Pharmacotherapeutic advances in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in adults

Drugs

Volumn 71, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 415-442

  Litzow, Mark R ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; Alemtuzumab; Alvocidib; Asparaginase; Blinatumomab; Bortezomib; CAT 3888; Cladribine; Clofarabine; Cyclophosphamide; Cytarabine; Dasatinib; Decitabine; Epratuzumab; Etoposide; Everolimus; Fludarabine; Forodesine; Imatinib; Inotuzumab ozogamicin; Methotrexate; MK 0752; Moxetumomab pasudotox; Nelarabine; Nilotinib; Research and development; Rituximab; Sirolimus; Talotrexin; Temsirolimus; Vincristine

Indexed keywords

5 AZA 2' DEOXYCYTIDINE; ALEMTUZUMAB; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLINATUMOMAB; CD22 ANTIGEN; CLOFARABINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DASATINIB; DEXAMETHASONE; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; DOXORUBICIN; EPRATUZUMAB; FLAVOPIRIDOL; FOLINIC ACID; FORODESINE; IMATINIB; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN INHIBITOR; METHOTREXATE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; NELARABINE; NILOTINIB; NOTCH INHIBITOR; PIM PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; PROTEASOME INHIBITOR; PROTEIN MDM2 INHIBITOR; RITUXIMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE; VINCRISTINE SULFATE;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ALLOGENIC BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ASTHMA; AUTOLOGOUS BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; BINDING AFFINITY; BLOOD TOXICITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BURKITT LYMPHOMA; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER REGRESSION; CANCER RELAPSE; CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CONUS SYNDROME; CYTOPENIA; DIARRHEA; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG BINDING; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENCEPHALITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; GRAFT VERSUS LEUKEMIA EFFECT; HUMAN; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW DRUG DOSE; LYMPHOCYTOPENIA; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; MONOTHERAPY; MOTOR NEUROPATHY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONHUMAN; PAPILLEDEMA; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REDUCED INTENSITY CONDITIONING; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SOMNOLENCE; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; T CELL LEUKEMIA; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VISUAL DISORDER; VOMITING;

AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; PRECURSOR CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA;

EID: 79952550134     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: 11791950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11588950-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Pui CH, Robison LL, Look AT. Acute lymphoblastic leu- kaemia. Lancet 2008; 371 (9617): 1030-43.
2. Pui C-H, Evans WE. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2006; 354 (2): 166-78. (Pubitemid 43076714)
3. Fielding A. The treatment of adults with acute lympho- blastic leukemia. Hematology/Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2008: 381-9.
4. Pulte D, Gondos A, Brenner H. Improvement in survival in younger patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia from the 1980s to the early 21st century. Blood 2009 Feb 12; 113 (7): 1408-11.
5. Moorman AV, Harrison CJ, Buck GAN, et al. Karyotype is an independent prognostic factor in adult acute lym-phoblastic leukemia (ALL): analysis of cytogenetic data from patients treated on the Medical Research Council (MRC) UKALLXII/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 2993 trial. Blood 2007 Apr 15; 109 (8): 3189-97. (Pubitemid 46572503)
6. Mullighan CG, Goorha S, Radtke I, et al. Genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature 2007; 446 (7137): 758-64. (Pubitemid 46582031)
7. Weng AP, Ferrando AA, Lee W, et al. Activating muta- tions of NOTCH1 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Science 2004 Oct 8; 306 (5694): 269-71. (Pubitemid 39336870)
8. Stock W, La M, Sanford B, et al. What determines the outcomes for adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on cooperative group protocols? A comparison of Children's Cancer Group and Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies. Blood 2008 Sep 1; 112 (5): 1646-54.
9. Litzow MR. Evolving paradigms in the therapy of Phila- delphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. Hematology 2009 Jan 1; 2009 (1): 362-70.
