Carbohydrate-based immune adjuvants

Expert Review of Vaccines

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 523-537

  Petrovsky, Nikolai ^a,b   Cooper, Peter D ^b,c  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b VAXINE PTY LTD   (Australia)

^c CANBERRA HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

adjuvants; carbohydrate; glucan; glycomics; immunity; inulin; vaccines

Indexed keywords

ACEMANNAN; ADVAX; ALGAL GLUCAN; ALPHA GLUCAN; BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; BETA GLUCAN; BETA GLUCAN PARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE; CHITIN; CHITOSAN; CHOLERA VACCINE; DENDRITIC CELL VACCINE; DEXTRAN; DEXTRO MURAPALMITINE; DNA VACCINE; FRUCTAN; GLUCAN; IMIQUIMOD; IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT; INFLUENZA VACCINE; INULIN; LENTINAN; LIPOARABINOMANNAN; MANNAN; MURAMYL DIPEPTIDE; NIOSOME; SAPONIN; SULFADIMETHOXINE; TREHALOSE 6 6 DIMYCOLATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; ZYMOSAN;

ANTIBODY TITER; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DENDRITIC CELL; DRUG COST; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; MELANOMA; MONOCYTE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UPREGULATION;

ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; BACTERIA; CARBOHYDRATES; HUMANS; PLANTS; UNITED STATES; VACCINES; YEASTS;

EID: 79955085814     PISSN: 14760584     EISSN: 17448395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.30     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Petrovsky N, Aguilar JC. Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 82(5), 488-496 (2004). (Pubitemid 39421058)
2. Rivas E, Gomez-Arnaiz M, Ricoy JR et al. Macrophagic myofasciitis in childhood: a controversial entity. Pediatr. Neurol. 33(5), 350-356 (2005). (Pubitemid 41501555)
3. Gherardi RK, Coquet M, Cherin P et al. Macrophagic myofasciitis lesions assess long-term persistence of vaccine-derived aluminium hydroxide in muscle. Brain 124(Pt 9), 1821-1831 (2001). (Pubitemid 32845443)
4. Holt LB. Quantitative studies in diphtheria prophylaxis; the primary response. Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. 30(4), 289-297, pl (1949).
5. Freund J. The effect of paraffin oil and mycobacteria on antibody formation and sensitization; a review. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 21(7), 645-656 (1951).
6. Keitel WA, Campbell JD, Treanor JJ et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated influenza A/H5N1 vaccine given with or without aluminum hydroxide to healthy adults: results of a Phase I-II randomized clinical trial. J. Infect. Dis. 198(9), 1309-1316 (2008).
7. Shu Q, Bir SH, Gill HS et al. Antibody response in sheep following immunization with Streptococcus bovis in different adjuvants. Vet. Res. Commun. 25(1), 43-54 (2001). (Pubitemid 32121088)
8. Houston WE, Crabbs CL, Kremer RJ, Springer JW. Adjuvant effects of diethylaminoethyl-dextran. Infect. Immun. 13(6), 1559-1562 (1976).
9. Kaistha J, Sokhey J, Singh S, Kumar S, John PC, Sharma NC. Adjuvant effect of DEAE-dextran and tetanus toxoid on whole cell heat inactivated phenol preserved typhoid vaccine. Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol. 39(4), 287-292 (1996).
10. Bachelder EM, Beaudette TT, Broaders KE et al. In vitro analysis of acetalated dextran microparticles as a potent delivery platform for vaccine adjuvants. Mol. Pharm. 7(3), 826-835 (2010).
11. Schorlemmer HU, Bitter-Suermann D, Allison AC. Complement activation by the alternative pathway and macrophage enzyme secretion in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. Immunology 32(6), 929-940 (1977). (Pubitemid 8120584)
12. Sato M, Sano H, Iwaki D et al. Direct binding of Toll-like receptor 2 to zymosan, and zymosan-induced NF-kB activation and TNF-a secretion are down-regulated by lung collectin surfactant protein A. J. Immunol. 171(1), 417-425 (2003). (Pubitemid 36745315)
13. Dillon S, Agrawal S, Banerjee K et al. Yeast zymosan, a stimulus for TLR2 and dectin-1, induces regulatory antigen-presenting cells and immunological tolerance. J. Clin. Invest. 116(4), 916-928 (2006).
