Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in basic and clinical neuroscience research;La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (SMT) dans la recherche fondamentale et clinique en neuroscience

Revue Neurologique

Volumn 167, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 291-316

  Valero Cabre A ^a,b,c,d   Pascual Leone, A ^d   Coubard, O A ^e  

^a INSTITUT DU CERVEAU ET DE LA MOELLE ÉPINIÈRE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE MENDÈS FRANCE   (France)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^e CNS Fed   (France)

Author keywords

Brain plasticity; Connectivity; Neural networks; Neurology; Neuromodulation; Neuroscience; Therapy; Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Indexed keywords

DEPRESSION; DYSTONIA; HUMAN; NON INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PAIN; REVIEW; STROKE; TINNITUS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASES; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; HUMANS; NEUROSCIENCES; RESEARCH; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 79954414360     PISSN: 00353787     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2010.10.013     Document Type: Review

References (248)

1. Aglio LS, Kraus KH, Desai S, Romero R, Ramirez M, Levy WJ, et al. Efficacious use of a cap shaped coil for transcranial magnetic stimulation of descending motor paths. Clin Electroencephalogr 2002;331:21-9. (Pubitemid 34024280)
2. Allen EA, Pasley BN, Duong T, Freeman RD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation elicits coupled neural and hemodynamic consequences. Science 2007;3175846:1918-21.
3. Amassian VE, Cracco RQ. Human cerebral cortical responses to contralateral transcranial stimulation. Neurosurgery 1987;201:148-55.
4. Amassian VE, Cracco RQ, Maccabee PJ, Bigland-Ritchie B, Cracco JB. Matching focal and non-focal magnetic coil stimulation to properties of human nervous system : mapping motor unit fields in motor cortex contrasted with altering sequential digit movements by premotor-SMA stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1991;43:3-28.
5. Amassian VE, Cracco RQ, Maccabee PJ, Cracco JB, Rudell A, Eberle L. Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989;746:458-62. (Pubitemid 20000342)
6. Amassian VE, Quirk GJ, Stewart M. A comparison of corticospinal activation by magnetic coil and electrical stimulation of monkey motor cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990;775:390-3401.
7. Amassian VE, Stewart M, Quirk GJ, Rosenthal JL. Physiological basis of motor effects of a transient stimulus to cerebral cortex. Neurosurgery 1987;201:74-93.
8. Ambrosini A, de Noordhout AM, Sandor PS, Schoenen J. Electrophysiological studies in migraine: a comprehensive review of their interest and limitations. Cephalalgia 2003;23(Suppl 1):13-31. (Pubitemid 36583717)
9. Anninos P, Adamopoulos A, Kotini A, Tsagas N, Tamiolakis D, Prassopoulos P. MEG evaluation of Parkinson's diseased patients after external magnetic stimulation. Acta Neurol Belg 2007;1071:5-10. (Pubitemid 46739111)
10. Aydin-Abidin S, Moliadze V, Eysel UT, Funke K. Effects of repetitive TMS on visually evoked potentials and EEG in the anaesthetized cat: dependence on stimulus frequency and train duration. J Physiol 2006;574(Pt 2):443-55.
11. Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 1985;18437:1106-7. (Pubitemid 15075547)
12. Basso D, Lotze M, Vitale L, Ferreri F, Bisiacchi P, Olivetti Belardinelli M, et al. The role of prefrontal cortex in visuo-spatial planning: a repetitive TMS study. Exp Brain Res 2006;1713:411-5. (Pubitemid 43780113)
13. Baudewig J, Siebner HR, Bestmann S, Tergau F, Tings T, Paulus W, et al. Functional MRI of cortical activations induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Neuroreport 2001;1216:3543-8. (Pubitemid 33065495)
14. Baumer T, Bock F, Koch G, Lange R, Rothwell JC, Siebner HR, et al. Magnetic stimulation of human premotor or motor cortex produces interhemispheric facilitation through distinct pathways. J Physiol 2006;572(Pt 3):857-68.
15. Baumer T, Lange R, Liepert J, Weiller C, Siebner HR, Rothwell JC, et al. Repeated premotor rTMS leads to cumulative plastic changes of motor cortex excitability in humans. Neuroimage 2003;201:550-60. (Pubitemid 37188542)
16. Beckers G, Homberg V. Impairment of visual perception and visual short term memory scanning by transcranial magnetic stimulation of occipital cortex. Exp Brain Res 1991;872:421-32.
17. Bestmann S, Baudewig J, Siebner HR, Rothwell JC, Frahm J. Subthreshold high-frequency TMS of human primary motor cortex modulates interconnected frontal motor areas as detected by interleaved fMRI-TMS. Neuroimage 2003;203:1685-96. (Pubitemid 37468274)
18. Bestmann S, Baudewig J, Siebner HR, Rothwell JC, Frahm J. Functional MRI of the immediate impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical and subcortical motor circuits. Eur J Neurosci 2004;197:1950-62. (Pubitemid 38482583)
19. Bestmann S, Baudewig J, Siebner HR, Rothwell JC, Frahm J. BOLD MRI responses to repetitive TMS over human dorsal premotor cortex. Neuroimage 2005;281:22-9. (Pubitemid 41393884)
20. Blanke O, Mohr C, Michel CM, Pascual-Leone A, Brugger P, Seeck M, et al. Linking out-of-body experience and self processing to mental own-body imagery at the temporoparietal junction. J Neurosci 2005;253:550-7.
21. Boroojerdi B, Bushara KO, Corwell B, Immisch I, Battaglia F, Muellbacher W, et al. Enhanced excitability of the human visual cortex induced by short-term light deprivation. Cereb Cortex 2000;105:529-34. (Pubitemid 30318459)
22. Boroojerdi B, Foltys H, Krings T, Spetzger U, Thron A, Topper R. Localization of the motor hand area using transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Neurophysiol 1999;1104:699-704. (Pubitemid 29236399)
23. Boroojerdi B, Meister IG, Foltys H, Sparing R, Cohen LG, Topper R. Visual and motor cortex excitability: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Clin Neurophysiol 2002;1139:1501-2154.
