Cerebellar ataxia: Pathophysiology and rehabilitation

Clinical Rehabilitation

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 195-216

  Marsden, Jon ^a   Harris, Chris ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PSYCHOMOTOR DISORDER; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SPASTICITY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED KINGDOM;

CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; MALE; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; PSYCHOMOTOR DISORDERS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSATION DISORDERS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79953871626     PISSN: 02692155     EISSN: 14770873     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0269215510382495     Document Type: Article

References (288)

1. Lopes-Bastida J, Perestelo-Perez L, Monton- Alvarez F, Serrano-Aguilar P. Social economic costs and health-related quality of life in patients with degenerative cerebellar ataxia in Spain. Mov Disord 2008; 23: 212-17. (Pubitemid 351311550)
2. Timmann-Braun D, Diener H-C. Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration (including ataxias that are due to other toxic causes). In Klockgether T. ed. Handbook of ataxia disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, 571-606.
3. Timmann D, Brandauer B, Hermsdorfer J et al. Lesion mapping of the human cerebellum. Cerebellum 2008; 7: 602-6.
4. Dichgans J. Clinical symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction and their topodiagnostical significance. Hum Neurobiol 2004; 2: 269-79.
5. Dietrichs E. Clinical manifestation of focal cerebellar disease as related to the organization of neural pathways. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2008; 188: 11.
6. Brandauer B, Hermsdorfer J, Beck A et al. Impairments of prehension kinematics and grasping forces in patients with cerebellar degeneration and the relationship to cerebellar atrophy. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119: 2528-37.
7. Thach WT, Goodkin HP, Kearting JG. The cerebellum and the adaptive coordination of movement. Annu Rev Neurosci 1992; 15: 403-42.
8. Leiner HC, Leiner AL, Dow RS. Does the cerebellum contribute to mental skills? Behav Neurosci 1986; 100: 443-54. (Pubitemid 17169555)
9. Leiner HC, Leiner AL, Dow RS. Cerebrocerebellar learning loops in apes and humans. Ital J Neurol Sci 1987; 8: 425-36.
10. Blecic S, Bougousslavsky J. Cerebellar stroke. In Manto MU, Pandolfo M. eds. The cerebellum and its disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 202-28.
11. Voogd J, Glickstein M. The anatomy of the cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 1998; 21: 370-75. (Pubitemid 28384553)
12. Colin F, Ris L, Godaux E. Neuroanatomy of the cerebellum. In Manto MU, Pandolfo M. eds. The cerebellum and its disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 6-30.
13. Manzoni D. The cerebellum may implement the appropriate coupling of sensory inputs and motor responses: evidence from vestibular physiology. Cerebellum 2005; 4: 178-88. (Pubitemid 41354427)
14. Manzoni D, Andre P, Bruschini L. Coupling sensory inputs to the appropriate motor responses: new aspects of cerebellar function. Arch Ital Biol 2004; 142: 199-215. (Pubitemid 38796874)
15. Miall RC, Weir DJ, Wolpert DM, Stein JF. Is the cerebellum a Smith Predictor? J Mot Behav 1993; 25: 203-16.
16. Kawato M. Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1999; 9: 718-28.
17. Ivry RB, Spencer RM. The neural representation of time. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004; 14: 225-32. (Pubitemid 38479941)
18. Cordo PJ, Bell CC, Harnad SR. Motor learning and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
19. Ito M. Cerebellar circuitry as a neuronal machine. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 78: 272-303. (Pubitemid 43850094)
20. Klockgether T. The clinical diagnosis of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias. Cerebellum 2008; 7: 101-5.
21. Koht J, Tallaksen CM. Cerebellar ataxia in the eastern and southern parts of Norway. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2007; 187: 76-9. (Pubitemid 46535921)
22. Poser CM, Brinar VV. The accuracy of prevalence rates of multiple sclerosis: a critical review. Neuroepidemiology 2007; 29: 150-55. (Pubitemid 351197516)
23. Kis B, Rumberg B, Berlit P. Clinical characteristics of patients with late-onset multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2008; 255: 697-702.
24. Alusi SH, Worthington J, Glickman S, Bain PG. A study of tremor in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2001; 124: 720-30. (Pubitemid 32303831)
25. Macchi G, Jones EG. Toward an agreement on terminology of nuclear and subnuclear divisions of the motor thalamus. J Neurosurg 1997; 86: 670-85. (Pubitemid 27138638)
26. Kelly RM, Strick PL. Cerebellar loops with motor cortex and prefrontal cortex of a nonhuman primate. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 8432-44. (Pubitemid 37129661)
27. Soteropoulos DS, Baker SN. Bilateral representation in the deep cerebellar nuclei. J Physiol 2008; 586: 1117-36. (Pubitemid 351267350)
28. Immisch I, Quintern J, Straube A. Unilateral cerebellar lesions influence arm movements bilaterally. Neuroreport 2003; 14: 837-40. (Pubitemid 36667922)
29. Day BL, Thompson PD, Hardinng AE, Marsden CD. Influence of vision on upper limb reaching movements in patients with cerebellar ataxia. Brain 1998; 121: 357-72. (Pubitemid 28075809)
30. Bonnefoi-Kyriacou B, Legallet E, Lee RG, Trouche E. Spatio-temporal and kinematic analysis of pointing movements performed by cerebellar patients with limb ataxia. Exp Brain Res 1998; 119: 460-66. (Pubitemid 28159780)
31. Timmann D, Citron R, Watts S, Hore J. Increased variability in finger position occurs throughout overarm throws made by cerebellar and unskilled subjects. J Neurophysiol 2001; 86: 2690-702. (Pubitemid 33139040)
32. Bonnefoi-Kyriacou B, Trouche E, Legallet E, Viallet F. Planning and execution of pointing movements in cerebellar patients. Mov Disord 1995; 10: 171-78.