14. Emod J, Joo I. Nonspecific resistance-enhancing activity of zymosan in experimental bacterial infections. Acta. Microbiol. Hung. 37(2), 187-192 (1990). (Pubitemid 20373564)
15. Morikawa K, Takeda R, Yamazaki M, Mizuno D. Induction of tumoricidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by a linear b-1,3-d-glucan and other immunomodulators in murine cells. Cancer Res. 45(4), 1496-1501 (1985). (Pubitemid 15079093)
16. Williams DL, Cook JA, Hoffmann EO, Di Luzio NR. Protective effect of glucan in experimentally induced candidiasis. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 23(6), 479-490 (1978). (Pubitemid 8394904)
17. Ainai A, Ichinohe T, Tamura S et al. Zymosan enhances the mucosal adjuvant activity of poly(I:C) in a nasal influenza vaccine. J. Med. Virol. 82(3), 476-484 (2010).
18. Ara Y, Saito T, Takagi T et al. Zymosan enhances the immune response to DNA vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 through the activation of complement system. Immunology 103(1), 98-105 (2001). (Pubitemid 32453102)
19. Lamkanfi M, Malireddi RK, Kanneganti TD. Fungal zymosan and mannan activate the cryopyrin inflammasome. J. Biol. Chem. 284(31), 20574-20581 (2009).
20. Hida S, Nagi-Miura N, Adachi Y, Ohno N. b-glucan derived from zymosan acts as an adjuvant for collagen-induced arthritis. Microbiol. Immunol. 50(6), 453-461 (2006). (Pubitemid 43927234)
21. Irinoda K, Masihi KN, Chihara G, Kaneko Y, Katori T. Stimulation of microbicidal host defence mechanisms against aerosol influenza virus infection by lentinan. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 14(6), 971-977 (1992).
22. Jeannin JF, Lagadec P, Pelletier H et al. Regression induced by lentinan, of peritoneal carcinomatoses in a model of colon cancer in rat. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 10(7), 855-861 (1988).
23. Chihara G, Hamuro J, Maeda YY et al. Antitumor and metastasis-inhibitory activities of lentinan as an immunomodulator: an overview. Cancer Detect. Prev. Suppl. 1, 423-443 (1987).
24. Drandarska I, Kussovski V, Nikolaeva S, Markova N. Combined immunomodulating effects of BCG and Lentinan after intranasal application in guinea pigs. Int. Immunopharmacol. 5(4), 795-803 (2005). (Pubitemid 40248333)
25. Wang J, Zhou ZD, Xia DJ. Study on effect of lentinan in enhancing anti-tumor action of dendritic cytoma vaccine and its mechanism. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 27(1), 60-64 (2007).
26. Abel G, Szollosi J, Chihara G, Fachet J. Effect of lentinan and mannan on phagocytosis of fluorescent latex microbeads by mouse peritoneal macrophages: a flow cytometric study. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 11(6), 615-621 (1989). (Pubitemid 19239435)
27. Guo Z, Hu Y, Wang D et al. Sulfated modification can enhance the adjuvanticity of lentinan and improve the immune effect of ND vaccine. Vaccine 27(5), 660-665 (2009).
28. Dong SF, Chen JM, Zhang Wet al. Specific immune response to HBsAg is enhanced by -βglucan oligosaccharide containing an a-(1→3)-linked bond and biased towards M2/Th2. Int. Immunopharmacol. 7(6), 725-733 (2007).
29. Bruley-Rosset M, Florentin I, Mathe G. In vivo and in vitro macrophage activation by systemic adjuvants. Agents Actions 6(1-3), 251-255 (1976).
30. Wang J, Dong S, Liu C et al. -βGlucan oligosaccharide enhances CD8(+) T cells immune response induced by a DNA vaccine encoding hepatitis B virus core antigen. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. DOI: 10.1155/2010/645213 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
31. Mohagheghpour N, Dawson M, Hobbs P et al. Glucans as immunological adjuvants. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 383, 13-22 (1995).
32. Huang H, Ostroff GR, Lee CK, Wang JP, Specht CA, Levitz SM. Distinct patterns of dendritic cell cytokine release stimulated by fungal -βglucans and Toll-like receptor agonists. Infect. Immun. 77(5), 1774-1781 (2009).
33. Huang H, Ostroff GR, Lee CK, Specht CA, Levitz SM. Robust stimulation of humoral and cellular immune responses following vaccination with antigen-loaded -βglucan particles. MBio 1(3), e00164-e00110, pii (2010).