10. Ramanujachar R, Richards S, Hann I, et al. Adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: emerging from the shadow of paediatric and adult treatment protocols. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006; 47 (6): 748-56. (Pubitemid 44476750)
11. Ribera JM, Oriol A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009 Oct; 23 (5): 1033-42, vi.
12. Boissel N, Auclerc M-F, Lheritier V, et al. Should adoles- cents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia be treated as old children or young adults? Comparison of the French FRALLE-93 and LALA-94 trials. J Clin Oncol 2003 Mar 1; 21 (5): 774-80. (Pubitemid 46606434)
13. De Bont JM, Holt B, Dekker AW, et al. Significant differ- ence in outcome for adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on pediatric vs adult protocols in the Netherlands. Leukemia 2004 Dec; 18 (12): 2032-5. (Pubitemid 40028431)
14. Testi AM, Valsecchi MG, Conter V. Difference in outcome of adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) enrolled in pediatric (AIEOP) and adult (GIMEMA) protocols [abstract no. 1954]. Blood 2004; 104: 539.
15. Hallbook H, Gustafsson G, Smedmyr B, et al. Treatment outcome in young adults and children >10 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sweden: a comparison between a pediatric protocol and an adult protocol. Cancer 2006 Oct 1; 107 (7): 1551-61. (Pubitemid 44546916)
16. Ramanujachar R, Richards S, Hann I, et al. Adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: outcome on UK national paediatric (ALL97) and adult (UKALLXII/ E2993) trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007 Mar; 48 (3): 254-61. (Pubitemid 46238513)
17. Usvasalo A, Raty R, Knuutila S, et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults in Finland. Haematologica 2008 Aug; 93 (8): 1161-8.
18. Thomas DA, Rytting M, O'Brien S, et al. Outcome for adolescents and young adults (AYA) with the hyper-CVAD (with or without rituximab) regimens for De novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma [abstract]. Blood 2009 Nov 20; 114 (22): 3084.
19. Schiffer CA. Differences in outcome in adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a consequence of better regimens? Better doctors? Both? J Clin Oncol 2003 Mar 1; 21 (5): 760-1. (Pubitemid 46606430)
20. Huguet F, Leguay T, Raffoux E, et al. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol 2009 Feb 20; 27 (6): 911-8.
21. Storring JM, Minden MD, Kao S, et al. Treatment of adults with BCR-ABL negative acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with a modified paediatric regimen. Br J Haematol 2009; 146 (1): 76-85.
22. Ribera J-M, Oriol A, Sanz M-A, et al. Comparison of the results of the treatment of adolescents and young adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Programa Espanol De Tratamiento en Hematologia pediatric-based protocol ALL-96. J Clin Oncol 2008 Apr 10; 26 (11): 1843-9.
23. National Cancer Institute. Phase II study of combination chemotherapy in adolescents and young adults with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia [online]. Available from URL: http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/ view?cdrid=574230&version=HealthProfessional&proto colsearchid=8797071 [Accessed 2011 Feb 17].
24. Sebban C, Lepage E, Vernant JP, et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first complete remission: a comparative study. French Group of Therapy of Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1994 Dec 1; 12 (12): 2580-7. (Pubitemid 24379642)
25. Thomas X, Boiron J-M, Huguet F, et al. Outcome of treatment in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: analysis of the LALA-94 trial. J Clin Oncol 2004 Oct 15; 22 (20): 4075-86. (Pubitemid 41185176)
26. Yanada M, Matsuo K, Suzuki T, et al. Allogeneic hema- topoietic stem cell transplantation as part of postremis-sion therapy improves survival for adult patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2006; 106 (12): 2657-63.
27. Hahn T, Wall D, Camitta B, et al. The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: an evidence-based review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12 (1): 1-30. (Pubitemid 43034095)
28. Goldstone AH, Richards SM, Lazarus HM, et al. In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allo-geneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood 2008 Feb 15; 111 (4): 1827-33. (Pubitemid 351451489)
29. Ram R, Gafter-Gvili A, Vidal L, et al. Management of adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first complete remission. Cancer 2010; 116 (14): 3447-57.
30. Mohty M, Labopin M, Tabrizzi R, et al. Reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation for adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Haematologica 2008 Feb; 93 (2): 303-6. (Pubitemid 351409331)
31. Mohty M, Labopin M, Volin L, et al. Reduced-intensity versus conventional myeloablative conditioning allo-geneic stem cell transplantation for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Blood 2010 Nov 25; 116 (22): 4439-43.
32. Marks DI, Wang T, Perez WS, et al. The outcome of full-intensity and reduced-intensity conditioning matched sibling or unrelated donor transplantation in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first and second complete remission. Blood 2010 Jul 22; 116 (3): 366-74.