24. Brighina F, Bisiach E, Oliveri M, Piazza A, La Bua V, Daniele O, et al.1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere ameliorates contralesional visuospatial neglect in humans. Neurosci Lett 2003;3362:131-3. (Pubitemid 36009323)
25. Brighina F, Piazza A, Daniele O, Fierro B. Modulation of visual cortical excitability in migraine with aura: effects of 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res 2002;1452:177-81. (Pubitemid 34743969)
26. Brignani et al., Brignani D, Manganotti P, Rossini PM, Miniussi C. Modulation of cortical oscillatory activity during transcranial magnetic stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2007.
27. Cantello R, Rossi S, Varrasi C, Ulivelli M, Civardi C, Bartalini S, et al. Slow repetitive TMS for drug-resistant epilepsy: clinical and EEG findings of a placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia 2007;482:366-74. (Pubitemid 46213891)
28. Carmichael ST, Tatsukawa K, Katsman D, Tsuyuguchi N, Kornblum HI. Evolution of diaschisis in a focal stroke model. Stroke 2004;353:758-63. (Pubitemid 38280855)
29. Chambers CD, Payne JM, Stokes MG, Mattingley JB. Fast and slow parietal pathways mediate spatial attention. Nat Neurosci 2004;73:217-8.
30. Chen R, Classen J, Gerloff C, Celnik P, Wassermann EM, Hallett M, et al. Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 1997;485:1398-403. (Pubitemid 27240571)
31. Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di Lazzaro V, Lefaucheur JP, Magistris MR, et al. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee. Clin Neurophysiol 2008;1193:504-32.
32. Chouinard PA, Van Der Werf YD, Leonard G, Paus T. Modulating neural networks with transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the dorsal premotor and primary motor cortices. J Neurophysiol 2003;902:1071-83. (Pubitemid 37092588)
33. Cooke SF, Bliss TV. Plasticity in the human central nervous system. Brain 2006;129(Pt 7):1659-73. (Pubitemid 43999401)
34. Corbetta M, Kincade MJ, Lewis C, Snyder AZ, Sapir A. Neural basis and recovery of spatial attention deficits in spatial neglect. Nat Neurosci 2005;811:1603-10. (Pubitemid 41573676)
35. Coslett HB, Monsul N. Reading with the right hemisphere: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Lang 1994;462:198-211.
36. Coubard OA, Kapoula Z. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex prevents short-latency saccade and vergence: a TMS study. Cereb Cortex 2006;163:425-36. (Pubitemid 43209217)
37. Cowey A, Walsh V. Magnetically induced phosphenes in sighted, blind and blindsighted observers. Neuroreport 2000;1114:3269-73.
38. Dambeck N, Sparing R, Meister IG, Wienemann M, Weidemann J, Topper R, et al. Interhemispheric imbalance during visuospatial attention investigated by unilateral and bilateral TMS over human parietal cortices. Brain Res 2006;10721:194-9. (Pubitemid 43255464)
39. de Labra C, Rivadulla C, Grieve K, Marino J, Espinosa N, Cudeiro J. Changes in visual responses in the feline dLGN: selective thalamic suppression induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation of V1. Cereb Cortex 2007;176:1376-85. (Pubitemid 47343623)
40. Di Lazzaro V, Pilato F, Dileone M, Ranieri F, Ricci V, Profice P, et al. GABAA receptor subtype specific enhancement of inhibition in human motor cortex. J Physiol 2006;575(Pt 3):721-6. (Pubitemid 44323738)
41. Edgley SA, Eyre JA, Lemon RN, Miller S. Comparison of activation of corticospinal neurons and spinal motor neurons by magnetic and electrical transcranial stimulation in the lumbosacral cord of the anaesthetized monkey. Brain 1997;120(Pt 5):839-53. (Pubitemid 27222988)
42. Eggermont JJ, Roberts LE. The neuroscience of tinnitus. Trends Neurosci 2004;2711:676-82. (Pubitemid 39335838)
43. Eichhammer P, Kleinjung T, Landgrebe M, Hajak G, Langguth B. TMS for treatment of chronic tinnitus: neurobiological effects. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:369-75. (Pubitemid 47588082)
44. Elkin-Frankston S, Fried PJ, Pascual-Leone A, Rushmore RJ, 3rd, Valero-Cabré A. A novel approach for documenting phosphenes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Vis Exp 2010;38.
45. Ellison A, Schindler I, Pattison LL, Milner AD. An exploration of the role of the superior temporal gyrus in visual search and spatial perception using TMS. Brain 2004;127(Pt 10):2307-15. (Pubitemid 39382239)
46. Epstein CM, Davey KR. Iron-core coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 2002;194:376-81. (Pubitemid 35304371)
47. Esser SK, Huber R, Massimini M, Peterson MJ, Ferrarelli F, Tononi G. A direct demonstration of cortical LTP in humans: a combined TMS/EEG study. Brain Res Bull 2006;691:86-94. (Pubitemid 43185348)
48. Fernandez E, Alfaro A, Tormos JM, Climent R, Martinez M, Vilanova H, et al. Mapping of the human visual cortex using image-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 2002;102:115-24. (Pubitemid 35335978)
49. Fierro B, Brighina F, Giglia G, Palermo A, Francolini M, Scalia S. Paired pulse TMS over the right posterior parietal cortex modulates visuospatial perception. J Neurol Sci 2006;2472:144-8. (Pubitemid 44313941)
50. Fierro B, Brighina F, Vitello G, Piazza A, Scalia S, Giglia G, et al. Modulatory effects of low- and high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on visual cortex of healthy subjects undergoing light deprivation. J Physiol 2005;565(Pt 2):659-65. (Pubitemid 40872490)
51. Fitzgerald PB, Fountain S, Hoy K, Maller J, Enticott P, Laycock R, et al. A comparative study of the effects of repetitive paired transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor cortical excitability. J Neurosci Methods 2007;1652:265-9. (Pubitemid 47212460)
52. Fox P, Ingham R, George MS, Mayberg H, Ingham J, Roby J, et al. Imaging human intra-cerebral connectivity by PET during TMS. Neuroreport 1997;812:2787-91. (Pubitemid 27373530)
53. Franca M, Koch G, Mochizuki H, Huang YZ, Rothwell JC. Effects of theta burst stimulation protocols on phosphene threshold. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;1178:1808-13. (Pubitemid 44094247)
54. Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A. Technology insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology-perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007;37:383-93. (Pubitemid 47040328)
55. Fridriksson J, Morrow-Odom L, Moser D, Fridriksson A, Baylis G. Neural recruitment associated with anomia treatment in aphasia. Neuroimage 2006;323:1403-12.
