Tacrolimus in the treatment of ocular diseases

BioDrugs

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 89-103

  Zhai, Jiajie ^a,b   Gu, Jianjun ^a   Yuan, Jin ^a   Chen, Jiaqi ^a  

^a SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b Group Company of Geological Construction Engineering of Guangdong Province   (China)

Author keywords

Calcineurin inhibitors, therapeutic use; Eye disorders, treatment; Tacrolimus, therapeutic use

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; CD40 ANTIGEN; CD40 LIGAND; CLOBETASONE BUTYRATE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLODEXTRIN; CYCLOPENTOLATE; CYCLOSPORIN; HOMATROPINE; LIPOSOME; MACROGOL; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE ACETATE; PREDNISONE; TACROLIMUS;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; ARTICLE; ATOPIC BLEPHAROCONJUNCTIVITIS; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CONJUNCTIVA EPITHELIUM; CONJUNCTIVITIS; CORNEA DISEASE; CORNEA RODENT ULCER; CORNEA TRANSPLANTATION; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TISSUE LEVEL; ENTERITIS; EPILEPSY; EYE DISEASE; EYE INFLAMMATION; EYELID DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOMODULATION; INSOMNIA; KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PANCREATITIS; PARESTHESIA; PEMPHIGOID; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSORIASIS; REPEATED DRUG DOSE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SUSTAINED DRUG RELEASE; TIME TO MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; TREATMENT DURATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UVEITIS; VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS;

ADMINISTRATION, TOPICAL; ANIMALS; EYE DISEASES; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; TACROLIMUS;

EID: 79953167897     PISSN: 11738804     EISSN: 1179190X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11587010-000000000-00000     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Kino T, Hatanaka H, Hashimoto M, et al. FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a Streptomyces: I. Fermentation, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological characteristics. J Antibiot 1987; 40: 1249-55 (Pubitemid 17138109)
2. Jensik SC. Tacrolimus (FK 506) in kidney transplantation: three-year survival results of theUS multicenter, randomized, comparative trial.FK506 Kidney Transplant Study Group. Transplant Proc 1998; 30 (4): 1216-8
3. O'Grady JG, Burroughs A, Hardy P, et al. Tacrolimus versus microemulsified ciclosporin in liver transplantation: the TMC randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1119-25
4. Griffith BP, Bando K, Hardesty RL, et al. A prospective randomized trial of FK506 versus cyclosporine after human pulmonary transplantation. Transplantation 1994; 57 (6): 848-51 (Pubitemid 24114675)
5. Ligtenberg G, Hene RJ, Blankestijn PJ, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in renal transplant patients: cyclosporin A versus tacrolimus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12 (2): 368-73 (Pubitemid 32116380)
6. Textor SC, Wiesner R, Wilson DJ, et al. Systemic and renal hemodynamic differences between FK506 and cyclosporine in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1993; 55: 1332-9 (Pubitemid 23183247)
7. Friemann S, Feuring E, Padberg W, et al. Improvement of nephrotoxicity, hypertension, and lipid metabolism after conversion of kidney transplant recipients from cyclosporine to tacrolimus. Transplant Proc 1998; 30: 1240-2 (Pubitemid 28309556)
8. Nakagawa H, Etoh T, Ishibashi Y, et al. Tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis [letter]. Lancet 1994; 344 (8926): 883 (Pubitemid 24290393)
9. Aoyama H, Tabata N, Tanaka M, et al. Successful treatment of resistant facial lesions of atopic dermatitis with 0.1%FK506 ointment. Br J Dermatol 1995; 133: 494-6
10. Ruzicka T, Bieber T, Schö pf E, et al.Ashort-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. European Tacrolimus Multicenter Atopic Dermatitis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 816-21 (Pubitemid 27391631)
