Statin-based treatment for cardiovascular risk and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Killing two birds with one stone?

Annals of Medicine

Volumn 43, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 167-171

  Athyros, Vasilios G ^a   Tziomalos, Konstantinos ^a   Daskalopoulos, Georgios N ^b   Karagiannis, Asterios ^a   Mikhailidis, Dimitri P ^c  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b University Larissa   (Greece)

^c ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; clinical benefit; liver enzymes; non alcoholic fatty liver disease; statin

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ATORVASTATIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IRBESARTAN; LOSARTAN; METFORMIN; ROSIGLITAZONE; ROSUVASTATIN; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MONOTHERAPY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FATTY LIVER; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; LIVER FUNCTION TESTS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79953880237     PISSN: 07853890     EISSN: 13652060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.561363     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Boparai N, Liu YC, McCullough AJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1413-9. (Pubitemid 29258890)
2. Mulhall BP, Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An overview. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;17: 1136-42.
3. Athyros VG, Kakafi ka AI, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Do we need to consider infl ammatory markers when we treat atherosclerotic disease? Atherosclerosis. 2008;200:1-12.
4. Cave M, Deaciuc I, Mendez C, Song Z, Joshi-Barve S, Barve S, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predisposing factors and the role of nutrition. J Nutr Biochem. 2007;18:184-95. (Pubitemid 46216810)
5. Lucero D, Zago V, L ó pez GI, Graffi gna M, Fainboim H, Miksztowicz V, et al. Pro-infl ammatory and atherogenic circulating factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated to metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412:143-7.
6. Chiang CH, Huang CC, Chan WL, Chen JW, Leu HB. The severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease correlates with high sensitivity C-reactive protein value and is independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk in healthy population. Clin Biochem. 2010;43:1399-404.
7. Targher G, Bertolini L, Rodella S. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2119-21. (Pubitemid 47219432)
8. Targher G, Arcaro G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2007;191:235-40. (Pubitemid 46400718)
9. Sung KC, Ryan MC, Wilson AM. The severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in a large cohort of non-obese Asian subjects. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203:581-6.
10. Bugianesi E, Gastaldelli A, Vanni E, Gambino R, Cassader M, Baldi S, et al. Insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: sites and mechanisms. Diabetologia. 2005;48:634-42. (Pubitemid 40591217)
11. Meier U, Gressner A. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism: review of pathobiochemical and clinical chemical aspects of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and resistin. Clin Chem. 2004;50:1511-25. (Pubitemid 39121218)
12. Paumelle R, Blanquart C, Briand O, Barbier O, Duhem C, Woerly G, et al. Acute anti-infl ammatory properties of statins involve peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α via inhibition of the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Circ Res. 2006;98:361-9.
13. Matafome P, Nunes E, Louro T, Amaral C, Cris ó stomo J, Rodrigues L, et al. A role for atorvastatin and insulin combination in protecting from liver injury in a model of type 2 diabetes with hyperlipidemia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2009;379:241-51.
14. Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Skoumas J, Masoura C. The emerging anti-infl ammatory role of HDL-cholesterol, illustrated in cardiovascular disease free population, the ATTICA Study. Int J Cardiol. 2006;122:29-33. (Pubitemid 47503343)
15. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, Pagano G. Metaanalysis: Natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity. Ann Med. 2010 Nov 2 (Epub ahead of print).
16. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists'(CTT) Collaboration; Bai-gent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, et al. Effi cacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1670-81.
17. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al.; for the JUPITER Study Group. Rosuvasta-tin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195-207.
18. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, et al.; for the JUPITER Study Group. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2009;373: 1175-82.
19. G ó mez-Dom í nguez E, Gisbert JP, Moreno-Monteagudo JA, Garc í a-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R. A pilot study of atorvastatin treatment in dyslipidemic, non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:1643-7. (Pubitemid 43727474)
20. Musso G, Gambino R, De Mchieli F, Biroli G, Fag à E, Pagano G, et al. Association of liver disease with postprandial large intestinal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein accumulation and pro/antioxidant imbalance in normolipidemic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Ann Med. 2008;40:383-94. (Pubitemid 351882891)
21. Athyros VG, Mkhailidis DP, Didangelos TP, Giouleme OI, Liberopoulos EN, Karagiannis A, et al. Effect of multifactorial treatment on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in metabolic syndrome: a randomised study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:873-83. (Pubitemid 43875555)
22. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Athyrou VV, Demitriadis DS, Kontopoulos AG. Atorvastatin and micronized fenofi brate alone and in combination in type 2 diabetes with combined hyperlipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1198-202. (Pubitemid 41071172)
23. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Didangelos TP, Peletidou A, Kleta D, et al. Targeting vascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome but without diabetes. Metabolism. 2005;54:1065-74. (Pubitemid 41033108)
24. Hatzitolios A, Savopoulos C, Lazaraki G, Sidiropoulos I, Haritanti P, Lefkopoulos A, et al. Effi cacy of omega-3 fatty acids, atorvastatin and orlistat in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with dyslipidemia. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2004; 23:131-4. (Pubitemid 39145721)
25. Zhu FS, Liu S, Chen XM, Huang ZG, Zhang DW. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:6395-400.