56. Fuggetta G, Fiaschi A, Manganotti P. Modulation of cortical oscillatory activities induced by varying single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation intensity over the left primary motor area: a combined EEG and TMS study. Neuroimage 2005;274:896-908. (Pubitemid 41317258)
57. Fuggetta G, Pavone EF, Fiaschi A, Manganotti P. Acute modulation of cortical oscillatory activities during short trains of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex: a combined EEG and TMS study. Hum Brain Mapp 2008;291:1-13.
58. Gangitano M, Valero-Cabré A, Tormos JM, Mottaghy FM, Romero JR, Pascual-Leone A. Modulation of input-output curves by low and high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2002;1138:1249-57. (Pubitemid 34874516)
59. Ganis G, Keenan JP, Kosslyn SM, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex affects mental rotation. Cereb Cortex 2000;102:175-80. (Pubitemid 30078739)
60. Garcia-Larrea L, Peyron R. Motor cortex stimulation for neuropathic pain: From phenomenology to mechanisms. Neuroimage 2007;37(Suppl 1):S71-9.
61. Gerschlager W, Siebner HR, Rothwell JC. Decreased corticospinal excitability after subthreshold 1Hz rTMS over lateral premotor cortex. Neurology 2001;573:449-55. (Pubitemid 32757592)
62. Gobel S, Walsh V, Rushworth MF. The mental number line and the human angular gyrus. Neuroimage 2001;146:1278-89. (Pubitemid 33124176)
63. Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron 2007;552:187-99. (Pubitemid 47048907)
64. Hamilton R, Keenan JP, Catala M, Pascual-Leone A. Alexia for Braille following bilateral occipital stroke in an early blind woman. Neuroreport 2000;112:237-40. (Pubitemid 30074625)
65. Hausmann A, Weis C, Marksteiner J, Hinterhuber H, Humpel C. Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances c-fos in the parietal cortex and hippocampus. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2000;762:355-62. (Pubitemid 30179773)
66. Hayashi T, Ohnishi T, Okabe S, Teramoto N, Nonaka Y, Watabe H, et al. Long-term effect of motor cortical repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [correction]. Ann Neurol 2004;561:77-85. (Pubitemid 38857362)
67. He BJ, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Epstein A, Shulman GL, Corbetta M. Breakdown of functional connectivity in frontoparietal networks underlies behavioral deficits in spatial neglect. Neuron 2007;536:905-18. (Pubitemid 46367552)
68. Heller L, van Hulsteyn DB. Brain stimulation using electromagnetic sources: theoretical aspects. Biophys J 1992;631:129-38.
69. Herwig U, Satrapi P, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C. Using the international 10-20 EEG system for positioning of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Topogr 2003;162:95-9. (Pubitemid 38045059)
70. Herwig U, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C, Wunderlich AP, von Tiesenhausen C, Thielscher A, Walter H, et al. The navigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Psychiatry Res 2001;1082:123-31. (Pubitemid 34003574)
71. Hilgetag CC, Theoret H, Pascual-Leone A. Enhanced visual spatial attention ipsilateral to rTMS-induced 'virtual lesions' of human parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2001;49:953-7.
72. Hsu KH, Durand DM. A 3-D differential coil design for localized magnetic stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2001;4810:1162-8. (Pubitemid 32879979)
73. Hsu KH, Nagarajan SS, Durand DM. Analysis of efficiency of magnetic stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2003;5011:1276-85. (Pubitemid 37339403)
74. Huang YZ, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC. Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 2005;452:201-6. (Pubitemid 40128115)
75. Huang YZ, Rothwell JC. The effect of short-duration bursts of high-frequency, low-intensity transcranial magnetic stimulation on the human motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;1155:1069-75. (Pubitemid 38453017)
76. Ikeda T, Kurosawa M, Uchikawa C, Kitayama S, Nukina N. Modulation of monoamine transporter expression and function by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;3271:218-24. (Pubitemid 40051374)
77. Ilic TV, Meintzschel F, Cleff U, Ruge D, Kessler KR, Ziemann U. Short-interval paired-pulse inhibition and facilitation of human motor cortex: the dimension of stimulus intensity. J Physiol 2002;545(Pt 1):153-67. (Pubitemid 35386133)
78. Iyer MB, Schleper N, Wassermann EM. Priming stimulation enhances the depressant effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci 2003;2334:10867-72. (Pubitemid 37499694)
79. Ji RR, Schlaepfer TE, Aizenman CD, Epstein CM, Qiu D, Huang JC, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates specific regions in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;9526:15635-40. (Pubitemid 29018752)
80. Juan CH, Walsh V. Feedback to V1: a reverse hierarchy in vision. Exp Brain Res 2003;1502:259-63. (Pubitemid 36606392)
81. Kahkonen S. MEG-TMS combined with EEG for mapping alcohol effects. Alcohol 2005;373:129-33.
82. Kahkonen S, Komssi S, Wilenius J, Ilmoniemi RJ. Prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation produces intensitydependent EEG responses in humans. Neuroimage 2005;244:955-60. (Pubitemid 40164497)
83. Kammer T. Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe: their topographic relationship. Neuropsychologia 1999;372:191-8. (Pubitemid 29062323)
84. Kammer T, Puls K, Erb M, Grodd W. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the visual system. II Characterization of induced phosphenes and scotomas Exp Brain Res 2005;1601:129-1240.
85. Kammer T, Puls K, Strasburger H, Hill NJ, Wichmann FA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the visual system. I. The psychophysics of visual suppression. Exp Brain Res 2005;1601:118-28.
86. Kanda M, Mima T, Oga T, Matsuhashi M, Toma K, Hara H, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the sensorimotor cortex and medial frontal cortex modifies human pain perception. Clin Neurophysiol 2003;1145:860-6. (Pubitemid 36556095)
87. Keck ME, Sillaber I, Ebner K, Welt T, Toschi N, Kaehler ST, et al. Acute transcranial magnetic stimulation of frontal brain regions selectively modulates the release of vasopressin, biogenic amines and amino acids in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 2000;1210:3713-20.