33. Eapen M, Rocha V, Sanz G, et al. Effect of graft source on unrelated donor haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation in adults with acute leukaemia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 2010 Jul; 11 (7): 653-60.
34. Ciceri F, Labopin M, Aversa F, et al. A survey of fully haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adults with high-risk acute leukemia: a risk factor analysis of outcomes for patients in remission at transplantation. Blood 2008 Nov 1; 112 (9): 3574-81.
35. Cave H, van der Werff ten Bosch J, Suciu S, et al. Clinical significance of minimal residual disease in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1998; 339 (9): 591-8. (Pubitemid 28385656)
36. Coustan-Smith E, Sancho J, Behm FG, et al. Prognostic importance of measuring early clearance of leukemic cells by flow cytometry in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2002 Jun 17; 100 (1): 52-8. (Pubitemid 35177428)
37. Bruggemann M, Raff T, Flohr T, et al. Clinical significance of minimal residual disease quantification in adult patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2006 Feb 1; 107 (3): 1116-23. (Pubitemid 43156313)
38. Bassan R, Spinelli O, Oldani E, et al. Improved risk clas- sification for risk-specific therapy based on the molecular study of minimal residual disease (MRD) in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood 2009 Apr 30; 113 (18): 4153-62.
39. Patel B, Rai L, Buck G, et al. Minimal residual disease is a significant predictor of treatment failure in non T-lineage adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: final results of the international trial UKALL XII/ECOG2993. Br J Hae-matol 2010; 148 (1): 80-9.
40. Pui CH, Jeha S. New therapeutic strategies for the treat- ment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007 Feb; 6 (2): 149-65. (Pubitemid 46758753)
41. Kurtzberg J. The long and winding road of the clinical de- velopment of nelarabine. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 48 (1): 1-2. (Pubitemid 46978615)
42. Kurtzberg J, Ernst TJ, Keating MJ, et al. Phase I study of 506U78 administered on a consecutive 5-day schedule in children and adults with refractory hematologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2005 May 20; 23 (15): 3396-403.
43. Berg SL, Blaney SM, Devidas M, et al. Phase II study of nelarabine (compound 506U78) in children and young adults with refractory t-cell malignancies: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2005 May 20; 23 (15): 3376-82.
44. Dunsmore K, Devidas M, Borowitz MJ, et al. Nelarabine can be safely incorporated into an intensive, multiagent chemotherapy regimen for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in children: a report of the Children's Oncology Group (COG) AALL00P2 protocol for T-cell leukemia [abstract]. Blood 2006 Nov 16; 108 (11): 1864.
45. DeAngelo DJ, Yu D, Johnson JL, et al. Nelarabine induces complete remissions in adults with relapsed or refractory T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma: Cancer and Leukemia Group B study 19801. Blood 2007 Jun 15; 109 (12): 5136-42. (Pubitemid 46890527)
46. Vigil CE, Kantarjian H, Thomas DA, et al. Phase II study of hyper-CVAD followed by nelarabine consolidation in newly diagnosed patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma (ALL/LL) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts) 2010 May 20; 28 (15 Suppl.): 6524.
47. 0-fluoro-2-halo derivatives of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine. J Med Chem 1992; 35 (2): 397-401.
48. Kantarjian HM, Gandhi V, Kozuch P, et al. Phase I clinical and pharmacology study of clofarabine in patients with solid and hematologic cancers. J Clin Oncol 2003 Mar 15; 21 (6): 1167-73. (Pubitemid 46594149)
49. Jeha S, Gandhi V, Chan KW, et al. Clofarabine, a novel nucleoside analog, is active in pediatric patients with advanced leukemia. Blood 2004 Feb 1; 103 (3): 784-9. (Pubitemid 38129533)
50. Kantarjian H, Gandhi V, Cortes J, et al. Phase 2 clinical and pharmacologic study of clofarabine in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia. Blood 2003 Oct 1; 102 (7): 2379-86. (Pubitemid 37193573)
51. Jeha S, Gaynon PS, Razzouk BI, et al. Phase II study of clofarabine in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2006 Apr 20; 24 (12): 1917-23. (Pubitemid 46638991)
52. Hijiya N, Gaynon PS, Fernandez M, et al. Durable remis- sions observed in a phase i/ii study of clofarabine in combination with etoposide and cyclophosphamide in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia [abstract]. Blood 2008 Nov 16; 112 (11): 2925.