34. Cooper PD, Carter M. Anti-complementary action of polymorphic 'solubility forms' of particulate inulin. Mol. Immunol. 23(8), 895-901 (1986). (Pubitemid 16057598)
35. Cooper PD, Steele EJ. The adjuvanticity of g inulin. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 66 ( Pt 5-6), 345-352 (1988).
36. Cooper PD, Carter M. The anti-melanoma activity of inulin in mice. Mol. Immunol. 23(8), 903-908 (1986). (Pubitemid 16057599)
37. Korbelik M, Cooper PD. Potentiation of photodynamic therapy of cancer by complement: the effect of g-inulin. Br. J. Cancer. 96(1), 67-72 (2007). (Pubitemid 46094641)
38. Cooper PD, Steele EJ. Algammulin, a new vaccine adjuvant comprising g inulin particles containing alum: preparation and in vitro properties. Vaccine 9(5), 351-357 (1991).
39. Cooper PD. Vaccine adjuvants based on g inulin. Pharm. Biotechnol. 6, 559-580 (1995).
40. Petrovsky N. Novel human polysaccharide adjuvants with dual Th1 and Th2 potentiating activity. Vaccine 24(Suppl. 2), 26-29 (2006).
41. Silva DG, Cooper PD, Petrovsky N. Inulin-derived adjuvants efficiently promote both Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 82(6), 611-616 (2004). (Pubitemid 39563962)
42. Cooper PD, Turner R, McGovern J. Algammulin (g inulin/alum hybrid adjuvant) has greater adjuvanticity than alum for hepatitis B surface antigen in mice. Immunol. Lett. 27(2), 131-134 (1991).
43. Fuentes P, Cooper PD, Barnadas R, Sabes M, Osterhoff C, Martinez P. Use of g-inulin/liposomes/Vitamin E adjuvant combination in contraceptive vaccines. Int. J. Pharm. 257(1-2), 85-95 (2003). (Pubitemid 36507035)
44. Cooper PD, Petrovsky N. d inulin: a novel, immunologically-active, stable packing structure comprising -βd-[2→1] poly(fructo-furanosyl) α-d glucose polymers. Glycobiology (2010) (In Press).
45. Lobigs M, Pavy M, Hall RA et al. An inactivated Vero cell-grown Japanese encephalitis vaccine formulated with Advax, a novel inulin-based adjuvant, induces protective neutralizing antibody against homologous and heterologous flaviviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 91(Pt 6), 1407-1417 (2010).
46. Cristillo AD, Ferrari MG, Hudacik L et al. Induction of mucosal and systemic antibody and T-cell responses following prime-boost immunization with novel adjuvanted human immunodeficiency virus-1-vaccine formulations. J. Gen. Virol. 92(Pt 1), 128-140 (2011).
47. Petrovsky N. Freeing vaccine adjuvants from dangerous immunological dogma. Expert Rev. Vaccines 7(1), 7-10 (2008). (Pubitemid 351359053)
48. Thiel S, Gadjeva M. Humoral pattern recognition molecules: mannan-binding lectin and ficolins. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 653, 58-73 (2009).
49. Takahara K, Yashima Y, Omatsu Y et al. Functional comparison of the mouse DC-SIGN, SIGNR1, SIGNR3 and Langerin, C-type lectins. Int. Immunol. 16(6), 819-829 (2004). (Pubitemid 38786523)
50. Sheng KC, Pouniotis DS, Wright MD et al. Mannan derivatives induce phenotypic and functional maturation of mouse dendritic cells. Immunology 118(3), 372-383 (2006).
51. McKenzie IF, Apostolopoulos V, Lees C et al. Oxidised mannan antigen conjugates preferentially stimulate T1 type immune responses. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 63(1-2), 185-190 (1998). (Pubitemid 28288342)
52. Stambas J, Pietersz G, McKenzie I, Cheers C. Oxidised mannan as a novel adjuvant inducing mucosal IgA production. Vaccine 20(7-8), 1068-1078 (2002). (Pubitemid 34135942)
53. Katsara M, Yuriev E, Ramsland PA et al. Altered peptide ligands of myelin basic protein (MBP87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan modulate immune responses in mice. Immunology 128(4), 521-533 (2009).