33. Topka H, Konczak J, Dichgans J. Coordination of multi-joint arm movements in cerebellar ataxia: analysis of hand and angular kinematics. Exp Brain Res 1998; 119: 483-92. (Pubitemid 28159783)
34. Bastian AJ, Zackowski KM, Thach WT. Cerebellar ataxia: torque deficiency or torque mismatch between joints? J Neurophysiol 2000; 83: 3019-30. (Pubitemid 30321490)
35. Bastian AJ, Martin TA, Keating JG, Thach WT. Cerebellar ataxia: abnormal control of interaction torques across multiple joints. J Neurophysiol 1996; 76: 492-509. (Pubitemid 26251183)
36. Goodkin HP, Keating JG, Martin TA, Thach WT. Preserved simple and impaired compound movement after infarction in the territory of the superior cerebellar artery. Can J Neurosci 1993; suppl 3: S93-S104. (Pubitemid 23211080)
37. Cerri G, Esposti R, Locatelli M, Cavallari P. Coupling of hand and foot voluntary oscillations in patients suffering cerebellar ataxia: different effect of lateral or medial lesions on coordination. Prog Brain Res 2005; 148: 227-41. (Pubitemid 40127309)
38. Bracewell RM, Balasubramaniam R, Wing AM. Interlimb coordination deficits during cyclic movements in cerebellar hemiataxia. Neurology 2005; 64: 751-52. (Pubitemid 40261917)
39. Bastian AJ, Mink JW, Kaufman BA, Thach WT. Posterior vermal split syndrome. Ann Neurol 1998; 44: 601-10. (Pubitemid 28477847)
40. Matsuo Y, Asai Y, Nomura T et al. Intralimb incoordination in patients with ataxia. Neuroreport 2003; 14: 2057-59.
41. Miall RC, Reckess GZ. The cerebellum and the timing of coordinated eye and hand tracking. Brain Cogn 2002; 48: 212-26. (Pubitemid 34095203)
42. Miall RC, Reckess GZ, Imamizu H. The cerebellum coordinates eye and hand tracking movements. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4: 638-44. (Pubitemid 32507379)
43. Brown SH, Kessler KR, Hefter H, Cooke JD, Freund HJ. Role of the cerebellum in visuomotor coordination. I. Delayed eye and arm initiation in patients with mild cerebellar ataxia. Exp Brain Res 1993; 94: 478-88. (Pubitemid 23218105)
44. Nagel M, Behrmann H, Zangemeister WH. Disturbance of predictive response initiation of eye and head movements in cerebellar patients. Eur Neurol 2008; 60: 179-85.
45. Tilikete C, Pelisson D. Ocular motor syndromes of the brainstem and cerebellum. Curr Opin Neurol 2008; 21: 22-28.
46. van Donkelaar P, Lee RG. Interactions between the eye and hand motor systems: disruptions due to cerebellar dysfunction. J Neurophysiol 1994; 72: 1674-85. (Pubitemid 24325094)
47. Crowdy KA, Hollands MA, Ferguson IT, Marple-Horvat DE. Evidence for interactive locomotor and oculomotor deficits in cerebellar patients during visually guided stepping. Exp Brain Res 2000; 135: 437-54.
48. Feys P, Helsen W, Liu X et al. Interaction between eye and hand movements in multiple sclerosis patients with intention tremor. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 705-13. (Pubitemid 41051782)
49. Feys P, Helsen W, Liu X et al. Effect of visual information on step-tracking movements in patients with intention tremor due to multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2003; 9: 492-502. (Pubitemid 37287730)
50. Vilis T, Hore J. Effects of changes in mechanical state of limb on cerebellar intention tremor. J Neurophysiol 1977; 40: 1214-24. (Pubitemid 8192889)
51. Flament D, Hore J. Movement and electromyographic disorders associated with cerebellar dysmetria. J Neurophysiol 1986; 55: 1221-33. (Pubitemid 16068462)
52. Hore J, Wild B, Diener H-C. Cerebellar dysmetria at the elbow, wrist, and fingers. J Neurophysiol 1991; 65: 563-71.
53. Berardelli A, Hallett M, Rothwell JC et al. Singlejoint rapid arm movements in normal subjects and in patients with motor disorders. Brain 1996; 119: 661-74. (Pubitemid 26149375)
54. Hallett M, Berardelli A, Matheson J, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD. Physiological analysis of simple rapid movements in patients with cerebellar deficits. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 124-33.
55. Topka H, Mescheriakov S, Boose A et al. A cerebellar- like terminal and postural tremor induced in normal man by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain 1999; 122: 1551-662.
56. Flament D, Hore J. Comparison of cerebellar intention tremor under isotonic and isometric conditions. Brain Res 1988; 26: 179-86. (Pubitemid 18065703)
57. Flament D, Vilis T, Hore J. Dependence of cerebellar tremor on proprioceptive but not visual feedback. Exp Neurol 1984; 84: 314-25. (Pubitemid 14141446)
58. Richard I, Gugleimi M, Boisliveau R et al. Load compensation tasks evoke tremor in cerebellar patients: the possible role of long latency stretch reflexes. Neurosci Lett 1997; 234: 99-102. (Pubitemid 27452102)
59. Dash BM. Role of peripheral inputs in cerebellar tremor. Mov Disord 1995; 10: 622-29.
60. Deuschl G, Bain P, Brin M. Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 2-23. (Pubitemid 28517753)
61. Feys P, Helsen W, Buekers M et al. The effect of changed visual feedback on intention tremor in multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Lett 2006; 394: 17-21. (Pubitemid 43052966)
62. Feys P, Helsen W, Nuttin B et al. Unsteady gaze fixation enhances the severity of MS intention tremor. Neurology 2008; 70: 106-13.
63. Sanes JN, LeWitt PA, Mauritz KH. Visual and mechanical control of postural and kinetic tremor in cerebellar system disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 934-43.
64. Beppu H, Suda M, Tanaka R. Analysis of cerebellar motor disorders by visually guided elbow tracking movement. Brain 1984; 107: 809.
65. Beppu H, Nagaoka M, Tanaka R. Analysis of cerebellar motor disorders by visually-guided elbow tracking movement. 2. Contribution of the visual cues on slow ramp pursuit. Brain 1987; 110: 1-18. (Pubitemid 17011333)
66. Beppu H, Suda M, Tanaka R. Slow visuomotor tracking in normal man and in patients with cerebellar ataxia. Adv Neurol 1983; 39: 895.
67. Miller RG, Freund HJ. Cerebellar dyssynergia in humans - a quantitative analysis. Ann Neurol 1980; 8: 574-79. (Pubitemid 11213500)
68. Haggard P, Jenner J, Wing AM. Coordination of aimed movements in a case of unilateral cerebellar damage. Neuropsychologia 1994; 32: 827-46. (Pubitemid 24195656)
69. Cody FW, Lovgreen B, Schady W. Increased dependence upon visual information of movement performance during visuo-motor tracking in cerebellar disorders. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 89: 399-407. (Pubitemid 24024441)
70. Haggard P, Miall RC, Wade D et al. Damage to cerebellocortical pathways after closed head injury: a behavioural and magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 58: 433-38.
71. Mai N, Bolsinger P, Avarello M, Diener H-C, Dichgans J. Control of isometric finger force in patients with cerebellar disease. Brain 1988; 111: 973-98.