53. Cooper T, Alonzo TA, Gerbing RB, et al. AAML0523: a report from the children's oncology group on the safety of clofarabine in combination with cytarabine in pediatric patients with relapsed acute leukemia [abstract]. Blood 2009 Nov 20; 114 (22): 3076.
54. Faderl S, Ravandi F, Huang X, et al. A randomized study of clofarabine versus clofarabine plus low-dose cytarabine as front-line therapy for patients aged 60 years and older with acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodys-plastic syndrome. Blood 2008 Sep 1; 112 (5): 1638-45.
55. Kaasgaard T, Andresen TL. Liposomal cancer therapy: exploiting tumor characteristics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7 (2): 225-43.
56. Krishna R, Webb MS, St Onge G, et al. Liposomal and nonliposomal drug pharmacokinetics after administration of liposome-encapsulated vincristine and their contribution to drug tissue distribution properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001 Sep 1; 298 (3): 1206-12. (Pubitemid 32761941)
57. Mayer LD, Bally MB, Loughrey H, et al. Liposomal vin- cristine preparations which exhibit decreased drug toxi-city and increased activity against murine L1210 and P388 tumors. Cancer Res 1990 Feb 1; 50 (3): 575-9. (Pubitemid 20054181)
58. Gelmon KA, Tolcher A, Diab AR, et al. Phase I study of lipo- somal vincristine. J Clin Oncol 1999 Feb 1; 17 (2): 697-705. (Pubitemid 29075259)
59. Sarris AH, Hagemeister F, Romaguera J, et al. Liposomal vincristine in relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: early results of an ongoing phase II trial. Ann Oncol 2000 Jan 1; 11 (1): 69-72. (Pubitemid 30084582)
60. Thomas DA, Sarris AH, Cortes J, et al. Phase II study of sphingosomal vincristine in patients with recurrent or refractory adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2006; 106 (1): 120-7. (Pubitemid 43032556)
61. O'Brien SM, Aulitzky W, Ben Yehuda D, et al. Phase II study of marqibo in adult patients with refractory or relapsed philadelphia chromosome negative (Ph-) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts) 2010 May 20; 28 (15 Suppl.): 6507.
62. Thomas DA, Kantarjian HM, Stock W, et al. Phase 1 multicenter study of vincristine sulfate liposomes injection and dexamethasone in adults with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2009; 115 (23): 5490-8.
63. Glantz MJ, LaFollette S, Jaeckle KA, et al. Randomized trial of a slow-release versus a standard formulation of cytarabine for the intrathecal treatment of lymphomatous meningitis. J Clin Oncol 1999 Oct 1; 17 (10): 3110-6. (Pubitemid 29470639)
64. Kim S, Kim DJ, Geyer MA, et al. Multivesicular liposomes containing 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine for slow-release intrathecal therapy. Cancer Res 1987 Aug 1; 47 (15): 3935-7. (Pubitemid 17108448)
65. Chamberlain MC, Kormanik P, Howell SB, et al. Pharma- cokinetics of intralumbar DTC-101 for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases. Arch Neurol 1995 Sep 1; 52 (9): 912-7.
66. Zimm S, Collins JM, Miser J, et al. Cytosine arabinoside cerebrospinal fluid kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984 Jun; 35 (6): 826-30. (Pubitemid 14077491)
67. Bleyer WA. Intrathecal depot cytarabine therapy: a wel- come addition to a limited armamentarium. Clin Cancer Res 1999 Nov; 5 (11): 3349-51.
68. Goekbuget N, Hartog CM, Bassan R, et al. Liposomal cytarabine is effective and tolerable in the treatment of central nervous system relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and very aggressive lymphoma. Haematologica 2011 Feb; 96 (2): 238-44.