54. Petrushina I, Ghochikyan A, Mkrtichyan M et al. Mannan-Ab28 conjugate prevents Ab-plaque deposition, but increases microhemorrhages in the brains of vaccinated Tg2576 (APPsw) mice. J. Neuroinflammation 5, 42 (2008).
55. Gauntt CJ, Wood HJ, McDaniel HR, McAnalley BH. Aloe polymannose enhances anti-coxsackievirus antibody titres in mice. Phytother. Res. 14(4), 261-266 (2000). (Pubitemid 30410054)
56. Kawakami S, Sato A, Nishikawa M, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Mannose receptor-mediated gene transfer into macrophages using novel mannosylated cationic liposomes. Gene Ther. 7(4), 292-299 (2000). (Pubitemid 30119732)
57. Toda S, Ishii N, Okada E et al. HIV-1- specific cell-mediated immune responses induced by DNA vaccination were enhanced by mannan-coated liposomes and inhibited by anti-interferon-g antibody. Immunology 92(1), 111-117 (1997). (Pubitemid 27380889)
58. Lu Y, Kawakami S, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Development of an antigen-presenting cell-targeted DNA vaccine against melanoma by mannosylated liposomes. Biomaterials 28(21), 3255-3262 (2007). (Pubitemid 46654220)
59. Jain S, Singh P, Mishra V, Vyas SP. Mannosylated niosomes as adjuvant-carrier system for oral genetic immunization against hepatitis B. Immunol. Lett. 101(1), 41-49 (2005). (Pubitemid 41297497)
60. Jain S, Vyas SP. Mannosylated niosomes as carrier adjuvant system for topical immunization. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 57(9), 1177-1184 (2005). (Pubitemid 41391776)
61. Lee JK, Lee MK, Yun YP et al. Acemannan purified from Aloe vera induces phenotypic and functional maturation of immature dendritic cells. Int. Immunopharmacol. 1(7), 1275-1284 (2001). (Pubitemid 32522981)
62. Usinger WR. A comparison of antibody responses to veterinary vaccine antigens potentiated by different adjuvants. Vaccine 15(17-18), 1902-1907 (1997). (Pubitemid 27504686)
63. Chinnah AD, Baig MA, Tizard IR, Kemp MC. Antigen dependent adjuvant activity of a polydispersed b-(1,4)-linked acetylated mannan (acemannan).Vaccine 10(8), 551-557 (1992).
64. Arca HC, Gunbeyaz M, Senel S. Chitosan-based systems for the delivery of vaccine antigens. Expert Rev. Vaccines 8(7), 937-953 (2009).
65. Nishiyama A, Tsuji S, Yamashita M, Henriksen RA, Myrvik QN, Shibata Y. Phagocytosis of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine particles, a Th1 adjuvant, by RAW264.7 cells results in MAPK activation and TNF-a, but not IL-10, production. Cell. Immunol. 239(2), 103-112 (2006). (Pubitemid 44037541)
66. Ghendon Y, Markushin S, Vasiliev Y et al. Evaluation of properties of chitosan as an adjuvant for inactivated influenza vaccines administered parenterally. J. Med. Virol. 81(3), 494-506 (2009).
67. Chang H, Li X, Teng Y et al. Comparison of adjuvant efficacy of chitosan and aluminum hydroxide for intraperitoneally administered inactivated influenza H5N1 vaccine. DNA Cell. Biol. 29(9), 563-568 (2010).
68. Prego C, Paolicelli P, Diaz B et al. Chitosan-based nanoparticles for improving immunization against hepatitis B infection. Vaccine 28(14), 2607-2614 (2010).
69. Kotze AF, Luessen HL, de Leeuw BJ, de Boer BG, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE. N-trimethyl chitosan chloride as a potential absorption enhancer across mucosal surfaces: in vitro evaluation in intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2).Pharm. Res. 14(9), 1197-1202 (1997). (Pubitemid 27432543)
70. Baudner BC, Giuliani MM, Verhoef JC, Rappuoli R, Junginger HE, Giudice GD. The concomitant use of the LTK63 mucosal adjuvant and of chitosan-based delivery system enhances the immunogenicity and efficacy of intranasally administered vaccines. Vaccine 21(25-26), 3837-3844 (2003). (Pubitemid 37338211)
71. Borges O, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Tavares J et al. Immune response by nasal delivery of hepatitis B surface antigen and codelivery of a CpG ODN in alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 69(2), 405-416 (2008).