11. Mandelin J, Remitz A, Virtanen H, et al. One-year treatment with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment versus a corticosteroid regimen in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, comparative trial. Acta Derm Venereol 2010 Mar; 90 (2): 170-4
12. Kobayashi C, Kanai A, Nakajima A, et al. Suppression of corneal graft rejection in rabbits by a new immunosuppressive agent, FK-506. Transplant Proc 1989; 21 (1 Pt 3): 3156-8 (Pubitemid 19124697)
13. Sloper CM, Powell RJ, Dua HS. Tacrolimus (FK506) in the management of high-risk corneal and limbal grafts. Ophthalmology 2001; 108 (10): 1838-44 (Pubitemid 32905941)
14. Joseph A, Raj D, Shanmuganathan V, et al. Tacrolimus immunosuppression in high-risk corneal grafts. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91 (1): 51-5 (Pubitemid 46094009)
15. Astellas Pharma Inc. Phase III study of 0.1% tacrolimus (FK506) ophthalmic suspension in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00567762]. US National Institutes of Health, Clinical- Trials.gov [online]. Available from URL: [Accessed 2011 Jan 30]
16. Tam PM, Young AL, Cheng LL, et al. Topical 0.03% tacrolimus ointment in the management of ocular surface inflammation in chronic GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 45 (5): 957-8
17. Suresh L, Martinez Calixto LE, Radfar L. Successful treatment of mucous membrane pemphigoid with tacrolimus. Spec Care Dentist 2006; 26 (2): 66-70 (Pubitemid 43829081)
18. Ishioka M, Ohno S, Nakamura S, et al. FK506 treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1994; 118 (6): 723-9 (Pubitemid 24378454)
19. Mochizuki M, Masuda K, Sakane T, et al. A clinical trial of FK506 in refractory uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1993; 115 (6): 763-9 (Pubitemid 23171604)
20. Mochizuki M, Ikeda E, Shirao M, et al. Preclinical and clinical study of FK506 in uveitis. Curr Eye Res 1992; 11 Suppl.: 87-95
21. Okada K, Sakata H, Minamoto A, et al. Effect of FK 506 administered topically versus intramuscularly on suppression of the corneal immune reaction in rats. Int J Ophthalmol 1996; 210 (3): 175-9 (Pubitemid 26153573)
22. Hikita N, Lopez JS, Chan CC, et al. Use of topical FK506 in a corneal graft rejection model in Lewis rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38 (5): 901-9 (Pubitemid 27193516)
23. Fei WL, Chen JQ, Yuan J, et al. Preliminary study of the effect of FK506 nanospheric-suspension eyedrops on rejection of penetrating keratoplasty. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24 (2): 235-44 (Pubitemid 351450470)
24. Dhaliwal JS, Mason BF, Kaufman SC. Long-term use of topical tacrolimus (FK506) in high-risk penetrating keratoplasty. Cornea 2008; 27 (4): 488-93 (Pubitemid 351591489)
25. Liang L, Sheha H, Tseng SCG. Long-term outcomes of keratolimbal allograft for total limbal stem cell deficiency using combined immunosuppressive agents and correction of ocular surface deficits. Arch Ophthalmol 2009; 127 (11): 1428-34
26. Vichyanond P, Tantimongkolsuk C, Dumrongkigchaiporn P, et al. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: result of a novel therapy with 0.1% topical ophthalmic FK-506 ointment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113 (2): 355-8 (Pubitemid 38210564)
27. Fei WL, Chen JQ, Wang ZC, et al. Treatment of severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis with topical FK506. Chin J Pract Ophthalmol 2004; 22: 916-8
28. Ohashi Y, Ebihara N, Fujishima H, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of tacrolimus ophthalmic suspension 0.1% in severe allergic conjunctivitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2010; 26 (2): 165-74
29. Rikkers SM, Holland GN, Drayton GE, et al. Topical tacrolimus treatment of atopic eyelid disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 135 (3): 297-302 (Pubitemid 36279514)
30. Nivenius E, van der Ploeg I, Jung K, et al. Tacrolimus ointment vs steroid ointment for eyelid dermatitis in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Eye 2007; 21 (7): 968-75 (Pubitemid 47062083)
31. Zribi H, Descamps V, Hoang-Xuan T, et al. Dramatic improvement of atopic keratoconjunctivitis after topical treatment with tacrolimus ointment restricted to the eyelids. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23 (4): 489-90