72. Boose A, Dichgans J, Topka H. Deficits in phasic muscle force generation explain insufficient compensation for interaction torque in cerebellar patients. Neurosci Lett 1999; 261: 53-56. (Pubitemid 29100074)
73. Topka H, Konczak J, Schneider K, Boose A, Dichgans J. Multijoint arm movements in cerebellar ataxia: abnormal control of movement dynamics. Exp Brain Res 1998; 119: 493-503. (Pubitemid 28159784)
74. Fujita M, Nakamura R. Characteristics of the fastest isometric knee extension in patients with spinocerebellar degenerations. Tohoku J Exp Med 1989; 157: 13-17. (Pubitemid 19086130)
75. Massaquoi S, Hallett M. Kinematics of initiating a two-joint arm movement in patients with cerebellar ataxia. Can J Neurosci 1996; 23: 3-14. (Pubitemid 26075682)
76. Hallett M, Massaquoi S. Physiologic studies of dysmetria in patients with cerebellar deficits. Can J Neurosci 1993; s3: S83-S92. (Pubitemid 23211079)
77. Mai N, Diener H-C, Dichgans J. On the role of feedback in maintaining constant grip force in patients with cerebellar disease. Neurosci Lett 1989; 99: 340-44. (Pubitemid 19108777)
78. Kutz DF, Wolfel A, Timmann D, Kolb FP. Dynamic torque during a precision grip task comparable to picking a raspberry. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 177: 80-86.
79. Muller F, Dichgans J. Dyscoordination of pinch and lift forces during grasp in patients with cerebellar lesions. Exp Brain Res 1994; 101: 485-92. (Pubitemid 24326119)
80. Muller F, Dichgans J. Impairments of precision grip in two patients with acute unilateral cerebellar lesions: a simple parametric test for clinical use. Neuropsychologia 1994; 32: 265-69. (Pubitemid 24061893)
81. Sullivan EV, Rose J, Pfefferbaum A. Effect of vision, touch and stance on cerebellar vermianrelated sway and tremor: a quantitative physiological and MRI study. Cereb Cortex 2006; 16: 1077-86. (Pubitemid 44025377)
82. van der Warrenberg BP, Steijens JA, Muneke M, Kremer BP, Bloem BR. Falls in degenerative cerebellar ataxias. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 497-500. (Pubitemid 40779028)
83. Baloh RW, Jacobson KM, Beykirch K, Honrubia V. Static and dynamic posturography in patients with vestibular and cerebellar lesions. Arch Neurol 1998; 55: 649-54. (Pubitemid 28224295)
84. Hayashi R, Tako K, Tokuda T, Yanagisawa N. Three-Hertz postural oscillation in patients with brain stem or cerebellar lesions. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997; 37: 431-44.
85. Dichgans J, Fetter M. Compartmentalized cerebellar functions upon the stabilization of body posture. Rev Neurol 1993; 149: 654-64. (Pubitemid 24024300)
86. Diener H-C, Dichgans J, Bacher M, Gompf B. Quantification of postural sway in normals and patients with cerebellar diseases. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984; 57: 134-42. (Pubitemid 14178108)
87. Bakker M, Allum JH, Visser JE et al. The influence of knee rigidity on balance corrections: a comparison with responses of cerebellar ataxia patients. Exp Neurol 2006; 202: 21-35.
88. Hudson CC, Krebs DE. Frontal plane dynamic stability and coordination in subjects with cerebellar degeneration. Exp Brain Res 2000; 132: 103-13. (Pubitemid 30218966)
89. Gatev P, Thomas S, Lou JS, Lim M, Hallett M. Effects of diminished and conflicting sensory information on balance in patients with cerebellar deficits. Mov Disord 1996; 11: 654-64. (Pubitemid 26381935)
90. Massion J. Postural control system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994; 4: 877-87.
91. Diener H-C, Dichgans J, Guschlbauer B, Bacherr M, Rapp H, Klockgether T. The coordination of posture and voluntary movement in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Mov Disord 1992; 7: 14-22.
92. Horak FB, Diener H-C. Cerebellar control of postural scaling and central set in stance. J Neurophysiol 1994; 72: 479-93. (Pubitemid 24273558)
93. Friedemann HH, Noth J, Diener HC, Bacher M. Long latency EMG responses in hand and leg muscles: cerebellar disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 71-7. (Pubitemid 17218359)
94. Diener H-C, Dichgans J, Bacher M, Guschlbauer B. Characteristic alterations of long-loop 'reflexes' in patients with Friedreich's disease and late atrophy of the cerebellar anterior lobe. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 679-85. (Pubitemid 14075410)
95. Timmann D, Horak FB. The role of the human cerebellum in short- and long-term habituation of postural responses. Exp Brain Res 2001; 141: 110-20.
96. Timmann D, Horak FB. Perturbed step initiation in cerebellar subjects. 1. Modifications of postural responses. Exp Brain Res 1998; 119: 73-84. (Pubitemid 28072385)
97. Mummel P, Timmann D, Krause UW et al. Postural responses to changing task conditions in patients with cerebellar lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65: 734-42. (Pubitemid 28486655)
98. Schwabe A, Drepper J, Maschke M, Diener H-C, Timmann D. The role of the human cerebellum in short- and long-term habituation of postural responses. Gait Posture 2004; 19: 16-23. (Pubitemid 38096407)
99. Ilg W, Giese MA, Gizewski ER, Schoch B, Timmann D. The influence of focal cerebellar lesions on the control and adaptation of gait. Brain 2008; 131: 2913-27.
100. Palliyath S, Hallett M, Thomas SL, Lebiedowska MK. Gait in patients with cerebellar ataxia. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 958-64. (Pubitemid 28517675)
101. Ienaga Y, Mitoma H, Kubota K, Morita S, Mizusawa H. Dynamic imbalance in gait ataxia. Characteristics of plantar pressure measurements. J Neurol Sci 2006; 246: 53-57. (Pubitemid 43815340)
102. Stolze H, Klebe S, Petersen G et al. Typical features of cerebellar ataxic gait. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73: 310-12.
103. Hallett M. Cerebellar ataxic gait. Adv Neurol 2001; 87: 155-63.
104. Seidel B, Krebs DE. Base of support is not wider in chronic ataxic and unsteady patients. J Rehabil Med 2002; 34: 288-292. (Pubitemid 35251988)
105. Morton SM, Bastian AJ. Relative contributions of balance and voluntary leg-coordination deficits to cerebellar gait ataxia. J Neurophysiol 2003; 89: 1844-56. (Pubitemid 36444240)
106. Ilg W, Golla H, Thier P, Giese MA. Specific influences of cerebellar dysfunctions on gait. Brain 2007; 130: 786-98. (Pubitemid 46410739)
107. Lyon IN, Day BL. Predictive control of body mass trajectory in a two-step sequence. Exp Brain Res 2005; 161: 193-200. (Pubitemid 40310786)
108. Lyon IN, Day BL. Control of frontal plane body motion in human stepping. Exp Brain Res 1997; 115: 345-56. (Pubitemid 27261150)
109. Leigh RL, Zee DS. Diagnosis of central disorders of ocular motility. The neurology of eye movements, third edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, 405-558.
110. Baloh RW, Konrad HR, Honrubia V. Vestibuloocular function in patients with cerebellar atrophy. Neurology 1975; 25: 160-68.