72. Gogev S, de Fays K, Versali MF, Gautier S, Thiry E. Glycol chitosan improves the efficacy of intranasally administrated replication defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing glycoprotein D of bovine herpesvirus 1. Vaccine 22(15-16), 1946-1953 (2004). (Pubitemid 38581064)
73. Khatri K, Goyal AK, Gupta PN, Mishra N, Vyas SP. Plasmid DNA loaded chitosan nanoparticles for nasal mucosal immunization against hepatitis B. Int. J. Pharm. 354(1-2), 235-241 (2008).
74. Sayin B, Somavarapu S, Li XW, Sesardic D, Senel S, Alpar OH. TMC-MCC (N-trimethyl chitosan-mono-N-carboxymethyl chitosan) nanocomplexes for mucosal delivery of vaccines. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 38(4), 362-369 (2009).
75. Gong YF, Xie Y, Zhou NJ et al. Cellular immunity induced by H. pylori vaccine with chitosan as adjuvant. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 23(7), 595-599 (2007).
76. Shibata Y, Honda I, Justice JP, Van Scott MR, Nakamura RM, Myrvik QN. Th1 adjuvant N-acetyl-d-glucosamine polymer up-regulates Th1 immunity but down-regulates Th2 immunity against a mycobacterial protein (MPB-59) in interleukin-10-knockout and wild-type mice. Infect. Immun. 69(10), 6123-6130 (2001). (Pubitemid 32885173)
77. Shibata Y, Foster LA, Bradfield JF, Myrvik QN. Oral administration of chitin down-regulates serum IgE levels and lung eosinophilia in the allergic mouse. J. Immunol. 164(3), 1314-1321 (2000). (Pubitemid 30067244)
78. Gringhuis SI, den Dunnen J, Litjens M, van der Vlist M, Geijtenbeek TB. Carbohydrate-specific signaling through the DC-SIGN signalosome tailors immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV-1 and Helicobacter pylori. Nat. Immunol. 10(10), 1081-1088 (2009).
79. Doz E, Rose S, Nigou J et al. Acylation determines the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent positive versus TLR2-, mannose receptor-, and SIGNR1- independent negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by mycobacterial lipomannan. J. Biol. Chem. 282(36), 26014-26025 (2007). (Pubitemid 47443801)
80. Doz E, Rose S, Nigou J et al. Acylation determines the toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent positive versus TLR2-, mannose receptor-, and SIGNR1- independent negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines by mycobacterial lipomannan. J. Biol. Chem. 282(36), 26014-26025 (2007). (Pubitemid 47443801)
81. Hamasur B, Haile M, Pawlowski A et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis arabinomannan-protein conjugates protect against tuberculosis. Vaccine 21(25-26), 4081-4093 (2003). (Pubitemid 37338234)
82. Yamamura Y, Azuma I, Sugimura K, Yamawaki M, Uemiya M. Adjuvant activity of 6-O-mycoloyl-N-acetylmuramuyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine. Gann 67(6), 867-877 (1976).
83. Uehara A, Yang S, Fujimoto Y et al. Muramyldipeptide and diaminopimelic acid-containing desmuramylpeptides in combination with chemically synthesized Toll-like receptor agonists synergistically induced production of interleukin-8 in a NOD2- and NOD1-dependent manner, respectively, in human monocytic cells in culture. Cell. Microbiol. 7(1), 53-61 (2005).
84. Takada H, Uehara A. Enhancement of TLR-mediated innate immune responses by peptidoglycans through NOD signaling. Curr. Pharm. Des. 12(32), 4163-4172 (2006). (Pubitemid 44669745)
85. Azuma I, Okumura H, Saiki I et al. Adjuvant activity of carbohydrate analogs of N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine on the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-l-tyrosine in guinea pigs. Infect. Immun. 33(3), 834-839 (1981). (Pubitemid 11051079)
86. Valensi JP, Carlson JR, Van Nest GA. Systemic cytokine profiles in BALB/c mice immunized with trivalent influenza vaccine containing MF59 oil emulsion and other advanced adjuvants. J. Immunol. 153(9), 4029-4039 (1994).
87. Ott G, Barchfeld GL, Van Nest G. Enhancement of humoral response against human influenza vaccine with the simple submicron oil/water emulsion adjuvant MF59. Vaccine 13(16), 1557-1562 (1995).
88. Vosika GJ, Cornelius DA, Gilbert CWet al. Phase I trial of ImmTher, a new liposome-incorporated lipophilic disaccharide tripeptide. J. Immunother. 10(4), 256-266 (1991).