26. Balasubramanian R, Varadharajan S, Kathale A, Nagraj LM, Periyandavar I, Nayak UP, et al. Assessment of the effi cacy and tolerability of a fi xed dose combination of atorvastatin 10 mg + metformin SR 500 mg in diabetic dyslipidaemia in adult Indian patients. J Indian Med Assoc. 2008;106:464-7.
27. Sathyapalan T, Kilpatrick ES, Coady AM, Atkin SL. Atorvastatin pre-treatment augments the effect of metformin in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72:566-8.
28. Tousoulis D, Koniari K, Antoniades C, Papageorgiou N, Miliou A, Noutsou M, et al. Combined effects of atorvasta-tin and metformin on glucose-induced variations of infl am-matory process in patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Dec 24. (Epub ahead of print).
29. Matafome P, Monteiro P, Nunes E, Louro T, Amaral C, Moedas AR, et al. Therapeutic association of atorvastatin and insulin in cardiac ischemia: study in a model of type 2 diabetes with hyperlipidemia. Pharmacol Res. 2008;58:208-14.
30. Vuppalanchi R, Chalasani N. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Selected practical issues in their evaluation and management. Hepatology. 2009;49:306-17.
31. Lutchman G, Modi A, Kleiner DE, Promrat K, Heller T, Ghany M, et al. The effects of discontinuing pioglitazone in pateints with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2007;46:424-9. (Pubitemid 47344777)
32. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2457-71. (Pubitemid 46919772)
33. Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, Charlotte F, Hartemann-Heurtier A, Serfaty L, et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) Trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:100-10. (Pubitemid 351916703)
34. Kiyici M, Gulten M, Gurel S, Nak SG, Dolar E, Savci G, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid and atorvastatin in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2003;17:713-8. (Pubitemid 38072335)
35. Georgescu EF, Georgescu M. Therapeutic options in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Are all agents alike? Results of a preliminary study. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16:39-46. (Pubitemid 46548588)
36. Ceriello A, Assaloni R, Da Ros R, Maier A, Piconi L, Quagliaro L, et al. Effect of atorvastatin and irbesartan, alone and in combination, on postprandial endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients. Circulation. 2005;111:2518-24. (Pubitemid 40696141)
37. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Bouloukos VI, Pehlivanidis AN, Symeonidis AN, et al.; GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Effect of statins and ACE inhibitors alone and in combination on clinical outcome in patients with coronary heart disease. J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18: 781-8. (Pubitemid 39530090)
38. Liberopoulos EN, Athyros VG, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Statins for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new indication? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:698-9. (Pubitemid 44127854)
39. Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Gossios TD, Griva T, Anagnostis P, Kargiotis K, et al.; GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Safety and effi cacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study: a post-hoc analysis. Lancet. 2010;376:1916-22.
40. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Mercouris BR, Athyrou VV, Symeonidis AN, Basayannis EO, et al. Treatment with ator-vastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus'usual'care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18:220-28.
41. Lioudaki E, Ganotakis ES, Mikhailidis DP. Ezetimibe; more than a low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering drug? An update after 4 years. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2011;9:62-86.
42. Park H, Shima T, Yamaguchi K, Mitsuyoshi H, Minami M, Yasui K, et al. Effi cacy of long-term ezetimibe therapy in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroen-terol. 2011;46:101-7.
43. Park H, Hasegawa G, Shima T, Fukui M, Nakamura N, Yamaguchi K, et al. The fatty acid composition of plasma cholesteryl esters and estimated desaturase activities in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the effect of long-term ezetimibe therapy on these levels. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411:1735-40.
44. Ahmed MH, Byrne CD. Ezetimibe as a potential treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: is the intestine a modulator of hepatic insulin sensitivity and hepatic fat accumulation? Drug Discov Today. 2010;15:590-5.
45. Yoneda M, Fujita K, Nozaki Y, Endo H, Takahashi H, Hosono K, et al. Effi cacy of ezetimibe for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An open-label, pilot study. Hepatol Res. 2010;40:613-21.
46. Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet. 2010;375:735-42.
47. Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Lipid-lowering agents and new onset diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11:1965-70.
48. Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus: room for residual risk reduction after lifestyle changes? Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16:3939-47.
49. Ali R, Cusi K. New diagnostic and treatment approaches in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Ann Med. 2009;41:265-78.
50. Angulo P. Current best treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003;4:611-23. (Pubitemid 36644122)
51. Toutouzas K, Drakopoulou M, Skoumas I, Stefanadis C. Advancing therapy for hypercholesterolemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11:1659-72.
52. Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Symeo-nidis AN, Pehlivanidis AN, Bouloukos VI, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57: 728-34. (Pubitemid 38901488)
53. Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Kakafi ka A, Elisaf M, Mikhai-lidis D P. Statins and renal function. Is the compound and dose making a difference? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:963-4. (Pubitemid 46351732)
54. Liberopoulos EN, Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG, Elisaf MS. The effect of cholesterol-lowering treatment on renal function. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47:561. (Pubitemid 43255192)
55. Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP; GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Statins and renal function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin. 2003;19:615-7. (Pubitemid 37288068)
56. Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, Deedwania P, Breazna A, Dobson S, et al.; Treating to New Targets Investigators. Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:1131-9.
57. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:2005-16.