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit: Epidemiology, etiology and comparison of three bronchoscopic methods for microbiological specimen sampling
    • DOI 10.1186/cc1017
    • Woske HJ, Roding T, Schulz I, et al: Ventilator- associated pneumonia in a surgical intensive care unit: Epidemiology, etiology and comparison of three bronchoscopic methods for microbiological specimen sampling. Crit Care 2001; 5:167-173 (Pubitemid 32591227)
    • (2001) Critical Care , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 167-173
    • Woske, H.-J.1    Roding, T.2    Schulz, I.3    Lode, H.4
  • 86
    • 44449164571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting
    • DOI 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.002, PII S0196655308001673
    • Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA: CDC/ NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36: 309-332 (Pubitemid 351763841)
    • (2008) American Journal of Infection Control , vol.36 , Issue.5 , pp. 309-332
    • Horan, T.C.1    Andrus, M.2    Dudeck, M.A.3
  • 87
    • 44049106813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review of the literature
    • Rea-Neto A, Youssef NC, Tuche F, et al: Diagnosis of ventilator- associated pneumonia: A systematic review of the literature. Crit Care 2008; 12:R56
    • (2008) Crit. Care , vol.12
    • Rea-Neto, A.1    Youssef, N.C.2    Tuche, F.3
  • 88
    • 56149105151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidencebased algorithms for diagnosing and treating ventilator- associated pneumonia
    • Wall RJ, Ely EW, Talbot TR, et al: Evidencebased algorithms for diagnosing and treating ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Hosp Med 2008; 3:409-422
    • (2008) J. Hosp. Med. , vol.3 , pp. 409-422
    • Wall, R.J.1    Ely, E.W.2    Talbot, T.R.3
  • 89
    • 33751190732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tailoring the Institute for Health Care Improvement 100,000 Lives Campaign to Pediatric Settings: The Example of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
    • DOI 10.1016/j.pcl.2006.09.001, PII S0031395506001064, Patient Safety
    • Curley MA, Schwalenstocker E, Deshpande JK, et al: Tailoring the Institute for Health Care Improvement 100,000 Lives Campaign to pediatric settings: the example of ventilator- associated pneumonia. Pediatr Clin North Am 2006; 53:1231-1251 (Pubitemid 44779677)
    • (2006) Pediatric Clinics of North America , vol.53 , Issue.6 , pp. 1231-1251
    • Curley, M.A.Q.1    Schwalenstocker, E.2    Deshpande, J.K.3    Ganser, C.C.4    Bertoch, D.5    Brandon, J.6    Kurtin, P.7
  • 92
    • 27244442773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Niederman MS: The clinical diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care 2005; 50:788-796 (Pubitemid 46179547)
    • (2005) Respiratory Care , vol.50 , Issue.6 , pp. 788-796
    • Niederman, M.S.1
  • 94
    • 38749121388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of cefepime in late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in infants: A pilot randomized and controlled study
    • DOI 10.1179/136485908X252151
    • Shahid SK: Efficacy and safety of cefepime in late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in infants: A pilot randomized and controlled study. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2008; 102:63-71 (Pubitemid 351185244)
    • (2008) Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology , vol.102 , Issue.1 , pp. 63-71
    • Shahid, S.K.1
  • 96
    • 27144463065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic utilization and outcomes for patients with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia and negative quantitative BAL culture results
    • DOI 10.1378/chest.128.4.2706
    • Kollef MH, Kollef KE: Antibiotic utilization and outcomes for patients with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia and negative quantitative BAL culture results. Chest 2005; 128:2706-2713 (Pubitemid 41507631)
    • (2005) Chest , vol.128 , Issue.4 , pp. 2706-2713
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Kollef, K.E.2
  • 97
    • 0020263483 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for the discontinuation of antibiotic therapy during presumptive treatment of suspected neonatal infection
    • Squire EN Jr, Reich HM, Merenstein GB, et al: Criteria for the discontinuation of antibiotic therapy during presumptive treatment of suspected neonatal infection. Pediatr Infect Dis 1982; 1:85-90 (Pubitemid 13134985)
    • (1982) Pediatric Infectious Disease , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 85-90
    • Squire Jr., E.N.1    Reich, H.M.2    Merenstein, G.B.3
  • 98
    • 0031834907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shift in antibiotic prescribing patterns in relation to antibiotic expenditure in paediatrics
    • DOI 10.1007/s004310050858