89. Vosika GJ, Cornelius DA, Bennek JA, Sadlik JR, Gilbert CW. Immunologic and toxicologic study of disaccharide tripeptide glycerol dipalmitoyl: a new lipophilic immunomodulator. Mol. Biother. 2(1), 50-56 (1990).
90. Audibert F, Leclerc C, Chedid L. Muramyl peptides as immunopharmacological response modifiers. In:Biological Response Modifiers. Torrence PF (Ed.).Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL, USA, 307-337 (1985).
91. Schwarzkopf C, Thiele B. Effectivity of alternative adjuvants in comparison to freund's complete adjuvant. ALTEX 13(5), 22-25 (1996).
92. Sueoka E, Nishiwaki S, Okabe S et al. Activation of protein kinase C by mycobacterial cord factor, trehalose 6-monomycolate, resulting in tumor necrosis factor-a release in mouse lung tissues. Jpn J. Cancer Res. 86(8), 749-755 (1995).
93. Masihi KN, Brehmer W, Lange W, Ribi E. Effects of mycobacterial fractions and muramyl dipeptide on the resistance of mice to aerogenic influenza virus infection. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 5(5), 403-410 (1983). (Pubitemid 14239809)
94. Fujita Y, Okamoto Y, Uenishi Y, Sunagawa M, Uchiyama T, Yano I. Molecular and supra-molecular structure related differences in toxicity and granulomatogenic activity of mycobacterial cord factor in mice. Microb. Pathog. 43(1), 10-21 (2007). (Pubitemid 46678643)
95. Koike Y, Yoo YC, Mitobe M et al. Enhancing activity of mycobacterial cell-derived adjuvants on immunogenicity of recombinant human hepatitis B virus vaccine. Vaccine 16(20), 1982-1989 (1998). (Pubitemid 28473946)
96. Ribi E, Meyer TJ, Azuma I, Parker R, Brehmer W. Biologically active components from mycobacterial cell walls. IV. Protection of mice against aerosol infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell. Immunol. 16(1), 1-10 (1975).
97. Ribi E, Granger DL, Milner KC et al. Induction of resistance to tuberculosis in mice with defined components of Mycobacteria and with some unrelated materials. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A 251(3), 345-356 (1982). (Pubitemid 12125794)
98. Masihi KN, Lange W, Brehmer W, Ribi E. Immunobiological activities of nontoxic lipid A: enhancement of nonspecific resistance in combination with trehalose dimycolate against viral infection and adjuvant effects. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 8(3), 339-345 (1986). (Pubitemid 16063773)
99. Cekic C, Casella CR, Eaves CA, Matsuzawa A, Ichijo H, Mitchell TC. Selective activation of the p38 MAPK pathway by synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A. J. Biol. Chem. 284(46), 31982-31991 (2009).
100. Schiller JT, Castellsague X, Villa LL, Hildesheim A. An update of prophylactic human papillomavirus L1 virus-like particle vaccine clinical trial results. Vaccine 26(Suppl. 10), K53-K61 (2008).
101. Tong NK, Beran J, Kee SA et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an adjuvanted hepatitis B vaccine in pre-hemodialysis and hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 68(5), 2298-2303 (2005). (Pubitemid 43117807)
102. Lacaille-Dubois MA. Bioactive saponins with cancer related and immunomodulatory activity: recent developments. In:Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. Atta ur R (Ed.).Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 209-246 (2005).
103. Dai JH, Iwatani Y, Ishida T et al. Glycyrrhizin enhances interleukin-12 production in peritoneal macrophages. Immunology 103(2), 235-243 (2001). (Pubitemid 32521353)
104. Raphael TJ, Kuttan G. Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin on the immune system. Phytomedicine 10(6-7), 483-489 (2003). (Pubitemid 37092670)
105. Kensil CR, Wu JY, Soltysik S. Structural and immunological characterization of the vaccine adjuvant QS-21. Pharm. Biotechnol. 6, 525-541 (1995).