69. Jabbour E, O'Brien S, Kantarjian H, et al. Neurologic complications associated with intrathecal liposomal cy-tarabine given prophylactically in combination with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine to patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2007 Apr 15; 109 (8): 3214-8. (Pubitemid 46572506)
70. Thomas DA, Jabbour E, Kantarjian H, et al. Neurologic toxicity of intrathecal liposomal cytarabine when used for CNS prophylaxis in conjunction with the hyper-CVAD regimen. Blood 2007 Sep 1; 110 (5): 1698-1a-9.
71. Chamberlain MC, Glantz MJ. Re: neurologic complica- tions associated with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine given prophylactically in combination with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine to patients with acute lym-phocytic leukemia [letter]. Blood 2007 Sep 1; 110 (5): 1698. (Pubitemid 47443989)
72. Pui CH. Toward optimal use of intrathecal liposomal cy- tarabine. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 48 (9): 1672-3.
73. Ferrando AA. The role of NOTCH1 signaling in T-ALL. Hematology 2009 Jan 1; 2009 (1): 353-61.
74. Deangelo DJ, Stone RM, Silverman LB, et al. A phase I clinical trial of the notch inhibitor MK-0752 in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) and other leukemias [abstract]. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts) 2006 Jun 20; 24 (18 Suppl.): 6585.
75. Real PJ, Tosello V, Palomero T, et al. Gamma-secretase inhibitors reverse glucocorticoid resistance in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Med 2009; 15 (1): 50-8.
76. Wei P, Walls M, Qiu M, et al. Evaluation of selective g-secretase inhibitor PF-03084014 for its antitumor efficacy and gastrointestinal safety to guide optimal clinical trial design. Mol Cancer Ther 2010 Jun 1; 9 (6): 1618-28.
77. Furman R, Hoelzer DH. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach for B-cell lymphoid malignancies. Semin Oncol 2007; 34 (6 Suppl. 5): S29-34. (Pubitemid 350250799)
78. Furman RR, Gore L, Ravandi F, et al. Forodesine IV (Bcx-1777) is clinically active in relapsed/refractory T-cell leukemia: results of a phase II study (interim report) [abstract]. Blood 2006 Nov 16; 108 (11): 1851.
79. Bueso-Ramos C, Xu Y, McDonnell TJ, et al. Protein ex- pression of a triad of frequently methylated genes, p73, p57Kip2, and p15, has prognostic value in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia independently of its methylation status. J Clin Oncol 2005 Jun 10; 23 (17): 3932-9. (Pubitemid 46218696)
80. Zheng S, Ma X, Zhang L, et al. Hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island of the FHIT gene is associated with hyper-diploid and translocation-negative subtypes of pediatric leukemia. Cancer Res 2004 Mar 15; 64 (6): 2000-6. (Pubitemid 38339446)
81. Hui Y, Koyu H, Blanca S-G, et al. Antileukemia activity of the combination of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine with valproic acid. Leuk Res 2005; 29 (7): 739-48.
82. Yanez L, Bermudez A, Richard C, et al. Successful induc- tion therapy with decitabine in refractory childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2009; 23 (7): 1342-3.
83. Garcia-Manero G, Thomas D, Rytting M, et al. A phase 1 study of dose-dense 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine (decitabine) in relapse refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) [abstract]. Blood 2009 Nov 20; 114 (22): 2030.
84. Borowitz MJ, Shuster J, Carroll AJ, et al. Prognostic sig- nificance of fluorescence intensity of surface marker expression in childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. Blood 1997 Jun 1; 89 (11): 3960-6. (Pubitemid 27220939)
85. Jeha S, Behm F, Pei D, et al. Prognostic significance of CD20 expression in childhood B-cell precursor acute lympho-blastic leukemia. Blood 2006 Nov 15; 108 (10): 3302-4.
86. Thomas DA, O'Brien S, Jorgensen JL, et al. Prognostic significance of CD20 expression in adults with De novo precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2009 Jun 18; 113 (25): 6330-7.
87. Maury S, Huguet F, Leguay T, et al. Adverse prognostic sig- nificance of CD20 expression in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2009 Feb 1, 2010; 95 (2): 324-8.
88. Maloney DG, Smith B, Rose A. Rituximab: mechanism of ac- tion and resistance. Semin Oncol 2002 Feb; 29 (1 Suppl. 2): 2-9.
89. Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (4): 235-42. (Pubitemid 34438862)
90. Habermann TM, Weller EA, Morrison VA, et al. Rituximab- CHOP versus CHOP alone or with maintenance rituximab in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006 Jul 1; 24 (19): 3121-7. (Pubitemid 46638950)
91. Thomas DA, Faderl S, O'Brien S, et al. Chemoimmu- notherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2006 Apr 1; 106 (7): 1569-80.
92. Thomas DA, O'Brien S, Faderl S, et al. Chemoimmunother- apy with a modified hyper-CVAD and rituximab regimen improves outcome in De novo Philadelphia chromosome-negative precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010 Aug 20; 28 (24): 3880-9.
93. Hoelzer DH, Huettmann AM, Kaul FK, et al. Im- munochemotherapy with rituximab in adult CD20+ B-precursor ALL improves molecular CR rate and outcome in standard-risk as well as in high-risk patients with SCT [abstract no. 0481]. Haematologica 2009; 94 (2): 195.
94. Dworzak MN, Schumich A, Printz D, et al. CD20 up- regulation in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lympho-blastic leukemia during induction treatment: setting the stage for anti-CD20 directed immunotherapy. Blood 2008 Nov 15; 112 (10): 3982-8.
95. Coleman M, Goldenberg DM, Siegel AB, et al. Epratuzu- mab. Clin Cancer Res 2003 Sep 1; 9 (10): 3991-4s.
96. Carnahan J, Stein R, Qu Z, et al. Epratuzumab, a CD22- targeting recombinant humanized antibody with a different mode of action from rituximab. Mol Immunol 2007 Feb; 44 (6): 1331-41. (Pubitemid 44415959)
97. Leonard JP, Coleman M, Ketas JC, et al. Epratuzumab, a humanized anti-CD22 antibody, in aggressive non- Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004 Aug 15; 10 (16): 5327-34.
98. Micallef IN, Maurer MJ, Nikcevich DA, et al. A phase II study of epratuzumab and rituximab in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and predni-sone chemotherapy (ER-CHOP) in patients with previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [abstract]. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts) 2008 May 20; 26 (15 Suppl.): 8500.
99. Raetz EA, Cairo MS, Borowitz MJ, et al. Chemoimmu- notherapy reinduction with epratuzumab in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in marrow relapse: a Children's Oncology Group Pilot Study. J Clin Oncol 2008 Aug 1; 26 (22): 3756-62.
100. Wayne AS, Kreitman RJ, Findley HW, et al. Anti-CD22 immunotoxin RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 (BL22) for CD22-positive hematologic malignancies of childhood: preclinical studies and phase I clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res 2010 Mar 15; 16 (6): 1894-903.
101. Wayne AS, Bhojwani D, Jeha S, et al. Phase I clinical trial of the anti-CD22 immunotoxin CAT-8015 (HA22) for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) [abstract]. Blood 2009 Nov 20; 114 (22): 839.
102. Wong BY, Dang NH. Inotuzumab ozogamicin as novel therapy in lymphomas. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10 (8): 1251-8.
103. Dang NH, Smith MR, Offner F, et al. Anti-CD22 im- munoconjugate inotuzumab ozogamicin (CMC-544)+ rituximab: clinical activity including survival in patients with recurrent/refractory follicular or 'aggressive' lymphoma [abstract]. Blood 2009 Nov 20; 114 (22): 584.
104. Vallera D, Hua C, Andrew RS, et al. Genetic alteration of a bispecific ligand-directed toxin targeting human CD19 and CD22 receptors resulting in improved efficacy against systemic B cell malignancy. Leuk Res 2009; 33 (9): 1233-42.
105. Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Ferrajoli A. Alemtuzumab: a novel monoclonal antibody. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2001; 1 (6): 1059-65.
106. Tibes R, Keating MJ, Ferrajoli A, et al. Activity of alem- tuzumab in patients with CD52-positive acute leukemia. Cancer 2006; 106 (12): 2645-51.
107. Parnes A, Bifulco C, Vanasse GJ. A novel regimen in- corporating the concomitant administration of fludara-bine and alemtuzumab for the treatment of refractory adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a report of three cases. Br J Haematol 2007; 139 (1): 164-5. (Pubitemid 47389933)
108. Stock W, Sanford B, Lozanski G, et al. Alemtuzumab can be incorporated into front-line therapy of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): final phase I results of a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study (CALGB 10102) [abstract]. Blood 2009 Nov 20; 114 (22): 838.