    • van Houten MA, Laseur M, Kimpen JLL: Shift in antibiotic prescribing patterns in relation to antibiotic expenditure in paediatrics. Eur J Pediatr 1998; 157:479-481 (Pubitemid 28299155)
    • (1998) European Journal of Pediatrics , vol.157 , Issue.6 , pp. 479-481
    • Van Houten, M.A.1    Laseur, M.2    Kimpen, J.L.L.3
  • 99
    • 0027367592 scopus 로고
    • Impact of previous antimicrobial therapy on the etiology and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Rello J, Ausina V, Ricart M, et al: Impact of previous antimicrobial therapy on the etiology and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1993; 104:1230-1235 (Pubitemid 23306084)
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , Issue.4 , pp. 1230-1235
    • Rello, J.1    Ausina, V.2    Ricart, M.3    Castella, J.4    Prats, G.5
  • 102
    • 58549097311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective
    • Torres A, Ewig S, Lode H, et al: Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:9-29
    • (2009) Intensive Care Med. , vol.35 , pp. 9-29
    • Torres, A.1    Ewig, S.2    Lode, H.3
  • 106
    • 67649379087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is not predictive for ventilatorassociated pneumonia
    • Oudhuis GJ, Beuving J, Bergmans D, et al: Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is not predictive for ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35:1265-1270
    • (2009) Intensive Care. Med. , vol.35 , pp. 1265-1270
    • Oudhuis, G.J.1    Beuving, J.2    Bergmans, D.3
  • 107
    • 1642525257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for preventing health-careassociated pneumonia 2003: Recommendations of CDC and the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee
    • Tablan OC, Anderson LJ, Besser R, et al: Guidelines for preventing health-careassociated pneumonia, 2003: Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004; 53:1-36
    • (2004) MMWR Recomm Rep. , vol.53 , pp. 1-36
    • Tablan, O.C.1    Anderson, L.J.2    Besser, R.3
  • 108
    • 77049110103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of frequency of ventilator circuit changes 3 vs 7 days on the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in PICU
    • Samransamruajkit R, Jirapaiboonsuk S, Siritantiwat S, et al: Effect of frequency of ventilator circuit changes (3 vs 7 days) on the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in PICU. J Crit Care 2010; 25:56-61
    • (2010) J. Crit. Care , vol.25 , pp. 56-61
    • Samransamruajkit, R.1    Jirapaiboonsuk, S.2    Siritantiwat, S.3
  • 109
    • 54049097498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial on tracheal colonization of ventilated infants: Can gravity prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Aly H, Badawy M, El Kholy A, et al: Randomized, controlled trial on tracheal colonization of ventilated infants: Can gravity prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia? Pediatrics 2008; 122:770-774
    • (2008) Pediatrics , vol.122 , pp. 770-774
    • Aly, H.1    Badawy, M.2    El Kholy, A.3
  • 110
    • 40849130948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Prevention
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.11.014, PII S0883944108000051
    • Muscedere J, Dodek P, Keenan S, et al: Comprehensive evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Prevention. J Crit Care 2008; 23:126-137 (Pubitemid 351400352)
    • (2008) Journal of Critical Care , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 126-137
    • Muscedere, J.1    Dodek, P.2    Keenan, S.3    Fowler, R.4    Cook, D.5    Heyland, D.6
  • 111
    • 77249176572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of the administration of probiotics on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Siempos II, Ntaidou TK, Falagas ME: Impact of the administration of probiotics on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 954-962
    • (2010) Crit. Care Med. , vol.38 , pp. 954-962
    • Siempos, I.I.1    Ntaidou, T.K.2    Falagas, M.E.3
  • 112
    • 62349130897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia or endotracheal tube-associated pneumonia an approach to the pathogenesis and preventive strategies emphasizing the importance of endotracheal tube
    • Pneumatikos IA, Dragoumanis CK, Bouros DE: Ventilator-associated pneumonia or endotracheal tube-associated pneumonia? An approach to the pathogenesis and preventive strategies emphasizing the importance of endotracheal tube. Anesthesiology 2009; 110:673-680
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.110 , pp. 673-680
    • Pneumatikos, I.A.1    Dragoumanis, C.K.2    Bouros, D.E.3
  • 113
    • 76249120821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are specialized endotracheal tubes and heat-and-moisture exchangers cost-effective in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia
    • Gentile MA, Siobal MS: Are specialized endotracheal tubes and heat-and-moisture exchangers cost-effective in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia? Respir Care 2010; 55:184-196