106. Kensil CR, Soltysik S, Wheeler DA, Wu JY. Structure/function studies on QS-21, a unique immunological adjuvant from Quillaja saponaria. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 404, 165-172 (1996). (Pubitemid 26424086)
107. + T cell response is elicited using the synthetic polypeptide from the C-terminus of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium berghei together with the adjuvant QS-21: quantitative and phenotypic comparison with the vaccine model of irradiated sporozoites. Vaccine 23(21), 2801-2812 (2005). (Pubitemid 40381274)
108. Pham HL, Ross BP, McGeary RP, Shaw PN, Hewavitharana AK, Davies NM. Saponins from Quillaja saponaria Molina: isolation, characterization and ability to form immuno stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs).Curr. Drug Deliv. 3(4), 389-397 (2006). (Pubitemid 44534051)
109. Sun HX, Xie Y, Ye YP. Advances in saponin-based adjuvants. Vaccine 27(12), 1787-1796 (2009).
110. Marciani DJ, Press JB, Reynolds RC et al. Development of semisynthetic triterpenoid saponin derivatives with immune stimulating activity. Vaccine 18(27), 3141-3151 (2000). (Pubitemid 30345696)
111. Marciani DJ, Reynolds RC, Pathak AK, Finley-Woodman K, May RD. Fractionation, structural studies, and immunological characterization of the semi-synthetic Quillaja saponins derivative GPI-0100. Vaccine 21(25-26), 3961-3971 (2003). (Pubitemid 37338224)
112. Quenelle DC, Collins DJ, Marciani DJ, Kern ER. Effect of immunization with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) plus the immune enhancer GPI-0100 on infection with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Vaccine 24(10), 1515-1522 (2006). (Pubitemid 43238225)
113. Quenelle DC, Collins DJ, Rice TL, Prichard MN, Marciani DJ, Kern ER. Effect of an immune enhancer, GPI-0100, on vaccination with live attenuated herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 or glycoprotein D on genital HSV-2 infections of guinea pigs. Antiviral Res. 80(2), 223-224 (2008).
114. Ragupathi G, Coltart DM, Williams LJ et al. On the power of chemical synthesis: immunological evaluation of models for multiantigenic carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(21), 13699-13704 (2002). (Pubitemid 35215444)
115. Rawal N, Rajagopalan R, Salvi VP. Stringent regulation of complement lectin pathway C3/C5 convertase by C4b-binding protein (C4BP).Mol. Immunol. 46(15), 2902-2910 (2009).
116. Ray TL, Hanson A, Ray LF, Wuepper KD. Purification of a mannan from Candida albicans which activates serum complement. J. Invest. Dermatol. 73(4), 269-274 (1979). (Pubitemid 10161226)
117. Kawasaki A, Takada H, Kotani S et al. Activation of the human complement cascade by bacterial cell walls, peptidoglycans, water-soluble peptidoglycan components, and synthetic muramylpeptides-studies on active components and structural requirements. Microbiol. Immunol. 31(6), 551-569 (1987). (Pubitemid 17117231)
118. Bohana-Kashtan O, Ziporen L, Donin N, Kraus S, Fishelson Z. Cell signals transduced by complement. Mol. Immunol. 41(6-7), 583-597 (2004). (Pubitemid 38824616)
119. Weston SA, Parish CR. Modification of lymphocyte migration by mannans and phosphomannans. Different carbohydrate structures control entry of lymphocytes into spleen and lymph nodes. J. Immunol. 146(12), 4180-4186 (1991).
120. Hawn TR, Ozinsky A, Underhill DM, Buckner FS, Akira S, Aderem A. Leishmania major activates IL-1 a expression in macrophages through a MyD88-dependent pathway. Microbes Infect. 4(8), 763-771 (2002). (Pubitemid 35247439)
121. Liu G, Anderson C, Scaltreto H, Barbon J, Kensil CR. QS-21 structure/function studies: effect of acylation on adjuvant activity. Vaccine 20(21-22), 2808-2815 (2002). (Pubitemid 34597141)
122. Deng K, Adams MM, Damani P, Livingston PO, Ragupathi G, Gin DY. Synthesis of QS-21-xylose: establishment of the immunopotentiating activity of synthetic QS-21 adjuvant with a melanoma vaccine. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 47(34), 6395-6398 (2008).
123. Cluff CW, Baldridge JR, Stover AG et al. Synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 agonists stimulate innate resistance to infectious challenge. Infect. Immun. 73(5), 3044-3052 (2005). (Pubitemid 40570374)
124. Stover AG, Da Silva Correia J, Evans JT et al. Structure-activity relationship of synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 agonists. J. Biol. Chem. 279(6), 4440-4449 (2004). (Pubitemid 38199033)