32. VirtanenHM,Reitamo S,KariM,et al.Effect of 0.03%tacrolimus ointment on conjunctival cytology in patients with severe atopic blepharoconjunctivitis: a retrospective study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006; 84 (5): 693-5 (Pubitemid 44317552)
33. Attas-Fox L, Barkana Y, Iskhakov V, et al. Topical tacrolimus 0.03% ointment for intractable allergic conjunctivitis: an open-label pilot study. Curr Eye Res 2008; 33 (7): 545-9 (Pubitemid 351948486)
34. Xie H, Chen J, Lin Y, et al. Effect of topical FK506 used alone or combined with keratoplasty on patients with recurrent Mooren's corneal ulcer. YanKe Xue Bao 2006; 22: 207-13
35. Sakurai E, NozakiM, Okabe K, et al. Scleral plug of biodegradable polymers containing tacrolimus (FK506) for experimental uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 4845-52 (Pubitemid 37315299)
36. Oh-i K, Keino H, Goto H, et al. Upregulation of neurotrophic factor-related gene expression in retina with experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by intravitreal injection of tacrolimus (FK506). Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 1537-40 (Pubitemid 350044062)
37. Oh-i K, Keino H, Goto H, et al. Intravitreal injection of tacrolimus (FK506) suppresses ongoing experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 237-42 (Pubitemid 46202878)
38. Fujino Y, Mochizuki M, Chan CC, et al. FK506 treatment of S-antigen induced uveitis in primates. Curr Eye Res 1991; 10 (7): 679-90
39. Hogan AC, McAvoy CE, Dick AD, et al. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of tacrolimus for the treatment of uveitis. Ophthalmology 2007; 114 (5): 1000-6
40. Tichelli A, Duell T, Weiss M, et al. Late-onset keratoconjunctivitis sicca syndrome after bone marrow transplantation: incidence and risk factors. European Group or Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)Working Party on Late Effects. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 17 (6): 1105-11 (Pubitemid 26235862)
41. Kerty E, Vigander K, Flage T, et al. Ocular findings in allogenic stem cell transplantation without total body irradiation. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 1334-8 (Pubitemid 30191481)
42. Ogawa Y, Yamazaki K, Kuwana M, et al. A significant role of stromal fibroblasts in rapidly progressive dry eye in patients with chronic GVHD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42 (1): 111-9 (Pubitemid 32059417)
43. AhmadSM, Stegman Z, Fructhman S, et al. Successful treatment of acute ocular graft-versus-host disease with tacrolimus (FK506). Cornea 2002; 21 (4): 432-3 (Pubitemid 34450487)
44. Lawrence ID. Tacrolimus (FK506): experience in dermatology. Dermatologic Ther 1998; 5: 74-84
45. Harding MW, Galat A, Uehling DE, et al. A receptor for the immunosuppressant FK506 is a cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Nature 1989; 341: 758-60 (Pubitemid 19260893)
46. Siekierka JJ, Hung SHY, Poe M, et al. A cytosolic binding protein for the immunosuppressant FK506 has peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity but is distinct from cyclophilin. Nature 1989; 341: 755-7 (Pubitemid 19260892)
47. Shaw KTY, Ho AM, Raghavan A, et al. Immunosuppressive drugs prevent a rapid dephosphorylation of transcription factor NFAT 1 in stimulated immune cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 11205-9
48. Ruff VA, Leach KL. Direct demonstration of NFATp dephosphorylation and nuclear localization in activated HT-2 cells using a specific NFATp polyclonal antibody. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 22602-7
49. Tamura K, Fujimura T, Iwasaki K, et al. Interaction of tacrolimus (FK506) and its metabolites with FKBP and calcineurin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 202 (1): 437-43
50. Liu J, Farmer J, Lane W, et al. Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilincyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes. Cell 1991; 66 (4): 807-15 (Pubitemid 121001714)
51. Ruzicka T, Assmann T, Homey B. Tacrolimus: the drug for the turn of the millennium? Arch Dermatol 1999; 135 (5): 574-80
52. de Paulis A, Stellato C, Cirillo R, et al. Antiinflammatory effects of FK506 on human skin mast cells. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99: 723-8 (Pubitemid 23002033)
