Magnetic stimulation mapping of motor cortex: factors contributing to map area

Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology - Electromyography and Motor Control

Volumn 109, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 79-84

  Thickbroom, G W ^a   Sammut, R ^a   Mastaglia, F L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Area; Current spread; Mapping; Stimulus depth; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN MAPPING; ELECTROMYOGRAM; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MOTOR CORTEX; MUSCLE EXCITATION; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VOLUNTEER;

ADULT; BRAIN MAPPING; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MALE; MOTOR CORTEX;

EID: 0031925760     PISSN: 0924980X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00006-X     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Brasil-Neto J.P., Cohen L.G., Pascual-Leone A., Jabir K., Wall R.T., Hallett M. Rapid reversible modulation of human motor outputs after transient deafferentation of the forearm: a study with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 42:1992;1302-1306.
2. Brasil-Neto J.P., Valls-Sole J., Pascual-Leone A., Cammarota A., Amassian V.E., Cracco R., Maccabee P., Cracco J., Hallett M., Cohen L.G. Rapid modulation of human cortical motor outputs following ischaemic nerve-block. Brain. 116:1993;511-525.
3. Burke D., Hicks R., Gandevia S., Stephen J., Woodforth I., Crawford M. Direct comparison of corticospinal volleys in human subjects to transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. J. Physiol. 470:1993;383-393.
4. Cohen, L.G., Brasil-Neto, J.P., Pascual-Leone, A. and Hallett, M. Plasticity of cortical motor output organisation following deafferentation, cerebral lesions, and skill acquisition. In: O. Devinsky, A. Beric and M. Dogali (Eds.), Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord. Raven Press, New York, 1993, pp. 187-200.
5. Colebatch J.G., Deiber M.-P., Passingham R.E., Friston K.J., Frackowiak R.S.J. Regional cerebral blood flow during voluntary arm and hand movements in human subjects. J. Neurophysiol. 65:1991;1392-1401.
6. Connelly A., Jackson G.D., Frackowiak R.S.J., Belliveau J.W., Vargha-Khadem F., Gadian D.G. Functional mapping of activated human primary cortex with a clinical MR imaging system. Radiology. 188:1993;125-130.
7. Day B.L., Dressler D., Maertens de Noordhout A., Marsden C.D., Nakashima K., Rothwell J.C., Thompson P.D. Electric and magnetic stimulation of motor cortex: surface EMG and single motor unit responses. J. Physiol. 412:1989;449-473.
8. Foerster O. The motor cortex in man in the light of Hughling's Jackson's doctrines. Brain. 59:1936;135-159.
9. Jalinous R. Technical and practical aspects of magnetic nerve stimulation. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 8:1991;10-25.
10. Liepert J., Tegenthoff M., Malin J.-P. Changes of cortical motor area size during immobilization. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 97:1995;382-386.
11. Penfield W., Boldrey E. Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain. 60:1937;389-443.
12. Penfield, W. and Rasmussen, T. The Cerebral Cortex of Man. Macmillan, New York, 1950.
13. Pascual-Leone A., Torres F. Plasticity of the sensorimotor cortex representation of the reading finger in Braille readers. Brain. 116:1993;39-52.
14. Pascual-Leone A., Grafman J., Hallett M. Modulation of cortical output maps during development of implicit and explicit knowledge. Science. 263:1994;1287-1289.
15. Rao S.M., Binder J.R., Hammeke T.A., Bandettini P.A., Bobholz J.A., Frost J.A., Myklebust B.M., Jacobson R.D., Hyde J.S. Somatotopic mapping of the human primary motor cortex with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology. 45:1995;919-924.
16. Ridding M.C., Rothwell J.C. Reorganisation in human motor cortex. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73:1995;218-222.
17. Roland P.E., Meyer E., Shibisaki T., Yamamoto Y.L., Thompson C.J. Regional cerebral blood flow changes in cortex and basal ganglia during voluntary movements in normal human volunteers. J. Neurophysiol. 48:1982;467-478.
18. Roth B., Saypol J.M., Hallett M., Cohen L.G. A theoretical calculation of the electric field induced in the cortex during magnetic stimulation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 81:1991;47-56.
19. Rothwell J.C., Thompson P.D., Day B.L., Boyd S., Marsden C.D. Stimulation of the human motor cortex through the scalp. Exp. Physiol. 76:1991;159-200.
20. Rothwell J.C. Plasticity in spinal and cortical motor systems. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 99:1996;297.
21. Rudiak D., Marg E. Finding the depth of magnetic brain stimulation: a re-evaluation. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 93:1994;358-371.
22. Thompson M.L., Thickbroom G.W., Sacco P., Wilson S.A., Stell R., Mastaglia F.L. Changes in the organisation of the corticomotor projection to the hand in writer's cramp. Movement Disorders. 11:1996;219.
23. Thompson M.L., Thickbroom G.W., Laing B.A., Wilson S.A., Mastaglia F.L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of the corticomotor projection to the hand after sub-cortical stroke. Movement Disorders. 11:1996;73.
24. Traveras R., Cicinelli P., Bassi A., Rossini P.M., Bernardi G. Mapping of motor cortical reorganisation after stroke. A brain stimulation study with focal magnetic pulses. Stroke. 28:1997;110-117.
25. Wassermann E.M., McShane L.M., Hallett M., Cohen L.G. Noninvasive mapping of muscle representations in human motor cortex. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol. 85:1992;1-8.
26. Wilson S.A., Thickbroom G.W., Mastaglia F.L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping of the motor cortex in normal subjects: the representation of two intrinsic hand muscles. J. Neurol. Sci. 118:1993;134-144.
27. Yousry T.A., Schmid U.D., Alkadhi H., Schmidt D., Peraud A., Buettner A., Winkler P. Localization of the motor hand area to a knob on the precentral gyrus. A new landmark. Brain. 120:1997;141-157.