88. Keel JC, Smith MJ, Wassermann EM. A safety screening questionnaire for transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;1124:720. (Pubitemid 32245647)
89. Kew JJ, Ridding MC, Rothwell JC, Passingham RE, Leigh PN, Sooriakumaran S, et al. Reorganization of cortical blood flow and transcranial magnetic stimulation maps in human subjects after upper limb amputation. J Neurophysiol 1994;725:2517-24. (Pubitemid 24362642)
90. Khedr EM, Ahmed MA, Fathy N, Rothwell JC. Therapeutic trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation after acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2005;653:466-8. (Pubitemid 41099816)
91. Kim YH, You SH, Ko MH, Park JW, Lee KH, Jang SH, et al. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Induced Corticomotor Excitability and Associated Motor Skill Acquisition in Chronic Stroke. Stroke 2006.
92. Kinsbourne M. Hemi-neglect and hemisphere rivalry. Adv Neurol 1977;18:41-9.
93. Kleinjung T, Steffens T, Londero A, Langguth B. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for treatment of chronic tinnitus: clinical effects. Prog Brain Res 2007;166:359-67.
94. Koch G, Oliveri M, Torriero S, Caltagirone C. Modulation of excitatory and inhibitory circuits for visual awareness in the human right parietal cortex. Exp Brain Res 2005;1604:510-6. (Pubitemid 40174218)
95. Komssi S, Aronen HJ, Huttunen J, Kesaniemi M, Soinne L, Nikouline VV, et al. Ipsi- and contralateral EEG reactions to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2002;1132:175-84. (Pubitemid 34164705)
96. Kosslyn SM, Pascual-Leone A, Felician O, Camposano S, Keenan JP, Thompson WL, et al. The role of area 17 in visual imagery: convergent evidence from PET and rTMS. Science 1999;2845411:167-70. (Pubitemid 29282074)
97. Lamy JC, Wargon I, Mazevet D, Ghanim Z, Pradat-Diehl P, Katz R. Impaired efficacy of spinal presynaptic mechanisms in spastic stroke patients. Brain 2009;132(Pt 3):734-48.
98. Lang N, Sueske E, Hasan A, Paulus W, Tergau F. Pregabalin exerts oppositional effects on different inhibitory circuits in human motor cortex: a double-blind, placebo-controlled transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Epilepsia 2006;475:813-9. (Pubitemid 44030175)
99. Lee L, Siebner HR, Rowe JB, Rizzo V, Rothwell JC, Frackowiak RS, et al. Acute remapping within the motor system induced by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci 2003;2312:5308-18. (Pubitemid 36793260)
100. Lefaucheur JP. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): insights into the treatment of Parkinson's disease by cortical stimulation. Neurophysiol Clin 2006;363:125-33. (Pubitemid 44566464)
101. Lefaucheur JP. Stroke recovery can be enhanced by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Neurophysiol Clin 2006;363:105-15.
102. Lefaucheur JP. The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in chronic neuropathic pain. Neurophysiol Clin 2006;363:117-24. (Pubitemid 44566463)
103. Levkovitz Y, Marx J, Grisaru N, Segal M. Long-term effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on hippocampal reactivity to afferent stimulation. J Neurosci 1999;198:3198-203. (Pubitemid 29174011)
104. Levkovitz Y, Roth Y, Harel EV, Braw Y, Sheer A, Zangen A. A randomized controlled feasibility and safety study of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2007;11812:2730-44. (Pubitemid 350180620)
105. Levy WJ, Amassian VE, Schmid UD, Jungreis C. Mapping of motor cortex gyral sites non-invasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation in normal subjects and patients. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1991;43:51-75.
106. Lisanby SH, Gutman D, Luber B, Schroeder C, Sackeim HA. Sham TMS: intracerebral measurement of the induced electrical field and the induction of motor-evoked potentials. Biol Psychiatry 2001;495:460-3. (Pubitemid 32234309)
107. Lomber SG. The advantages and limitations of permanent or reversible deactivation techniques in the assessment of neural function. J Neurosci Methods 1999;862:109-17. (Pubitemid 29062265)
108. Loo CK, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC, McDarmont BN, Mitchell PB, Sachdev PS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in controlled treatment studies: are some "sham" forms active ? Biol Psychiatry 2000;474:325-31.
109. Luft AR, Kaelin-Lang A, Hauser TK, Cohen LG, Thakor NV, Hanley DF. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rat. Exp Brain Res 2001;1401:112-21. (Pubitemid 32758979)
110. Machii K, Cohen D, Ramos-Estebanez C, Pascual-Leone A. Safety of rTMS to non-motor cortical areas in healthy participants and patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;1172:455-71. (Pubitemid 43228037)
111. Maeda F, Gangitano M, Thall M, Pascual-Leone A. Inter- and intra-individual variability of paired-pulse curves with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Clin Neurophysiol 2002;1133:376-82. (Pubitemid 34233859)
112. Maeda F, Keenan JP, Tormos JM, Topka H, Pascual-Leone A. Interindividual variability of the modulatory effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortical excitability. Exp Brain Res 2000;1334:425-30. (Pubitemid 30609368)
113. Maeda F, Keenan JP, Tormos JM, Topka H, Pascual-Leone A. Modulation of corticospinal excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2000;1115:800-5. (Pubitemid 30236424)
114. Mansur CG, Fregni F, Boggio PS, Riberto M, Gallucci-Neto J, Santos CM, et al. A sham stimulation-controlled trial of rTMS of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients. Neurology 2005;6410:1802-4. (Pubitemid 40695826)
115. Martin PI, Naeser MA, Theoret H, Tormos JM, Nicholas M, Kurland J, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a complementary treatment for aphasia. Semin Speech Lang 2004;252:181-91. (Pubitemid 38702061)
116. Matthews N, Luber B, Qian N, Lisanby SH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation differentially affects speed and direction judgments. Exp Brain Res 2001;1404:397-406. (Pubitemid 32938321)
117. May A, Hajak G, Ganssbauer S, Steffens T, Langguth B, Kleinjung T, et al. Structural brain alterations following 5 days of intervention: dynamic aspects of neuroplasticity. Cereb Cortex 2007;171:205-10. (Pubitemid 44973908)
118. Meinzer M, Flaisch T, Breitenstein C, Wienbruch C, Elbert T, Rockstroh B. Functional re-recruitment of dysfunctional brain areas predicts language recovery in chronic aphasia. Neuroimage 2007.