53. Busuttil RW, Holt CD. Tacrolimus is superior to cyclosporine in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998; 30 (5): 2174-8 (Pubitemid 28399468)
54. Cao S, Cox KL, Berquist W, et al. Long-term outcomes in pediatric liver recipients: comparison between cyclosporin A and tacrolimus. Pediatr Transplant 1999; 3 (1): 22-6 (Pubitemid 29234288)
55. McDiarmid SV. The use of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 26 (1): 90-102 (Pubitemid 28023843)
56. Reyes J, Jain A, Mazariegos G, et al. Long-term results after conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation for acute and chronic rejection. Transplantation 2000; 69 (12): 2573-80 (Pubitemid 30482024)
57. Berloco P, Rossi M, Pretagostini R, et al. Tacrolimus as cornerstone immunosuppressant in kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2001; 33 (1-2): 994-6 (Pubitemid 32237717)
58. Laskow DA, Neylan 3rd JF, Shapiro RS, et al. The role of tacrolimus in adult kidney transplantation: a review. Clin Transplant 1998; 12 (6): 489-503 (Pubitemid 28542799)
59. Shapiro R. Tacrolimus in solid organ transplantation: an update. Transplant Proc 1999; 31 (6): 2203-5 (Pubitemid 29433878)
60. Shapiro R. Tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplantation: a review. Pediatr Transplant 1998; 2 (4): 270-6 (Pubitemid 128539690)
61. PhamSM,KormosRL, Kawai A, et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) in clinical cardiac transplantation: a five-year experience. Transplant Proc 1996; 28 (2): 1002-4 (Pubitemid 26138514)
62. De Bonis M, Reynolds L, Barros J, et al. Tacrolimus as a rescue immunosuppressant after heart transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 19 (5): 695-9
63. Crespo-Leiro MG, Paniagua MJ, Mosquera I, et al. Replacement of cyclosporine by tacrolimus for immunosuppression in heart transplant patients: safety and efficacy. Transplant Proc 2002; 34 (1): 113-4 (Pubitemid 34311597)
64. Swenson JM, Fricker FJ, Armitage JM. Immunosuppression switch in pediatric heart transplant recipients: cyclosporine to FK506. JAmColl Cardiol 1995; 25 (5): 1183-8
65. Reyes J, Mazariegos GV, Bond GM,et al. Pediatric intestinal transplantation: historical notes, principles and controversies. Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6 (3): 193-207
66. Kato T, Ruiz P, Thompson JF, et al. Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. World J Surg 2002; 26 (2): 226-37 (Pubitemid 36920436)
67. Jindal RM, Dubernard JM. Towards a specific immunosuppression for pancreas and islet grafts. Clin Transplant 2000; 14 (3): 242-5 (Pubitemid 30242960)
68. Stratta RJ. Optimal immunosuppression in pancreas transplantation. Transplant Proc 1999; 31 (1-2): 619-21 (Pubitemid 29127600)
69. Stratta RJ, Taylor RJ, Castaldo P, et al. FK 506 induction and rescue therapy in pancreas transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1996; 28 (2): 991-2 (Pubitemid 26138509)
70. Gruessner RW. Tacrolimus in pancreas transplantation: a multicenter analysis. Tacrolimus Pancreas Transplant Study Group. Clin Transplant 1997; 11 (4): 299-312 (Pubitemid 27331161)
71. Jordan ML, Shapiro R, Gritsch HA, et al. Long-term results of pancreas transplantation under tacrolimus immunosuppression. Transplantation 1999; 67 (2): 266-72 (Pubitemid 29066353)
72. Horning NR, Lynch JP, Sundaresan SR, et al. Tacrolimus therapy for persistent or recurrent acute rejection after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998; 17 (8): 761-7 (Pubitemid 28396985)
73. Kur F, Reichenspurner H,Meiser BM, et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) as primary immunosuppressant after lung transplantation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 47 (3): 174-8 (Pubitemid 29325700)
74. Lipson DA, Palevsky HI, Kotloff RM, et al. Conversion to tacrolimus (FK506) from cyclosporine after orthotopic lung transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998; 30 (4): 1505-7 (Pubitemid 28309664)
75. Reichenspurner H, Kur F, Treede H, et al. Optimization of the immunosuppressive protocol after lung transplantation. Transplantation 1999; 68 (1): 67-71 (Pubitemid 29352832)