109. Baeuerle PA, Reinhardt C. Bispecific T-cell engaging anti- bodies for cancer therapy. Cancer Res 2009 Jun 15; 69 (12): 4941-4.
110. Nagorsen D, Bargou R, Ruttinger D, et al. Immunother- apy of lymphoma and leukemia with T-cell engaging BiTE antibody blinatumomab. Leuk Lymphoma 2009 Jun; 50 (6): 886-91.
111. 2/d of BiTE(R) antibody blinatumomab [abstract]. Blood 2009 Nov 20; 114 (22): 2723.
112. Topp MS, Zugmaier G, Goekbuget N, et al. Report of a phase II trial of single-agent BiTE(R) antibody blinatu-momab in patients with minimal residual disease (MRD) positive B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) [abstract]. Blood 2009 Nov 20; 114 (22): 840.
113. Stock W. Current treatment options for adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51 (2): 188-98.
114. Fielding AK, Rowe JM, Richards SM, et al. Prospective outcome data on 267 unselected adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia confirms superiority of allogeneic transplantation over chemotherapy in the pre-imatinib era: results from the International ALL Trial MRC UKALLXII/ECOG2993. Blood 2009 May 7; 113 (19): 4489-96.
115. Druker BJ, Sawyers CL, Kantarjian H, et al. Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lym-phoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome. N Engl J Med 2001 Apr 5; 344 (14): 1038-42. (Pubitemid 32267973)
116. O'Brien SG, Guilhot Fo, Larson RA, et al. Imatinib com- pared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (11): 994-1004. (Pubitemid 36302244)
117. Ottmann OG, Druker BJ, Sawyers CL, et al. A phase 2 study of imatinib in patients with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoid leu-kemias. Blood 2002 Aug 28; 100 (6): 1965-71. (Pubitemid 35001224)
118. Vignetti M, Fazi P, Cimino G, et al. Imatinib plus steroids induces complete remissions and prolonged survival in elderly Philadelphia chromosome-positive patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia without additional chemotherapy: results of the Gruppo Italiano Malattie Emato-logiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) LAL0201-B protocol. Blood 2007 May 1; 109 (9): 3676-8. (Pubitemid 46641715)
119. Ottmann OG, Wassmann B, Pfeifer H, et al. Imatinib compared with chemotherapy as front-line treatment of elderly patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL). Cancer 2007; 109 (10): 2068-76. (Pubitemid 46745234)
120. Yanada M, Takeuchi J, Sugiura I, et al. High complete remission rate and promising outcome by combination of imatinib and chemotherapy for newly diagnosed BCR-ABL-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a phase II study by the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2006 Jan 20; 24 (3): 460-6. (Pubitemid 46630465)
121. Hatta Y, Mizuta S, Ohtake S, et al. Promising outcome of imatinib-combined chemotherapy followed by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (JALSG) Ph+ALL202 regimen [abstract]. Blood 2009 Nov 20; 114 (22): 3090.
122. Thomas DA, O'Brien SM, Faderl S, et al. Long-term out- come after hyper-CVAD and imatinib (IM) for De novo or minimally treated Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-ALL) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts) 2010 May 20; 28 (15 Suppl.): 6506.
123. Schultz KR, Bowman WP, Aledo A, et al. Improved early event-free survival with imatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2009 Nov 1; 27 (31): 5175-81.
124. Dombret H, Gabert J, Boiron J-M, et al. Outcome of treat- ment in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the prospective multicenter LALA-94 trial. Blood 2002 Sep 18; 100 (7): 2357-66.
125. Yanada M, Sugiura I, Takeuchi J, et al. Prospective mon- itoring of BCR-ABL1 transcript levels in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia undergoing imatinib-combined chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 2008; 143 (4): 503-10.
126. Carpenter PA, Snyder DS, Flowers MED, et al. Prophy- lactic administration of imatinib after hematopoietic cell transplantation for high-risk Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Blood 2007 Apr 1; 109 (7): 2791-3. (Pubitemid 46482072)
127. Wassmann B, Pfeifer H, Stadler M, et al. Early molecular response to posttransplantation imatinib determines outcome in MRD+ Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). Blood 2005 Jul 15; 106 (2): 458-63. (Pubitemid 40981238)
128. Ribera J-M, Oriol A, Gonzalez M, et al. Concurrent in- tensive chemotherapy and imatinib before and after stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: final results of the CSTIBES02 trial. Haematologica 2010 Jan 1; 95 (1): 87-95.