119. Merabet L, Thut G, Murray B, Andrews J, Hsiao S, Pascual-Leone A. Feeling by sight or seeing by touch ? Neuron 2004;421:173-9.
120. Meunier S, Russmann H, Simonetta-Moreau M, Hallett M. Changes in spinal excitability after PAS. J Neurophysiol 2007;974:3131-5. (Pubitemid 46557740)
121. Mochizuki H, Ugawa Y, Terao Y, Sakai KL. Cortical hemoglobin- concentration changes under the coil induced by single-pulse TMS in humans: a simultaneous recording with near-infrared spectroscopy. Exp Brain Res 2006;1693:302-10. (Pubitemid 43356322)
122. Moliadze V, Giannikopoulos D, Eysel UT, Funke K. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol applied to visual cortex of anaesthetized cat: effects on visually evoked single-unit activity. J Physiol 2005;566(Pt 3):955-65. (Pubitemid 41122674)
123. Moliadze V, Zhao Y, Eysel U, Funke K. Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on single-unit activity in the cat primary visual cortex. J Physiol 2003;553(Pt 2):665-79. (Pubitemid 37527562)
124. Mottaghy FM, Gangitano M, Krause BJ, Pascual-Leone A. Chronometry of parietal and prefrontal activations in verbal working memory revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 2003;183:565-75. (Pubitemid 36349407)
125. Mottaghy FM, Krause BJ, Kemna LJ, Topper R, Tellmann L, Beu M, et al. Modulation of the neuronal circuitry subserving working memory in healthy human subjects by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurosci Lett 2000;2803:167-70. (Pubitemid 30089827)
126. Mottaghy FM, Pascual-Leone A, Kemna LJ, Topper R, Herzog H, Muller-Gartner HW, et al. Modulation of a brain-behavior relationship in verbal working memory by rTMS. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2003;153:241-9. (Pubitemid 36084370)
127. Muellbacher W, Ziemann U, Wissel J, Dang N, Kofler M, Facchini S, et al. Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex. Nature 2002;4156872:640-4. (Pubitemid 34136390)
128. Muller MB, Toschi N, Kresse AE, Post A, Keck ME. Long-term repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cholecystokinin mRNA, but not neuropeptide tyrosine mRNA in specific areas of rat brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;232:205-15. (Pubitemid 30406905)
129. Naeser MA, Martin PI, Nicholas M, Baker EH, Seekins H, Kobayashi M, et al. Improved picture naming in chronic aphasia after TMS to part of right Broca's area: an open-protocol study. Brain Lang 2005;931:95-105.
130. Nakamura H, Kitagawa H, Kawaguchi Y, Tsuji H. Intracortical facilitation and inhibition after transcranial magnetic stimulation in conscious humans. J Physiol 1997;498(Pt 3):817-23. (Pubitemid 27089476)
131. Nakamura K, Hara N, Kouider S, Takayama Y, Hanajima R, Sakai K, et al. Task-guided selection of the dual neural pathways for reading. Neuron 2006;523:557-64. (Pubitemid 44667434)
132. Neumann-Haefelin T, Witte OW. Periinfarct and remote excitability changes after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000;201:45-52. (Pubitemid 30019829)
133. Nudo RJ, Friel KM. Cortical plasticity after stroke implications for rehabilitation Rev Neurol (Paris) 1999;1559:713-7.
134. Nudo RJ, Milliken GW. Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurophysiol 1996;755:2144-9. (Pubitemid 26159047)
135. Nudo RJ, Milliken GW, Jenkins WM, Merzenich MM. Usedependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurosci 1996;162:785-807. (Pubitemid 26028836)
136. Nudo RJ, Wise BM, SiFuentes F, Milliken GW. Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science 1996;2725269:1791-4. (Pubitemid 26256399)
137. Okabe S, Hanajima R, Ohnishi T, Nishikawa M, Imabayashi E, Takano H, et al. Functional connectivity revealed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) during repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2003;1143:450-7. (Pubitemid 36561113)
138. Oliveri M, Calvo G. Increased visual cortical excitability in ecstasy users: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;748:1136-8.
139. Oliveri M, Rossini PM, Filippi MM, Traversa R, Cicinelli P, Palmieri MG, et al. Time-dependent activation of parieto-frontal networks for directing attention to tactile space. A study with paired transcranial magnetic stimulation pulses in right-brain-damaged patients with extinction. Brain 2000;123(Pt 9):1939-47.
140. Onuki T, Wakao S, Miyokawa T, Nishimura Y. Design Optimization of Stimulation Coil System for Nerve Stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1998; 34July.
141. Pascual-Leone A, Amedi A, Fregni F, Merabet LB. The plastic human brain cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 2005;28:377-401. (Pubitemid 41098910)
142. Pascual-Leone A, Bartres-Faz D, Keenan JP. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain-behaviour relationship by induction of 'virtual lesions'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1999;3541387:1229-38.
143. Pascual-Leone A, Catala MD, Pascual-Leone Pascual A. Lateralized effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on mood. Neurology 1996;462:499-502. (Pubitemid 26081340)
144. Pascual-Leone A, Wassermann DN, Rothwell EM, Puri JBK. Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. London: Arnold Press; 2001.
145. Pascual-Leone A, Gates JR, Dhuna A. Induction of speech arrest and counting errors with rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 1991;415:697-702.