111. Lewis RF, Zee DS. Ocular motor disorders associated with cerebellar lesions: pathophysiology and topical localization. Rev Neurol 1993; 149: 665-77. (Pubitemid 24024301)
112. Serra A, Derwenskus J, Downey DL, Leigh RJ. Role of eye movement examination and subjective visual vertical in clinical evaluation of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2003; 250: 569-75. (Pubitemid 36613300)
113. Bronstein AM. Vision and vertigo: some visual aspects of vestibular disorders. J Neurol 2004; 251: 381-87. (Pubitemid 38501294)
114. Haarmeier T, Their P. Impaired analysis of moving objects due to deficient smooth pursuit eye movements. Brain 1999; 122: 1495-505. (Pubitemid 29374125)
115. Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Amarenco P, Roullet E, Marteau R. Vermal Infarct with pursuit eye movement disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 519-21. (Pubitemid 20189590)
116. Furman JMR, Baloh RW, Yee RD. Eye movement abnormalities in a familly with cerebellar vermian atrophy. Acta Otolaryngol 1986; 101: 371-77. (Pubitemid 16117335)
117. Ell J, Prasher D, Rudge P. Neuro-otological abnormalities in Friedreich's ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 26-32. (Pubitemid 14154235)
118. Wennmo C, Hindfelt B, Pyykko I. Eye movements in cerebellar and combined cerebellobrainstem diseases. Ann Otol Rhinol Layngol 1983; 92: 165-71. (Pubitemid 13121415)
119. Estanol B, Romero C, Corvera J. The effects of cerebellectomy on eyye movements in man. Arch Neurol 1979; 36: 281-84. (Pubitemid 9146114)
120. Avazini G, Girotti F, Crenna P, Negri S. Alterations in ocular motility in cerebellar pathology: an electrooculographic study. Arch Neurol 1979; 36: 274-80. (Pubitemid 9146113)
121. Monday LA, Lemieux B, St Vincent H, Barbeau A. Clinical and electronystamographic findings in Friedreich's Ataxia. Can J Neurosci 1978; 5: 71-73. (Pubitemid 8306200)
122. Zee DS, Yee RD, Cogan DG, Robinson DA, Engel WK. Ocular motor abnormalities in hereditary cerebellar ataxia. Brain 1976; 99: 207-34.
123. Dichgans J, von Reutern GM, Rommelt U. Impaired suppression of vestibular nystagmus by fixation in cerebellar and noncerebellar patients. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1978; 226: 183-99. (Pubitemid 9068077)
124. Henriksson NG, Wennmo C, Pyykko I, Schalen L. A model of visual-vestibular interaction in cerebellar disorders. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1984; 46: 302-309. (Pubitemid 15202407)
125. Baloh RW, Yee RD, Honrubia V. Late cortical cerebellar atrophy. Clinical and oculographic features. Brain 1986; 109: 159-80 (Pubitemid 16125189)
126. Fetter M, Klochgether T, Schulz JB, Faiss J, Koenig E, Dichgans J. Oculomotor abnormalities and MRI findings in idiopathic cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol 1994; 241: 234-41. (Pubitemid 24072936)
127. Takeichi N, Fukushima K, Sasaki H, Yabe I, Tashiro K, Inuyama Y. Dissociation of smooth pursuit and vestibulo-ocular reflex cancellation in SCA-6. Neurology 2000; 54: 860-66. (Pubitemid 30111343)
128. Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Milea D. Vertical nystagmus: Clinical facts and hypotheses. Brain 2005; 128: 1237-1246. (Pubitemid 40826178)
129. Baloh RW, Demer JL. Optokinetic-vestibular interaction in patients with increased gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Exp Brain Res 1993; 97: 334-42. (Pubitemid 24042172)
130. Thurston SE, Leigh RJ, Abel LA, Dell'Osso LF. Hyperactive vestibulo-ocular reflex in cerebellar degeneration: pathogenesis and treatment. Neurology 1987; 37: 53-7. (Pubitemid 17230108)
131. Walker MF, Zee DS. Cerebellar disease alters the axis of the high-acceleration vestibuloocular reflex. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94: 3417-29. (Pubitemid 41504778)
132. Zee DS, Walker MF, Ramat S. The cerebellar contribution to eye movements based upon lesions: binocular three-axis control and the translational vestibulo-ocular reflex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 956: 178-89. (Pubitemid 34457606)
133. Liao K, Walker MF, Leigh RJ. Abnormal vestibular responses to vertical head motion in cerebellar ataxia. Ann Neurol 2008; 64: 224-27.
134. Crane BT, Tian JR, Demer JL. Initial vestibuloocular reflex during transient angular and linear acceleration in human cerebellar dysfunction. Exp Brain Res 2000; 130: 486-96. (Pubitemid 30088406)
135. Anastasopoulos D, Haslwanter T, Fetter M, Dichgans J. Smooth pursuit eye movements and otolith-ocular responses are differently impaired in cerebellar ataxia. Brain 1998; 121: 1497-505. (Pubitemid 28349902)
136. Okada T, Grunfeld EA, Shallo-Hoffmann J, Bronstein AM. Vestibular perception of angular velocity in normal subjects and patients with congenital nystagmus. Brain 1999; 1222: 1293-303. (Pubitemid 29324850)
137. Bronstein AM, Grunfeld EA, Faldon M, Okada T. Reduced self motion perception in patients with midline cerebellar lesions. Neuroreport 2008; 19: 6.
138. Buttner U, Straube A, Spuler A. Saccadic dysmetria and 'intact' smooth pursuit eye movements after bilateral deep cerebellar nuclei lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 832-34. (Pubitemid 24214966)
139. Avanzini G, Girotti F, Crenna P, Negri S. Alterations of ocular motility in cerebellar pathology. An electro-oculographic study. Arch Neurol 1979; 36: 274-80. (Pubitemid 9146113)
140. Sander T, Sprenger A, Neumann G et al. Vergence deficits in patients with cerebellar lesions. Brain 2009; 132: 103-15.
141. Schwartz NE, Venkat C, Albers GW. Transient isolated vertigo secondary to an acute stroke of the cerebellar nodulus. Arch Neurol 2007; 64: 897-98. (Pubitemid 46919848)
142. Shoman N, Longridge N. Cerebellar vermis lesions and tumours of the fourth ventricle in patients with positional and positioning vertigo and nystagmus. J Laryngol Otol 2007; 121: 166-69.
143. Lee H, Sohn SI, Cho YW et al. Cerebellar infarction presenting isolated vertigo: frequency and vascular topographical patterns. Neurology 2006; 67: 1178-83. (Pubitemid 44563824)
144. Watson P, Barber HO, Deck J, Terbrugge K. Positional vertigo and nystagmus of central origin. Can J Neurosci 1981; 8: 133-37. (Pubitemid 11117126)
145. Brandt T. Positional and positioning vertigo and nystagmus. J Neurol Sci 1990; 95: 28.
146. Bronstein AM, Lempert T. Positional vertigo. In Bronstein AM, Lempert T. eds. Dizziness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, 131-56.