    • (2010) Respir Care , vol.55 , pp. 184-196
    • Gentile, M.A.1    Siobal, M.S.2
  • 114
    • 58249094505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients
    • de Smet AM, Kluytmans JA, Cooper BS, et al: Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:20-31
    • (2009) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.360 , pp. 20-31
    • De Smet, A.M.1    Kluytmans, J.A.2    Cooper, B.S.3
  • 115
    • 70350103000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosolized antibiotics in critically ill ventilated patients
    • Palmer LB: Aerosolized antibiotics in critically ill ventilated patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2009; 15:413-418
    • (2009) Curr. Opin. Crit. Care , vol.15 , pp. 413-418
    • Palmer, L.B.1
  • 116
    • 34247882117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral decontamination for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Chan EY, Ruest A, Meade MO, et al: Oral decontamination for prevention of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007; 334:889
    • (2007) BMJ , vol.334 , pp. 889
    • Chan, E.Y.1    Ruest, A.2    Meade, M.O.3
  • 120
    • 3943093268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective, randomized, study comparing early percutaneous dilational tracheotomy to prolonged translaryngeal intubation (delayed tracheotomy) in critically ill medical patients
    • DOI 10.1097/01.CCM.0000134835.05161.B6
    • Rumbak MJ, Newton M, Truncale T, et al: A prospective, randomized study comparing early percutaneous dilational tracheostomy to prolonged translaryngeal intubation (delayed tracheostomy) in critically ill medical patients. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:1689-1694 (Pubitemid 39050519)
    • (2004) Critical Care Medicine , vol.32 , Issue.8 , pp. 1689-1694
    • Rumbak, M.J.1    Newton, M.2    Truncale, T.3    Schwartz, S.W.4    Adams, J.W.5    Hazard, P.B.6
  • 121
    • 33646086027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracheostomy in ventilator dependent trauma patients: A prospective randomized intention-to-treat study
    • Barquist ES, Amortegui J, Hallal A, et al: Tracheostomy in ventilator dependent trauma patients: A prospective, randomized intention-to-treat study. J Trauma 2006; 60:91-97
    • (2006) J. Trauma , vol.60 , pp. 91-97
    • Barquist, E.S.1    Amortegui, J.2    Hallal, A.3
  • 122
    • 63849305066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bundles to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: How valuable are they
    • Wip C, Napolitano L: Bundles to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia: How valuable are they? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22:159-166
    • (2009) Curr. Opin. Infect Dis. , vol.22 , pp. 159-166
    • Wip, C.1    Napolitano, L.2
  • 123
    • 77249173764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multifaceted program to prevent ventilatorassociated pneumonia: Impact on compliance with preventive measures
    • Bouadma L, Mourvillier B, Deiler V, et al: A multifaceted program to prevent ventilatorassociated pneumonia: Impact on compliance with preventive measures. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:789-796
    • (2010) Crit. Care Med. , vol.38 , pp. 789-796
    • Bouadma, L.1    Mourvillier, B.2    Deiler, V.3
  • 124
    • 67649337014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Active versus passive guideline implementation
    • Hawe CS, Ellis KS, Cairns CJ, et al: Reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Active versus passive guideline implementation. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 1180-1186
    • (2009) Intensive Care Med. , vol.35 , pp. 1180-1186
    • Hawe, C.S.1    Ellis, K.S.2    Cairns, C.J.3
  • 125
    • 65549128562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using care bundles to prevent infection in neonatal and paediatric ICUs
    • Lachman P, Yuen S: Using care bundles to prevent infection in neonatal and paediatric ICUs. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22: 224-228
    • (2009) Curr. Opin. Infect Dis. , vol.22 , pp. 224-228
    • Lachman, P.1    Yuen, S.2
  • 126
    • 13644269309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Thoracic Society and Infectious Disease Society of America: Guidelines for the management of adults with hospitalacquired ventilator-associated and healthcare- associated pneumonia
    • American Thoracic Society and Infectious Disease Society of America: Guidelines for the management of adults with hospitalacquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare- associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:388-416
    • (2005) Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. , vol.171 , pp. 388-416


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.