146. Pascual-Leone A, Gomez-Tortosa E, Grafman J, Alway D, Nichelli P, Hallett M. Induction of visual extinction by rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of parietal lobe. Neurology 1994;443(Pt 1):494-8. (Pubitemid 24098150)
147. Pascual-Leone A, Rubio B, Pallardo F, Catala MD. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression. Lancet 1996;3489022:233-7. (Pubitemid 26254198)
148. Pascual-Leone A, Tormos JM, Keenan J, Tarazona F, Canete C, Catala MD. Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 1998;154:333-43. (Pubitemid 28402031)
149. Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Sole J, Wassermann EM, Hallett M. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 1994;117(Pt 4):847-58. (Pubitemid 24281845)
150. Pascual-Leone A, Walsh V. Fast backprojections from the motion to the primary visual area necessary for visual awareness. Science 2001;2925516:510-2. (Pubitemid 32335955)
151. Pascual-Leone A, Walsh V, Rothwell J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience-virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000;102:232-7. (Pubitemid 30201117)
152. Paus T, Castro-Alamancos MA, Petrides M. Cortico-cortical connectivity of the human mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex and its modulation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2001;148:1405-11. (Pubitemid 35463746)
153. Paus T, Jech R, Thompson CJ, Comeau R, Peters T, Evans AC. Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: a new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 1997;179:3178-84. (Pubitemid 27175830)
154. Paus T, Jech R, Thompson CJ, Comeau R, Peters T, Evans AC. Dose-dependent reduction of cerebral blood flow during rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human sensorimotor cortex. J Neurophysiol 1998;792:1102-7. (Pubitemid 28095922)
155. Payne BR, Lomber SG, Rushmore RJ, Pascual-Leone A. Cancellation of visuoparietal lesion-induced spatial neglect. Exp Brain Res 2003;1503:395-8. (Pubitemid 36693721)
156. Payne BR, Lomber SG, Villa AE, Bullier J. Reversible deactivation of cerebral network components. Trends Neurosci 1996;1912:535-42. (Pubitemid 26390173)
157. Pietrobon D. Migraine: new molecular mechanisms. Neuroscientist 2005;114:373-86. (Pubitemid 41040865)
158. Poreisz C, Boros K, Antal A, Paulus W. Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients. Brain Res Bull 2007;724(6):208-14. (Pubitemid 46602748)
159. Porro CA, Martinig M, Facchin P, Maieron M, Jones AK, Fadiga L. Parietal cortex involvement in the localization of tactile and noxious mechanical stimuli: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Behav Brain Res 2007;1782:183-9. (Pubitemid 46341434)
160. Post A, Crochemore C, Uhr M, Holsboer F, Behl C. Differential induction of NF-kappaB activity and neural cell death by antidepressants in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2000;1212:4331-7. (Pubitemid 32037841)
161. Post A, Keck ME. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a therapeutic tool in psychiatry: what do we know about the neurobiological mechanisms ? J Psychiatr Res 2001;354:193-215.
162. Post A, Muller MB, Engelmann M, Keck ME. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats: evidence for a neuroprotective effect in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 1999;119:3247-54. (Pubitemid 29431659)
163. Pourtois G, Sander D, Andres M, Grandjean D, Reveret L, Olivier E, et al. Dissociable roles of the human somatosensory and superior temporal cortices for processing social face signals. Eur J Neurosci 2004;2012:3507-15. (Pubitemid 40013560)
164. Quartarone A, Bagnato S, Rizzo V, Siebner HR, Dattola V, Scalfari A, et al. Abnormal associative plasticity of the human motor cortex in writer's cramp. Brain 2003;126(Pt 12):2586-96. (Pubitemid 37463078)
165. Quartarone A, Siebner HR, Rothwell JC. Task-specific hand dystonia: can too much plasticity be bad for you? Trends Neurosci 2006;294:192-9.
166. Ren C, Tarjan PP, Popovic DB. A novel electric design for electromagnetic stimulation-the Slinky coil. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1995;429:918-25.
167. Ridding MC, Rothwell JC. Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation? Nat Rev Neurosci 2007;87:559-67.
168. Ridding MC, Rothwell JC. Therapeutic use of rTMS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007b.
169. Robertson EM, Theoret H, Pascual-Leone A. Studies in cognition: the problems solved and created by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Cogn Neurosci 2003;157:948-60. (Pubitemid 37281759)
170. Romero JR, Anschel D, Sparing R, Gangitano M, Pascual-Leone A. Subthreshold low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation selectively decreases facilitation in the motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2002;1131:101-7. (Pubitemid 34093861)
171. Rossi S, Ferro M, Cincotta M, Ulivelli M, Bartalini S, Miniussi C, et al. A real electro-magnetic placebo (REMP) device for sham transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Clin Neurophysiol 2007;1183:709-16.
172. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A, Safety. ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol 2009;12012:2008-39.
173. Rossini PM, Barker AT, Berardelli A, Caramia MD, Caruso G, Cracco RQ, et al. Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;912:79-92. (Pubitemid 24246462)
174. Roth Y, Amir A, Levkovitz Y, Zangen A. Three-dimensional distribution of the electric field induced in the brain by transcranial magnetic stimulation using figure-8 and deep H-coils. J Clin Neurophysiol 2007;241:31-8. (Pubitemid 46207941)
175. Rounis E, Lee L, Siebner HR, Rowe JB, Friston KJ, Rothwell JC, et al. Frequency specific changes in regional cerebral blood flow and motor system connectivity following rTMS to the primary motor cortex. Neuroimage 2005;261:164-76. (Pubitemid 40602895)
176. Ruff CC, Blankenburg F, Bjoertomt O, Bestmann S, Freeman E, Haynes JD, et al. Concurrent TMS-fMRI and psychophysics reveal frontal influences on human retinotopic visual cortex. Curr Biol 2006;1615:1479-88.
177. Ruohonen J, Ollikainen M, Nikouline V, Virtanen J, Ilmoniemi RJ. Coil design for real and sham transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2000;472:145-8. (Pubitemid 30091540)
178. Rushmore RJ, Valero-Cabré A, Lomber SG, Hilgetag CC, Payne BR. Functional circuitry underlying visual neglect. Brain 2006.
179. Russmann H, Lamy JC, Shamim EA, Meunier S, Hallett M. Associative plasticity in intracortical inhibitory circuits in human motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2009;1206:1204-12.
180. Sack AT, Camprodon JA, Pascual-Leone A, Goebel R. The dynamics of interhemispheric compensatory processes in mental imagery. Science 2005;3085722:702-4. (Pubitemid 40594392)
181. Sack AT, Hubl D, Prvulovic D, Formisano E, Jandl M, Zanella FE, et al. The experimental combination of rTMS and fMRI reveals the functional relevance of parietal cortex for visuospatial functions. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2002;131:85-93. (Pubitemid 34183366)
182. Sack AT, Kohler A, Bestmann S, Linden DE, Dechent P, Goebel R, et al. Imaging the Brain Activity Changes Underlying Impaired Visuospatial Judgments: Simultaneous fMRI, TMS, and Behavioral Studies. Cereb Cortex 2007.