147. Cnyrim CD, Newman-Toker D, Karch C, Brandt T, Strupp M. Bedside differentiation of vestibular neuritis from central 'vestibular pseudoneuritis'. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 458-60. (Pubitemid 351441508)
148. Baloh RW. Differentiating between peripheral and central causes of vertigo. J Neurol Sci 2004; 221: 3. (Pubitemid 38721283)
149. Urban PP, Marx J, Hunsche S et al. Cerebellar speech representation: lesion topography in dysarthria as derived from cerebellar ischemia and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 965-72. (Pubitemid 36858356)
150. Amarenco P, Chevrie-Muller C, Roulett E, Bousser MG. Paravermal infarct and isolated cerebellar dysarthria. Ann Neurol 1991; 30: 211-13.
151. Kent RD, Duffy JR, Slama A, Kent JF, Clift A. Clinicoanatomic studies in dysarthria: review, critique, and directions for research. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2001; 44: 535-51. (Pubitemid 33650683)
152. Spencer KA, Slocomb DL. The neural basis of ataxic dysarthria. Cerebellum 2007; 6: 58-65. (Pubitemid 46410672)
153. Manto MU, Pandolfo M. The cerebellum and its disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
154. Schalling E, Hammarberg B, Hartelius L. Perceptual and acoustic analysis of speech in individuals with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Logoped Phoniatr Vocol 2007; 32: 31-46. (Pubitemid 46671775)
155. Casper MA, Raphael LJ, Harris KS, Geibel JM. Speech prosody in cerebellar ataxia. Int J Lang Commun Disord 2007; 42: 407-26. (Pubitemid 47035951)
156. Ackermann H, Graber S, Hertrich I, Daum I. Phonemic vowel length contrasts in cerebellar disorders. Brain Lang 1999; 67: 95-109. (Pubitemid 29370187)
157. Blaney B, Hewlett N. Dysarthria and Friedreich's ataxia: what can intelligibility assessment tell us? Int J Lang Commun Disord 2007; 42: 19-37.
158. Ackermann H, Hertrich I. Voice onset time in ataxic dysarthria. Brain Lang 1997; 56: 321-33. (Pubitemid 27187861)
159. Ackermann H, Hertrich I, Scharf G. Kinematic analysis of lower lip movements in ataxic dysarthria. J Speech Hear Res 1995; 38: 1252-59.
160. Devanne H, Gentil M, Maton B. Biomechanical analysis of simple jaw movements in Friedreich's ataxia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 97: 29-35.
161. Ackermann H, Ziegler W. Cerebellar voice tremor: an acoustic analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 74-76.
162. Ackermann H, Hertrich I, Hehr T. Oral diadochokinesis in neurological dysarthrias. Folia Phoniatr Logop 1995; 47: 15-23.
163. Ziegler W, Wessel K. Speech timing in ataxic disorders: sentence production and rapid repetitive articulation. Neurology 1996; 47: 208-14. (Pubitemid 26243885)
164. Ackermann H. Cerebellar contributions to speech production and speech perception: psycholinguistic and neurobiological perspectives. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31: 265-72.
165. Karaci R, Ozturk S, Ozbakir S, Cansaran N. Evaluation of language functions in acute cerebellar vascular diseases. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 17: 251-56.
166. Frank B, Schoch B, Richter S, Frings M, Karnath HO, Timmann D. Cerebellar lesion studies of cognitive function in children and adolescents - limitations and negative findings. Cerebellum 2007; 6: 242-53. (Pubitemid 47360071)
167. Silveri MC, Leggio MG, Molinari M. The cerebellum contributes to linguistic production: A case of agrammatic speech following a right cerebellar lesion. Neurology 1994; 44: 2047-50. (Pubitemid 24349503)
168. Gasparini M, Piero V, Maddalena M. Linguistic impairment after right cerebellar stroke. Eur J Neurol 1999; 6: 353-56. (Pubitemid 29250997)
169. Cattsman-Berrevoets CE, van Dongen HR, Mulder PGH, Gueze DPY, Paquier PF, Lequin MH. Tumour type and size are high risk factors for the syndrome of 'cerebellar' mutism and subsequent dysarthria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67: 755-57.
170. Kotil K, Eras M, Akcetin M, Bilge T. Cerebellar mutism following posterior fossa tumor resection in children. Turk Neurosurg 2008; 18: 89-94.
171. Marien P, Saerens J, Nanhoe R et al. Cerebellar induced aphasia: case report of cerebellar induced prefrontal aphasic language phenomena supported by SPECT findings. J Neurol Sci 1996; 144: 34-43. (Pubitemid 27019156)
172. Germano A, Baldari S, Caruso G et al. Reversible cerebral perfusion alterations in children with transient mutism after posterior fossa surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 1998; 14: 114-19. (Pubitemid 28269638)
173. Schmahmann JD, Sherman JC. The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain 1998; 121: 561-79. (Pubitemid 28162120)
174. de Nobrega E, Nieto A, Barroso J, Monton F. Differential impairment in semantic, phonemic, and action fluency performance in Friedreich's ataxia: possible evidence of prefrontal dysfunction. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007; 13: 944-52. (Pubitemid 47617545)
175. Suenaga M, Kawai Y, Watanbe H et al. Cognitive impairment in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 496-99. (Pubitemid 351571864)
176. Gottwald B, Wilde B, Mihajlovic Z, Mehdorn HM. Evidence for distinct cognitive deficits after focal cerebellar lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1524-31. (Pubitemid 39433389)
177. Molinari M, Leggio MG. Cerebellar information processing and visuospatial functions. Cerebellum 2007; 6: 214-20. (Pubitemid 47360069)
178. Kalashnikova LA, Zueva YV, Pugacheva OV, Korsakova NK. Cognitive impairments in cerebellar infarcts. Neurosci Behav Physiol 2005; 35: 773-79. (Pubitemid 41300502)
179. Wollmann T, Barroso J, Monton F, Nieto A. Neuropsychological test performance of patients with Friedreich's ataxia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2002; 24: 677-86. (Pubitemid 34775543)
180. Botez-Marquard T, Botez MI. Cognitive behavior in heredodegenerative ataxias. Eur Neurol 1993; 33: 351-57. (Pubitemid 23283698)
181. Schmahmann JD. Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004; 16: 367-78. (Pubitemid 39244566)
182. Schmahmann JD, Weilburg JB, Sherman JC. The neuropsychiatry of the cerebellum - insights from the clinic. Cerebellum 2007; 6: 254-67. (Pubitemid 47360063)
183. Maeshima S, Osawa A. Stroke rehabilitation in a patient with cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain Inj 2007; 21: 877-83. (Pubitemid 47244204)
184. Chafetz MD, Freidman AL, Kevorkian CG, Levy JK. The cerebellum and cognitive function: implications for rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996; 77: 1303-8. (Pubitemid 26424846)
185. Martin C, Tan D, Bragge P, Bialocerkowski A. Effectiveness of physiotherapy for adults with cerebellar dysfunction: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2009; 23: 15-26.