76. Treede H, Klepetko W, Reichenspurner H, et al. Tacrolimus versus cyclosporine after lung transplantation: a prospective, open, randomized twocenter trial comparing two different immunosuppressive protocols. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20 (5): 511-7 (Pubitemid 32410012)
77. Schrepfer S,Deuse T, Reichenspurner H, et al. Effect of inhaled tacrolimus on cellular and humoral rejection to prevent posttransplant obliterative airway disease. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (7): 1733-42 (Pubitemid 46905447)
78. Ratanatharathorn V, Nash RA, Przepiorka D, et al. Phase III study comparing methotrexate and tacrolimus (prograf, FK506) with methotrexate and cyclosporine for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis after HLAidentical sibling bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1998; 92 (7): 2303-14 (Pubitemid 28452971)
79. Fay JW, Wingard JR, Antin JH, et al. FK506 (tacrolimus) monotherapy for prevention of graft-versus-host disease after histocompatible sibling allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1996; 87 (8): 3514-9 (Pubitemid 26115386)
80. Jacobson P, Uberti J, Davis W, et al. Tacrolimus: a new agent for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 22 (3): 217-25 (Pubitemid 28382985)
81. Lee TJ, Kennedy LA. Tacrolimus: an alternative for graft-versus-host disease prevention. Ann Pharmacother 2000; 34 (3): 377-81 (Pubitemid 30133602)
82. Yanik G, Levine JE, Ratanatharathorn V, et al. Tacrolimus (FK506) and methotrexate as prophylaxis for acute graft-versus-host disease in pediatric allogeneic stemcell transplantation. BoneMarrowTransplant 2000; 26 (2): 161-7 (Pubitemid 30496962)
83. Venkataramanan R, Swaminathan A, Prasad T, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29 (6): 404-30 (Pubitemid 26004179)
84. Tacrolimus (Prograf) [prescribing information]. Deerfield (IL): Fujisawa Healthcare Inc., 2003 Aug [online]. Available from URL: sawa.com/medinfo/pi/pi- main-pg.htm [Accessed 2011 Jan 30]
85. Jain AB, Venkataramanan R, Cadoff E, et al. Effect of hepatic dysfunction and T tube clamping on FK 506 pharmacokinetics and trough concentrations. Transplant Proc 1990; 22 (1): 57-9 (Pubitemid 20112754)
86. McMaster P, Mirza DF, Ismail T, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in clinical transplantation. Ther Drug Monit 1995; 17 (6): 602-5
87. Christians U, Jacobsen W, Benet LZ, et al. Mechanisms of clinically relevant drug interactions associated with tacrolimus. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41 (11): 813-51
88. Bekersky I, Dressler D, Alak A, et al. Comparative tacrolimus pharmacokinetics: normal versus mildly hepatically impaired subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41 (6): 628-35 (Pubitemid 32493357)
89. Suzuki K, Saito K, Tsujimura S, et al. Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor, overcomes treatment unresponsiveness mediated by P-glycoprotein on lymphocytes in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2010; 37 (3): 512-20
90. Aramaki T, Kawakami A, Iwamoto N, et al. Prediction of DAS28-CRP remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tacrolimus at 6 months by baseline variables. Mod Rheumatol 2009; 19 (6): 652-6
91. Kawachi Y, Nakamura Y, Yoh K, et al. Rheumatoid papules successfully treatedwith oral tacrolimus. J Eur AcadDermatol Venereol 2008; 22 (2): 241-2
92. Kalb RE, Bagel J, Korman NJ, et al. Treatment of intertriginous psoriasis: from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60 (1): 120-4
93. Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 4. Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with traditional systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61 (3): 451-85
94. Matsumura K, Nakase H, Chiba T. Efficacy of oral tacrolimus on intestinal Behcet's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16 (2): 188-9
95. Schwartz M, Cohen R. Optimizing conventional therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008; 10 (6): 585-90
96. Dignass AU, Hartmann F, Sturm A, et al. Management of inflammatory bowel diseases during pregnancy. Dig Dis 2009; 27 (3): 341-6