183. Salinas FS, Lancaster JL, Fox PT. Detailed 3D models of the induced electric field of transcranial magnetic stimulation coils. Phys Med Biol 2007;5210:2879-92.
184. Schurmann M, Nikouline VV, Soljanlahti S, Ollikainen M, Basar E, Ilmoniemi RJ. EEG responses to combined somatosensory and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2001;1121:19-24. (Pubitemid 32008732)
185. Shallice T. From neuropsychology to mental structure. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1988.
186. Shibasaki H. Human brain mapping: Hemodynamic response and electrophysiology. Clin Neurophysiol 2008.
187. Shindo K, Sugiyama K, Huabao L, Nishijima K, Kondo T, Izumi S. Long-term effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the unaffected posterior parietal cortex in patients with unilateral spatial neglect. J Rehabil Med 2006;381:65-7. (Pubitemid 43173184)
188. Siebner HR, Filipovic SR, Rowe JB, Cordivari C, Gerschlager W, Rothwell JC, et al. Patients with focal arm dystonia have increased sensitivity to slow-frequency repetitive TMS of the dorsal premotor cortex. Brain 2003;126(Pt 12):2710-25. (Pubitemid 37463090)
189. Siebner HR, Lang N, Rizzo V, Nitsche MA, Paulus W, Lemon RN, et al. Preconditioning of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence for homeostatic plasticity in the human motor cortex. J Neurosci 2004;2413:3379-85. (Pubitemid 38451903)
190. Siebner HR, Peller M, Willoch F, Auer C, Bartenstein P, Drzezga A, et al. Imaging functional activation of the auditory cortex during focal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex in normal subjects. Neurosci Lett 1999;2701:37-40. (Pubitemid 29322992)
191. Siebner HR, Rothwell J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: new insights into representational cortical plasticity. Exp Brain Res 2003;1481:1-16. (Pubitemid 35435791)
192. Siebner HR, Takano B, Peinemann A, Schwaiger M, Conrad B, Drzezga A. Continuous transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: a suitable tool for imaging regional excitability of the human cortex. Neuroimage 2001;144:883-90. (Pubitemid 32929889)
193. Siebner HR, Willoch F, Peller M, Auer C, Boecker H, Conrad B, et al. Imaging brain activation induced by long trains of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroreport 1998;95:943-8. (Pubitemid 28179305)
194. Silvanto J, Lavie N, Walsh V. Double dissociation of V1 and V5/MT activity in visual awareness. Cereb Cortex 2005;1511:1736-41. (Pubitemid 41447038)
195. Silvanto J, Muggleton NG. A novel approach for enhancing the functional specificity of TMS: revealing the properties of distinct neural populations within the stimulated region. Clin Neurophysiol 2007.
196. Silvanto J, Muggleton NG. New light through old windows: Moving beyond the "virtual lesion" approach to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 2008;392:549-52.
197. Silvanto J, Muggleton NG, Cowey A, Walsh V. Neural activation state determines behavioral susceptibility to modified theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2007;262:523-8. (Pubitemid 47087621)
198. Silvanto J, Muggleton NG, Cowey A, Walsh V. Neural adaptation reveals state-dependent effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2007;256:1874-81. (Pubitemid 46550012)
199. Sohn YH, Kaelin-Lang A, Jung HY, Hallett M. Effect of levetiracetam on human corticospinal excitability. Neurology 2001;575:858-63. (Pubitemid 32845508)
200. Sommer J, Jansen A, Drager B, Steinstrater O, Breitenstein C, Deppe M, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation-a sandwich coil design for a better sham. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;1172:440-6. (Pubitemid 43228035)
201. Sparing R, Buelte D, Meister IG, Paus T, Fink GR. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the challenge of coil placement: a comparison of conventional and stereotaxic neuronavigational strategies. Hum Brain Mapp 2008;291:82-96.
202. Sparing R, Dambeck N, Stock K, Meister IG, Huetter D, Boroojerdi B. Investigation of the primary visual cortex using shortinterval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Neurosci Lett 2005;3823:312-6. (Pubitemid 40733643)
203. Sprague JM. Interaction of cortex and superior colliculus in mediation of visually guided behavior in the cat. Science 1966;153743:1544-7.
204. Strafella AP, Ko JH, Grant J, Fraraccio M, Monchi O. Corticostriatal functional interactions in Parkinson's disease: a rTMS/[11C]raclopride PET study. Eur J Neurosci 2005;2211:2946-52. (Pubitemid 41811290)
205. Strafella AP, Paus T. Cerebral blood-flow changes induced by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2001;856:2624-9. (Pubitemid 32525538)
206. Strafella AP, Paus T, Barrett J, Dagher A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus. J Neurosci 2001;2115:RC157.
207. Strens LH, Oliviero A, Bloem BR, Gerschlager W, Rothwell JC, Brown P. The effects of subthreshold 1 Hz repetitive TMS on cortico-cortical and interhemispheric coherence. Clin Neurophysiol 2002;1138:1279-85. (Pubitemid 34879078)
208. Takeuchi N, Chuma T, Matsuo Y, Watanabe I, Ikoma K. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of contralesional primary motor cortex improves hand function after stroke. Stroke 2005;3612:2681-6.
209. Talelli P, Greenwood RJ, Rothwell JC. Exploring Theta Burst Stimulation as an intervention to improve motor recovery in chronic stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2007;1182:333-42. (Pubitemid 46038821)
210. Taub E, Miller NE, Novack TA, Cook EW, 3rd, Fleming WC, Nepomuceno CS, et al. Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;744:347-54. (Pubitemid 23115348)
211. Taub E, Uswatte G, Elbert T. New treatments in neurorehabilitation founded on basic research. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002;33:228-36. (Pubitemid 135706592)
212. Thickbroom GW, Sammut R, Mastaglia FL. Magnetic stimulation mapping of motor cortex: factors contributing to map area. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998;1092:79-84.