186. Mills RJ, Yap L, Young CA. Treatment for ataxia in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD005029.
187. Bastian AJ. Mechanisms of ataxia. Phys Ther 1997; 77: 672-75. (Pubitemid 27259745)
188. Baram Y, Miller A. Auditory feedback control for improvement of gait in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2007; 254: 90-94. (Pubitemid 46343743)
189. Baram Y, Miller A. Virtual reality cues for improvement of gait in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2006; 66: 178-81. (Pubitemid 43970149)
190. Feys P, Romberg A, Ruutiainen J et al. Assistive technology to improve PC interaction for people with intention tremor. J Rehabil Res Dev 2001; 38: 235-43. (Pubitemid 34118856)
191. Harris-Love MO, Siegel KL, Paul SM, Benson K. Rehabilitation management of Friedreich ataxia: lower extremity force-control variability and gait performance. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2004; 18: 117-24. (Pubitemid 38924187)
192. Gillen G. Improving mobility and community access in an adult with ataxia. Am J Occup Ther 2002; 56: 462-66.
193. Clark J, Morrow M, Michael S. Wheelchair postural support for young people with progressive neuromuscular disorders. Int J Ther Rehabil 2004; 11: 373.
194. Aisen ML, Arnold A, Baiges I, Maxwell S, Rosen M. The effect of mechanical damping loads on disabling action tremor. Neurology 1993; 43: 1346-50. (Pubitemid 23213807)
195. Graccies JM, Fitzpatrick R, Wilson L, Burke D, Gandevia SC. Lycra garments designed for patients with upper limb spasticity: mechanical effects in normal subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 78: 1066-71. (Pubitemid 27431287)
196. Nicholson JH, Morton RE, Attfield S, Rennie D. Assessment of upper-limb function and movement in children with cerebral palsy wearing lycra garments. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001; 43: 384-91. (Pubitemid 32674224)
197. Morgan MH. Ataxia and weights. Physiotherapy 1975; 61: 332-34.
198. Morrice BL, Becker WJ, Hoffer JA, Lee RG. Manual tracking performance in patients with cerebellar incoordination: effects of mechanical loading. Can J Neurosci 1990; 17: 275-85. (Pubitemid 20254750)
199. Dahlin-Webb SR. A weighted wrist cuff. Am J Occup Ther 1986; 40: 363-64.
200. McGrunder J, Cors D, Tiernan AM, Tomlin G. Weighted wrist cuffs for tremor reduction during eating in adults with static brain lesions. Am J Occup Ther 2003; 57: 507-16. (Pubitemid 39256362)
201. Manto M, Godaux E, Jacquy J. Cerebellar hypermetria is larger when the inertial load is artificially increased. Ann Neurol 1994; 35: 45-52. (Pubitemid 24027605)
202. Manto M, Jacquy J, Hildebrand J, Godaux E. Recovery of hypermetria after a cerebellar stroke occurs as a multistage process. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 437-45.
203. Perlmutter E, Gregory PC. Rehabilitation treatment options for a patient with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 82: 158-62. (Pubitemid 36120061)
204. GIbson-Horn C. Balance-based torso-weighting in a patient with ataxia and multiple sclerosis: a case report. J Neurol Phys Ther 2008; 32: 139-46.
205. Feys P, Helsen W, Liu X, et al. Effects of peripheral cooling on intention tremor in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 373-379. (Pubitemid 40299128)
206. Quintern J, Immisch I, Albrecht H, Pollmann W, Glasauer S, Straube A. Influence of visual and proprioceptive afferences on upper limb ataxia in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1999; 163: 61-9. (Pubitemid 29155418)
207. Cooper C, Evidente VG, Hentz JG, Adler CH, Caviness JN, Gwin-Hardy K. The effect of temperature on hand function in patients with tremor. J Hand Ther 2000; 13: 276-88.
208. Lakie M, Walsh EG, Arblaster LA, Villagra F, Roberts RC. Limb temperature and human tremors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 35-42. (Pubitemid 24030906)
209. Schalow G. Surface EMG- and coordination dynamics measurements-assisted cerebellar diagnosis in a patient with cerebellar injury. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 46: 371-84. (Pubitemid 44742093)
210. Schalow G. Improvement after cerebellar injury achieved by coordination dynamics therapy. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 46: 433-39. (Pubitemid 44896387)
211. Davis AE, Lee RG. EMG biofeedback in patients with motor disorders: an aid for co-ordinating activity in antagonistic muscle groups. Can J Neurosci 1980; 7: 199-206. (Pubitemid 10052050)
212. Guercio JM, Ferguson KE, McMorrow MJ. Increasing functional communication through relaxation training and neuromuscular feedback. Brain Inj 2001; 15: 1073-82. (Pubitemid 33120965)
213. Guercio JM, Chittum R, McMorrow MJ. Self-management in the treatment of ataxia: a case study in reducing ataxic tremor through relaxation and biofeedback. Brain Inj 1997; 11: 353-62. (Pubitemid 27190201)
214. Betker AL, Szturm T, Moussavi ZK, Nett C. Video game-based exercises for balance rehabilitation: a single-subject design. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87: 1141-49. (Pubitemid 44107838)
215. Gill-Body KM, Popat RA, Parker SW, Krebs DE. Rehabilitation of balance in two patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Phys Ther 1997; 77: 534-52. (Pubitemid 27204085)
216. Brown KE, Whitney SL, Marchetti GF, Wrisley DM, Furman JM. Physical therapy for central vestibular dysfunction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87: 76-81. (Pubitemid 43053308)
217. Cernak K, Stevens V, Price R, Shumway- Cook A. Locomotor training using body-weight support on a treadmill in conjunction with ongoing physical therapy in a child with severe cerebellar ataxia. Phys Ther 2008; 88: 88-97.
218. Balliett R, Harbst KM, Kim D, Stewart RV. Retraining of functional gait through reduction of upper extremity weighth-bearing in chronic cerebellar ataxia. Int Rehabil Med 1987; 8: 148-53.