97. Moscandrew M, Kane S. Inflammatory bowel diseases and management considerations: fertility and pregnancy.CurrGastroenterolRep 2009; 11 (5): 395-9
98. Yalcindag FN, Incel O, Ozdemir O. Effectiveness of tacrolimus in high-risk limbal allo-graft transplantation.AnnOphthalmol (Skokie) 2008; 40 (3-4): 152-6
99. Kulkarni P. Uveitis and immunosuppressive drugs. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2001; 17 (2): 181-7
100. Jap A, Chee S-P. Immunosuppressive therapy for ocular diseases. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2008; 19 (6): 535-40
101. Yalçindaǧ FN, Batioǧ lu F, Ozdemir O. Penetration of topically applied tacrolimus into the aqueous humor in Behçet's disease. Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie) 2007; 39 (1): 15-7 (Pubitemid 350027399)
102. Lin P, Liang G. Behcet disease: recommendation for clinical management of mucocutaneous lesions. J Clin Rheumatol 2006; 12 (6): 282-6 (Pubitemid 44915326)
103. Evereklioglu C. Current concepts in the etiology and treatment of Behcet disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2005; 50 (4): 297-350 (Pubitemid 40828225)
104. Uno T, Yamaguchi T, Li XK, et al. The pharmacokinetics of water-in-oil-inwater- type multiple emulsion of a new tacrolimus formulation. Lipids 1997; 32 (5): 543-8 (Pubitemid 27213325)
105. Pleyer U, Lutz S, Juske WJ, et al. Ocular absorption of topically applied FK506 from liposomal and oil formulations in the rabbit eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34: 2737-42 (Pubitemid 23232483)
106. Yura H, Yoshimura N, Hamashima T, et al. Synthesis and pharmacokinetics of a novel macromolecular prodrug of tacrolimus (FK506), FK506-dextran conjugate. J Control Release 1999; 57 (1): 87-99 (Pubitemid 29005076)
107. Whitcup SM, Pleyer U, Lai JC, et al. Topical liposome-encapsulated FK506 for the treatment of endotoxin-induced uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflam 1998; 6 (1): 51-6 (Pubitemid 28254241)
108. Fujita E, Teramura Y, Mitsugi K, et al. Absorption, distribution, and excretion of 14C-labeled tacrolimus (FK506) after a single or repeated ocular instillation in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24 (3): 333-43 (Pubitemid 351735876)
109. Fujita E, Teramura Y, Shiraga T, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of tacrolimus (FK506) after a single or repeated ocular instillation in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24 (3): 309-19
110. Fei WL, Chen JQ, Zhong SL, et al. The pharmacokinetics of FK506 and its nanoparticles in aqueous humor of rabbits. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2006;42 (4): 305-8
111. Yuan J, Zhai JJ, Chen JQ, et al. Preparation of 0.05% FK506 suspension eyedrops and its pharmacokinetics after topical ocular administration. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2009; 25 (4): 345-50
112. Starzl TE, Todo S, Fung J, et al. FK506 for liver, kidney, and pancreas transplantation. Lancet 1989; 2: 1000-4 (Pubitemid 19257914)
113. Yang P, Gong X, Zhou H, et al. Immunological studies on the cellular phenotype involved in corneal allograft rejection. ChinMed J (Engl) 1999; 112: 202-6
114. Metz DP, Bacon AS, Holgate S, et al. Phenotypic characterization of T cells infiltrating the conjunctiva in chronic allergic eye disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98 (3): 686-96 (Pubitemid 26377935)
115. Maggi E, Biswas P, Del Prete G, et al. Accumulation of Th-2-like helper T cells in the conjunctiva of patients with vernal conjunctivitis. J Immunol 1991; 146 (4): 1169-74
116. Metz DP, Hingorani M, Calder VL, et al. T-cell cytokines in chronic allergic eye disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100 (6 Pt 1): 817-24 (Pubitemid 28299002)
117. Leonardi A, DeFranchis G, Zancanaro F, et al. Identification of local Th2 and Th0 lymphocytes in vernal conjunctivitis by cytokine flow cytometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40 (12): 3036-40 (Pubitemid 29521623)
118. Leonardi A, Sathe S, Bortolotti M, et al. Cytokines, matrix metalloproteases, angiogenic and growth factors in tears of normal subjects and vernal keratoconjunctivitis patients. Allergy 2009; 64 (5): 710-7