213. Thielscher A, Kammer T. Linking physics with physiology in TMS: a sphere field model to determine the cortical stimulation site in TMS. Neuroimage 2002;173:1117-30. (Pubitemid 35333835)
214. Thielscher A, Kammer T. Electric field properties of two commercial figure-8 coils in TMS: calculation of focality and efficiency. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;1157:1697-708. (Pubitemid 38760317)
215. Thut G, Ives JR, Kampmann F, Pastor MA, Pascual-Leone A. A new device and protocol for combining TMS and online recordings of EEG and evoked potentials. J Neurosci Methods 2005;1412:207-17. (Pubitemid 40126659)
216. Thut G, Nietzel A, Pascual-Leone A. Dorsal posterior parietal rTMS affects voluntary orienting of visuospatial attention. Cereb Cortex 2005;155:628-38. (Pubitemid 40577478)
217. Thut G, Theoret H, Pfennig A, Ives J, Kampmann F, Northoff G, et al. Differential effects of low-frequency rTMS at the occipital pole on visual-induced alpha desynchronization and visual-evoked potentials. Neuroimage 2003;182:334-47. (Pubitemid 36269143)
218. Valero-Cabré A, Oliveri M, Gangitano M, Pascual-Leone A. Modulation of spinal cord excitability by subthreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex in humans. Neuroreport 2001;1217:3845-8. (Pubitemid 33105183)
219. Valero-Cabré A, Pascual-Leone A. Impact of TMS on the primary motor cortex and associated spinal systems. IEEE Eng Med Biol 2005;241:29-36.
220. Valero-Cabré A, Pascual-Leone A, Rushmore RJ. Cumulative sessions of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) build-up facilitation to further TMS-mediated behavioral disruptions. Eur J Neurosci 2008;274:765-74. (Pubitemid 351239301)
221. Valero-Cabré A, Payne BR. Non-invasive induction and cancellation of visuo-spatial deficits by repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): Lessons on "surgery-less" manipulation of complex visuo-spatial brain networks. Rev Brasil Neurol 2006:73-83.
222. Valero-Cabré A, Payne BR, Pascual-Leone A. Opposite impact on (14)C-2-deoxyglucose brain metabolism following patterns of high and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the posterior parietal cortex. Exp Brain Res 2007;1764:603-15.
223. Valero-Cabré A, Rushmore R, Lomber SG, Payne BR, Pascual-Leone A. Impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex on metabolic brain activity: a 14C-2DG tracing study in the cat. Exp Brain Res 2005;1631:1-12. (Pubitemid 40868510)
224. Valero-Cabré A, Rushmore RJ, Payne BR. Low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on the posterior parietal cortex induces visuotopically specific neglect-like syndrome. Exp Brain Res 2006:1-8.
225. Van Der Werf YD, Paus T. The neural response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. I. Intracortical and cortico-cortical contributions. Exp Brain Res 2006;1752:231-45.
226. Van Der Werf YD, Sadikot AF, Strafella AP, Paus T. The neural response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. II. Thalamocortical contributions. Exp Brain Res 2006;1752:246-55.
227. Virtanen J, Ruohonen J, Naatanen R, Ilmoniemi RJ. Instrumentation for the measurement of electric brain responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Med Biol Eng Comput 1999;373:322-6. (Pubitemid 29265294)
228. Vuilleumier P, Hester D, Assal G, Regli F. Unilateral spatial neglect recovery after sequential strokes. Neurology 1996;461:184-9. (Pubitemid 26156127)
229. Wagner T, Eden U, Fregni F, Valero-Cabré A, Ramos-Estebanez C, Pronio-Stelluto V, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and brain atrophy: a computer-based human brain model study. Exp Brain Res 2008;1864:539-50.
230. Wagner T, Fregni F, Eden U, Ramos-Estebanez C, Grodzinsky A, Zahn M, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and stroke: a computer-based human model study. Neuroimage 2006;303:857-70.
231. Wagner T, Fregni F, Fecteau S, Grodzinsky A, Zahn M, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study. Neuroimage 2007;353:1113-24. (Pubitemid 46507817)
232. Wagner T, Gangitano M, Romero R, Theoret H, Kobayashi M, Anschel D, et al. Intracranial measurement of current densities induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the human brain. Neurosci Lett 2004;3542:91-4. (Pubitemid 38032841)
233. Wagner T, Rushmore J, Eden U, Valero-Cabré A. Biophysical foundations underlying TMS: setting the stage for an effective use of neurostimulation in the cognitive neurosciences. Cortex 2009;459:1025-34.
234. Wagner T, Valero-Cabré A, Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive human brain stimulation. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2007;9:527-65. (Pubitemid 350246667)
235. Wagner TA, Zahn M, Grodzinsky AJ, Pascual-Leone A. Three-dimensional head model simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2004;519:1586-98. (Pubitemid 39100232)
236. Walsh A, Pascual-Leone A. Neurochronometrics of Mind: TMS in Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2003.
237. Walsh V, Cowey A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2000;11:73-9.
238. Walsh V, Rushworth M. A primer of magnetic stimulation as a tool for neuropsychology. Neuropsychologia 1999;372:125-35. (Pubitemid 29062317)
239. Wang H, Wang X, Scheich H. LTD and LTP induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in auditory cortex. Neuroreport 1996;72:521-5. (Pubitemid 26105032)
240. Wassermann EM. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998;1081:1-16.
241. Weddell RA. Subcortical modulation of spatial attention including evidence that the Sprague effect extends to man. Brain Cogn 2004;553:497-506. (Pubitemid 38829619)
242. Wu AD. Functional neuroimaging and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol Dis 2007;41:1-9. (Pubitemid 46536949)
243. Xu G, Wang M, Chen Y, Yang S, Yan W. The Optimal Design of Magnetic Coil in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2005;61:6221-4.
244. Zangen A, Hyodo K. Transcranial magnetic stimulation induces increases in extracellular levels of dopamine and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport 2002;1318:2401-5. (Pubitemid 36143532)
245. Ziemann U. TMS and drugs. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;1158:1717-29. (Pubitemid 38952939)
246. Ziemann U, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Mechanisms of deafferentation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex. J Neurosci 1998;1817:7000-7. (Pubitemid 28388028)
247. Ziemann U, Muellbacher W, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Modulation of practice-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex. Brain 2001;124(Pt 6):1171-81. (Pubitemid 32510385)
248. Ziemann U, Tam A, Butefisch C, Cohen LG. Dual modulating effects of amphetamine on neuronal excitability and stimulation-induced plasticity in human motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2002;1138:1308-15. (Pubitemid 34874523)