219. Kararkaya M, Kose N, Otman S, Ozgen T. Investigation and comparison of the effects of rehabilitation on balance and coordination problems in patients with oposterior fossa and cerebellopontine angle tumours. J Neurosurg Sci 2000; 44: 220-25. (Pubitemid 32238268)
220. Armutulu K, Karabudak R, Nurlu G. Physiotherapy approaches in the treatment of ataxic multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2001; 15: 203-11. (Pubitemid 34309119)
221. Bronstein AM, Hood JD, Gresty MA, Panagi C. Visual control of balance in cerebellar and parkinsonian syndromes. Brain 1990; 113: 767-79. (Pubitemid 20222330)
222. Bronstein AM. The visual vertigo syndrome. Acta Otolaryngol 1995; 520: 45-48.
223. Crowdy KA, Kaur-Mann D, Cooper HL, Mansfiled AG, Offord JL, Marple-Horvt DE. Rehearsal by eye movement improvesvisuomotor performance in cerebellar patients. Exp Brain Res 2002; 146: 244-47. (Pubitemid 34994866)
224. Sapir S, Spielman J, Ramig LO et al. Effects of intensive voice treatment (the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment [LSVT]) on ataxic dysarthria: a case study. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 2003; 12: 387-99. (Pubitemid 37550186)
225. Manto MU, Taib NO. A novel approach for treating cerebellar ataxias. Med Hypotheses 2008; 71: 58-60.
226. Tamburin S, Fiaschi A, Marani S, Andreoli A, Manganotti P, Zanette G. Enhanced intracortical inhibition in cerebellar patients. J Neurol Sci 2004; 217: 205-10. (Pubitemid 38056556)
227. Liepert J, Kucinskki T, Tuscher O, Pawlas F, Baumer T, Weiller C. Motor cortex excitability after cerebellar infarction. Stroke 2004; 35: 2484-88. (Pubitemid 39458403)
228. Liepert J, Wessel K, Schwenkreis P et al. Reduced intracortical facilitation in patients with cerebellar degeneration. Acta Neurol Scand 1998; 98: 318-23. (Pubitemid 28539734)
229. Cruz-Martinez A, Arpa J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cerebellar stroke. Eur Neurol 1997; 38: 82-87. (Pubitemid 27338565)
230. Wessel K, Tegenthoff M, Vogerd M, Otto V, Nitschke MF, Malin JP. Enhancement of inhibitory mechanisms in the motor cortex of patients with cerebellar degeneration: a study with transcranial magnetic brain stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 101: 273-80.
231. Teo JT, Schneider SA, Cheeran BJ, Frenandezdel- Olmo M, Giunti P, Rothwell JC. Prolonged cortical silent period but normal sensorimotor plasticity in spinocerebellar ataxia 6. Mov Disord 2008; 23: 378-85.
232. Tamburin S, Fiaschi A, Andreoli A, Marani S, Manganotti P, Zanette G. Stimulus-response properties of motor system in patients with cerebellar ataxia. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 348-55. (Pubitemid 38117255)
233. Oechsner M, Zangermeister WH. Prolonged postexcitatory inhibition after transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in patients with cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol Sci 1999; 168: 107-11. (Pubitemid 29467427)
234. Restivo DA, Lanza S, Giuffrida S et al. Cortical silent period prolongation in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Funct Neurol 2004; 19: 37-41. (Pubitemid 38801583)
235. Koch G, Rossi S, Prosperetti C et al. Improvement of hand dexterity following motor cortex rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation in multiple sclerosis patients with cerebellar impairment. Mult Scler 2008; 14: 995-98.
236. Langguth B, Eichhammer P, Zowe M et al. Modulating cerebello- thalamocortical pathways by neuronavigated cerebellar repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS). Neurophysiol Clin 2008; 38: 289-95.
237. Fierro B, Giglia G, Palmermo A, Pecoraro C, Scalia S, Brighina F. Modulatory effects of 1 Hz rTMS over the cerebellum on motor cortex excitability. Exp Brain Res 2007; 176: 440-47. (Pubitemid 46009128)
238. Iwata NK, Hanajima R, Furubayashi T et al. Facilitatory effect on the motor cortex by electrical stimulation over the cerebellum in humans. Exp Brain Res 2004; 159: 418-24. (Pubitemid 40064283)
239. Iwata NK, Ugawa Y. The effects of cerebellar stimulation on the motor cortical excitability in neurological disorders: a review. Cerebellum 2005; 4: 218-23. (Pubitemid 43861181)
240. Di Lazzaro V, Molinari M, Restuccia D et al. Cerebro-cerebellar interactions in man: neurophysiological studies in patients with focal cerebellar lesions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 93: 27-34. (Pubitemid 24061369)
241. Ashby P, Lang AE, Lozano AM, Dostrovsky JO. Motor effects of stimulating the human cerebellar thalamus. J Physiol 1995; 489: 287-98.
242. Ugawa Y, Hanajima R, Kanazawa I. Motor cortex inhibition in patients with ataxia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 93: 225-29. (Pubitemid 24187377)
243. Ugawa Y, Terao Y, Hanajima R et al. Magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum in patients with ataxia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997; 104: 453-58. (Pubitemid 27425391)
244. Matsunaga K, Uozumi T, Hashimoto T, Tsuji S. Cerebellar stimulation in acute cerebellar ataxia. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112: 619-22. (Pubitemid 32245634)
245. Shiga Y, Tsuda T, Itoyama Y et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation alleviates truncal ataxia in spinocerebellar degeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72: 124-26. (Pubitemid 34073113)
246. Shimizu H, Tsuda T, Shiga Y et al. Therapeutic efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation for hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration. Tohoku J exp Med 1999; 189: 203-11.
247. Gerschlarger W, Christensen LO, Bestmann S, Rothwell JC. rTMS over the cerebellum can increase corticospinal excitability through a spinal mechanism involving activation of peripheral nerve fibres. Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 113: 1435-40.
248. Werhahn KJ, Taylor J, Ridding M, Meyer BU, Rothwell JC. Effect of transcranial magneticstimulation over the cerebellum on the excitability of human motor cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 101: 58-66.
249. Sasakki K, Gemba H. Compensatory motor function of the somatosensory cortex for dysfunction of the motor cortex following cerebellar hemispherectomy in the monkey. Exp Brain Res 1984; 56: 532-38. (Pubitemid 14022780)
250. Amrani K, Dykes RW, Lamarre Y. Bilateral contributions to motor recovery in the monkey following lesions of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Brain Res 1996; 740: 275-84. (Pubitemid 26411310)
251. Yu J, Eidelberg E. Recovery of locomotor function in cats after localized cerebellar lesions. Brain Res 1983; 273: 121-31. (Pubitemid 13034219)
252. Keller A, Arissian K, Asanuma H. Formation of new synapses in the cat motor cortex following lesions of the deep cerebellar nuclei. Exp Brain Res 1990; 80: 23-33. (Pubitemid 20144420)
253. Mackel R. The role of the monkey sensory cortex in the recovery from cerebellar injury. Exp Brain Res 1987; 66: 638-52. (Pubitemid 17090799)
254. Gramsbergen A. Neural compensation after early lesions: a clinical view of animal experiments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31: 1088-94. (Pubitemid 350160953)
255. Gramsbergen A. Consequences of cerebellar lesions at early and later ages: clinical relevance of animal experiments. Early Hum Dev 1993; 34: 79-87.