119. Bielory L. Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye: part II, ocular allergy. J Allerg Clin Immunol 2000; 106 (6): 1019-32 (Pubitemid 32006253)
120. Bonini S, Lambiase A, Marchi S, et al. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis revisited: a case series of 195 patients with long-term follow-up. Ophthalmology 2000; 107: 1157-63
121. Sengoku T, Sakuma S, Satoh S, et al. Effect of FK506 eyedrops on late and delayed-type responses in ocular allergy models. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33 (11): 1555-60 (Pubitemid 37421634)
122. Butcher SP, Henshall DC, Teramura Y, et al. Neuroprotective actions of FK506 in experimental stroke: in vivo evidence against an antiexcitotoxic mechanism. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 6939-46 (Pubitemid 27427872)
123. Furuichi Y, Noto T, Li JY, et al. Multiple modes of action of tacrolimus (FK506) for neuroprotective action on ischemic damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2004; 1014: 120-30 (Pubitemid 38798459)
124. Labrande C, Velly L, Canolle B, et al. Neuroprotective effects of tacrolimus (FK506) in a model of ischemic cortical cell cultures: role of glutamate uptake and FK506 binding protein 12 kDa. Neuroscience 2006; 137: 231-9 (Pubitemid 43031490)
125. Iwasaki Y, Ichikawa Y, Igarashi O, et al. Neuroprotective actions of FK506 and cyclosporin A on motor neuron survival following neonatal axotomy. Neurol Res 2002; 24: 573-6 (Pubitemid 35024485)
126. Hamrah P, Reza Dana M. Corneal antigen-presenting cells. Chem Immunol Allergy 2007; 92: 58-70 (Pubitemid 47102939)
127. Larsen CP, Elwood ET, Alexander DZ, et al. Long-term acceptance of skin and cardiac allografts after blocking CD40 and CD28 pathways. Nature 1996; 381 (6581): 434-8 (Pubitemid 26162734)
128. Kirk AD, Burkly LC, Batty DS, et al. Treatment with humanized monoclonal antibody against CD154 prevents acute renal allograft rejection in nonhuman primates. Nat Med 1999; 5 (6): 686-93 (Pubitemid 29289433)
129. Iwata M, Soya K, Sawa M, et al. CD40 expression in normal human cornea and regulation of CD40 in cultured human corneal epithelial and stromal cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43 (2): 348-57 (Pubitemid 34113214)
130. Bourcier T, De Saint-Jean M, Brignole F, et al. Expression of CD40 and CD40 ligand in the human conjunctival epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41 (1): 120-6 (Pubitemid 30036557)
131. Brignole F, Pisella PJ, Goldschild M, et al. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory markers in conjunctival epithelial cells of patients with dry eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41 (6): 1356-63 (Pubitemid 30261857)
132. Qian Y, Dana MR. Effect of locally administered anti-CD154 (CD40 ligand) monoclonal antibody on survival of allogeneic corneal transplants. Cornea 2002; 21: 592-7 (Pubitemid 34803664)
133. Loser K, Balkow S, Higuchi T, et al. FK506 controls CD40L-induced systemic autoimmunity in mice. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126 (6): 1307-15 (Pubitemid 43997913)
134. Niederkorn JY. The immune privilege of corneal allografts. Transplantation 1999; 67 (12): 1503-8 (Pubitemid 29315669)
135. Williams KA, Muehlberg SM, Lewis RF, et al. How successful is cornealtransplantation? A report from the Australian corneal graft register. Eye 1995; 9: 219-27
136. Stark W, Stulting D, Mauguire M, et al. The collaborative corneal transplantation studies (CCTS): effectiveness of histocompatibility matching of donors and recipients in high-risk corneal transplantation.Arch Ophthalmol 1992; 110: 1392-403
137. Council of Scientific Affairs. Report of the organ transplant panel: corneal transplantation. JAMA 1988; 259: 719-22
138. Kuffova L, Vesela V, Filipec M, et al. Cell subpopulation in failed human corneal grafts. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83: 1364-9
139. Gebhardt BM, Shi W. Experimental corneal allograft rejection. Immunol Res 2002; 25 (1): 1-26 (Pubitemid 34155247)
140. Sangwan VS, Ramamurthy B, Shah U, et al. Outcome of corneal transplant rejection: a 10-year study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 33 (6): 623-7