256. Hausen HS, Lachman EA, Nagler W. Cerebral diaschisis following cerebellar hemorrhage. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 78: 546-49.
257. Silveri MC, Misciagna S, Terrezza G. Right side neglect in right cerebellar lesion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 71: 114-17.
258. Wessel K, Nitschke MF. Cerebellar somatotopic representation and cerebro-cerebellar interconnections in ataxic patients. Prog Brain Res 1997; 114: 577-88. (Pubitemid 27244995)
259. Torriero S, Oliveri M, Koch G et al. Cortical networks of procedural learning: evidence from cerebellar damage. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45: 1208-14. (Pubitemid 46072912)
260. Duque J, Hummel F, Celnik P, Murase N, Mazzocchio R, Cohen LG. Transcallosal inhibition in chronic subcortical stroke. Neuroimage 2005; 28: 940-46. (Pubitemid 41713628)
261. Kelly PJ, Stein J, Shafqat S et al. Functional recovery after rehabilitation for cerebellar stroke. Stroke 2001; 32: 530-34. (Pubitemid 32155247)
262. Tohgi H, Takahashi S, Chiba K, Hirata Y. Cerebellar infarction. Clinical and neuroimaging analysis in 293 patients. The Tohoku Cerebellar Infarction Study Group. Stroke 1993; 24: 1697-701. (Pubitemid 23315878)
263. Kase CS, Norrving B, Levine SR et al. Cerebellar infarction. Clinical and anatomic observations in 66 cases. Stroke 1993; 24: 76-83. (Pubitemid 23014386)
264. Konczak J, Schoch B, Dimitrova A, Gizewski E, Timmann D. Functional recovery of children and adolescents after cerebellar tumour resection. Brain 2005; 128: 1428-41. (Pubitemid 40826195)
265. Gialanella B, Bertolielli M, Monguzzi V, Santoro R. Walking and disability after rehabilitation in patients with cerebellar stroke. Minerva Med 1005; 96: 373-78.
266. Jauss M, Kreiger D, Hornig C, Schramm J, Busse O. Surgical and medical management of patients with massive cerebellar infarctions: results of the German-Austrian Cerebellar Infarction Study. J Neurol 1999; 246: 257-64. (Pubitemid 29229351)
267. Stangel M, Stapf C, Marx P. Presentation and prognosis of bilateral infarcts in the territory of the superior cerebellar artery. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999; 9: 328-33. (Pubitemid 29485962)
268. Grips E, Sedlaczek O, Bazner H, Fritzinger M, Daffertshofer M, Hennerici M. Supratentorial age-related white matter changes predict outcome in cerebellar stroke. Stroke 2005; 36: 1988-93. (Pubitemid 41266539)
269. Konczak J, Timmann D. The effect of damage to the cerebellum on sensorimotor and cognitive function in children and adolescents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31: 1101-13. (Pubitemid 350160946)
270. Nelles G, Contois KA, Valente SL et al. Recovery following lateral medullary infarction. Neurology 1998; 50: 1418-22. (Pubitemid 28240363)
271. Furman JM, Balaban CD, Pollack IF. Vestibular compensation in a patient with a cerebellar infarction. Neurology 1997; 48: 916-20.
272. Doyon J, Benali H. Reorganization and plasticity in the adult brain during learning of motor skills. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2005; 15: 161-67. (Pubitemid 41569264)
273. Hikosaka O, Nakamura K, Sakai K, Nkahara H. Central mechanisms of motor skill learning. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002; 12: 217-22. (Pubitemid 34518343)
274. Hatzitaki V, Koudouni A, Orologas A. Learning of a novel visuo-postural co-ordination task in adults with multiple sclerosis. J Rehabil Med 2006; 38: 295-301. (Pubitemid 44478637)
275. Deuschl G, Toro C, Zeffiro T, Massaquoi SG, Hallett M. Adaptation motor learning of arm movements in patients with cerebellar disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 60: 515-19. (Pubitemid 26147892)
276. Sanes JN, Dimitrov B, Hallett M. Motor learning in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Brain 1990; 113: 103-20. (Pubitemid 20047112)
277. Molinari M, Leggio MG, Solida A et al. Cerebellum and procedural learning: evidencefrom focal cerebellar lesions. Brain 1997; 120: 1753-62. (Pubitemid 27443051)
278. Pascual-Leone A, Grafman J, Clark K et al. Procedural learning in Parkinson's disease and cerebellar degeneration. Ann Neurol 1993; 34: 594-602. (Pubitemid 23289412)
279. Pisella L, Rossetti Y, Michel C et al. Ipsidirectional impairment of prism adaptation after unilateral lesion of anterior cerebellum. Neurology 2005; 65: 150-52. (Pubitemid 40967795)
280. Maschke M, Gomez CM, Ebner TJ, Konczak J. Hereditary cerebellar ataxia progressively impairs force adaptation during goal-directed arm movements. J Neurophysiol 2004; 91: 230-38. (Pubitemid 38084368)
281. Timmann D, Gerwig M, Frings M, Maschke M, Kolb FP. Eyeblink conditioning in patients with hereditary ataxia: a one-year follow-up study. Exp Brain Res 2005; 162: 332-45. (Pubitemid 40576809)
282. Topka H, Valls-Sole J, Massaquoi SG, Hallett M. Deficit in classical conditioning in patients with cerebellar degeneration. Brain 1993; 116: 961-69. (Pubitemid 23242817)
283. Daum I, Schugens MM, Ackermann H, Lutzenberger W, Dichgans J, Birbaumer N. Classical conditioning after cerebellar lesions in humans. Behav Neurosci 1993; 107: 748-56. (Pubitemid 23339168)
284. Kolb FP, Lachauerr S, Maschke M, Timmann D. Classically conditioned postural reflex in cerebellar patients. Exp Brain Res 2004; 158: 163-79. (Pubitemid 39281112)
285. Timmann D, Baier PC, Diener H-C, Kolb FP. Classically conditioned withdrawal reflex in cerebellar patients. 1. Impaired conditioned responses. Exp Brain Res 2000; 130: 453-70. (Pubitemid 30088404)
286. Barash S, Melikyan A, Sivakov A, Zhang M, Glickstein M, Thier P. Saccadic dysmetria and adaptation after lesions of the cerebellar cortex. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 10931-39. (Pubitemid 30235737)
287. Timmann D, Shimansky Y, Larsdon PS, Wunderlich DA, Stelmach G, Bloedel JR. Visuomotor learning in cerebellar patients. Behav Brain Res 1996; 81: 99-113. (Pubitemid 26384968)
288. Klockgether T. Clinical approach to ataxic patients. In Klockgether T. ed. Handbook of ataxia disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, 101-114.