141. Tabbara KF. Pharmacologic strategies in the prevention and treatment of corneal transplant rejection. Int Ophthalmol 2008; 28 (3): 223-32 (Pubitemid 351627108)
142. Benelli U, Lepri A, Del Tacca M, et al. FK-506 delays corneal graft rejection in a model of corneal xenotransplantation. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 1996; 12 (4): 425-31 (Pubitemid 26405747)
143. Tchah H, Lim B. Effect of FK 506 on the cornea: use of topical FK 506 in corneal transplantation in a guinea pig-rat model. Korean J Ophthalmol: KJO 1999; 13 (2): 71-7
144. Holland EJ. Epithelial transplantation for the management of severe ocular surface disease. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1996; 94: 677-743 (Pubitemid 26406048)
145. Hill JC. Systemic cyclosporine in high-risk keratoplasty: short- versus longterm therapy. Ophthalmology 1994; 101: 128-33 (Pubitemid 24044153)
146. Tsubota K, Satake Y, Kaido M, et al. Treatment of severe ocular surface disorders with corneal epithelial stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1697-703 (Pubitemid 29252597)
147. Tabbara KF. Ocular complications of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Can J Ophthalmol 1999; 34 (2): 88-92
148. Kumar S. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a major review. Act Ophthalmol 2009; 87 (2): 133-47
149. Leonardi A. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: pathogenesis and treatment. Prog Retin Eye Res 2002; 21 (3): 319-39 (Pubitemid 34614554)
150. Tam PM, Young AL, Cheng LL, et al. Topical tacrolimus 0.03% monotherapy for vernal keratoconjunctivitis: case series. Br J Ophthalmol 2010 Oct; 94 (10): 1405-6
151. Pepose JS, Holland GN, Wilhelmus KR, editors. Ocular infection and immunity. Philadelphia (PA): Mosby-Year Book, 1996: 376-90
152. Foster CS, Rice BA, Dutt JE. Immunopathology of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1991; 98 (8): 1190-6
153. Nivenius E, Montan PG, Chryssanthou E, et al. No apparent association between periocular and ocular microcolonization and the degree of inflammation in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34 (5): 725-30 (Pubitemid 38736786)
154. Berknowitz PJ, Arentsen JJ, Felberg NT. Presence of circulating immune complex in patients with corneal disease. Arch Ophthalmol 1983; 101: 242-5 (Pubitemid 13186768)
155. Lopez JS, Price Jr FW, Whitcup SM, et al. Immunohistochemistry of Terrien's and Mooren's corneal degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1991; 109: 988-92
156. Gottsch JD, Liu SH, Minkovitz JB, et al. Autoimmunity to a cornea-associated stromal antigen in patients with Mooren's ulcer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 30: 1541-7
157. Chen J, Xie H, Wang Z, et al. Mooren's ulcer in China: a study of clinical characteristics and treatment. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84 (11): 1244-9
158. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG, Chan CC. Cyclosporin A therapy in the treatment of intraocular inflammatory disease resistant to systemic corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents. Am J Ophthalmol 1983; 96 (3): 275-82 (Pubitemid 13000969)
159. Ohia EO,MancinoM, Kulkarni PS. Effects of steroids and immunosuppressive drugs on endotoxin-uveitis in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol 1992; 8 (4): 295-307 (Pubitemid 23040165)
160. Nussenblatt RB. The expanding use of immunosuppression in the treatment of noninfectious ocular disease. J Autoimmun 1992; 5: 247-57
161. Wacker WB, Donoso LA, Kaslow CM, et al. Experimental allergic uveitis: isolation, characterization of localization of a soluble uveopathogenic antigen from bovine retina. J Immunol 1977; 119: 1949-58 (Pubitemid 8232088)
162. Ishikawa T, Hokama H, Katagiri Y, et al. Effects of intravitreal injection of tacrolimus (FK506) in experimental uveitis. Curr Eye Res 2005; 30: 93-101 (Pubitemid 40516085)
163. Murphy CC, Greiner K, Plskova J, et al. Cyclosporine vs tacrolimus therapy for posterior and intermediate uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 634-41 (Pubitemid 40695511)
164. Ogawa Y, Masataka K. Dry eye as a major complication associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cornea 2003; 22 (7 Suppl.): S19-27 (Pubitemid 37169601)