129. Shah NP, Tran C, Lee FY, et al. Overriding imatinib re- sistance with a novel ABL kinase inhibitor. Science 2004 Jul 16; 305 (5682): 399-401. (Pubitemid 38938156)
130. Talpaz M, Shah NP, Kantarjian H, et al. Dasatinib in im- atinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive leuke-mias. N Engl J Med 2006; 354 (24): 2531-41. (Pubitemid 43882349)
131. Ottmann O, Dombret H, Martinelli G, et al. Dasatinib in- duces rapid hematologic and cytogenetic responses in adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with resistance or intolerance to imatinib: interim results of a phase 2 study. Blood 2007 Oct 1; 110 (7): 2309-15. (Pubitemid 47523149)
132. Porkka K, Koskenvesa P, Lundan T, et al. Dasatinib crosses the blood-brain barrier and is an efficient therapy for central nervous system Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Blood 2008 Aug 15; 112 (4): 1005-12.
133. Foa R, Vitale A, Guarini A, et al. Line treatment of adult Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients: final results of the GIMEMA LAL1205 study [abstract]. Blood 2008 Nov 16; 112 (11): 305.
134. Ravandi F, O'Brien S, Thomas D, et al. First report of phase II study of dasatinib with hyperCVAD for the frontline treatment of patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2010 Sep; 116 (12): 2070-7.
135. Weisberg E, Manley PW, Breitenstein W, et al. Character- ization of AMN107, a selective inhibitor of native and mutant Bcr-Abl. Cancer Cell 2005 Feb; 7 (2): 129-41. (Pubitemid 40248339)
136. Kantarjian H, Giles F, Wunderle L, et al. Nilotinib in imatinib-resistant CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. N Engl J Med 2006; 354 (24): 2542-51. (Pubitemid 43882350)
137. Larson R, Ottman O, Kantarjian H, et al. A phase II study of nilotinib administered to imatinib resistant or intolerant patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis (BC) or relapsed/refractory Ph+ acute lym-phoblastic leukemia (ALL) [abstract]. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts) 2007 Jun 20; 25 (18 Suppl.): 7040.
138. Naka K, Hoshii T, Hirao A. Novel therapeutic approach to eradicate tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistant chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101 (7): 1577-81.
139. Schenone S, Brullo C, Musumeci F, et al. Novel dual Src/Abl inhibitors for hematologic and solid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19 (8): 931-45.
140. Martinelli G, Iacobucci I, Papayannidis C, et al. New tar- gets for Ph+ leukaemia therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2009 Sep; 22 (3): 445-54.
141. Fielding AK. How I treat Philadelphia chromosome posi- tive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Blood 2010 Nov 4; 116 (18): 3409-17.
142. Abdel-Karim I, Plunkett W, O'Brien S, et al. A phase I study of pemetrexed in patients with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia. Invest New Drugs 2011 Apr; 29 (2): 323-31.
143. Giles F, Rizzieri DA, George S, et al. A phase I study of Talvesta(R) (talotrexin) in relapsed or refractory leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome [abstract]. Blood 2006 Nov 16; 108 (11): 1968.
144. Blum W, Phelps MA, Klisovic RB, et al. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of a novel schedule of flavo-piridol in relapsed or refractory acute leukemias. Hae-matologica 2010 Jul 1; 95 (7): 1098-105.
145. Karp JE, Passaniti A, Gojo I, et al. Phase I and phar- macokinetic study of flavopiridol followed by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and mitoxantrone in relapsed and refractory adult acute leukemias. Clin Cancer Res 2005 Dec 1; 11 (23): 8403-12. (Pubitemid 41746954)
146. Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Kolb EA, et al. Initial testing (stage 1) of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50 (1): 37-45. (Pubitemid 350234263)
147. Cortes J, Thomas D, Koller C, et al. Phase I study of bor- tezomib in refractory or relapsed acute leukemias. Clin Cancer Res 2004 May 15; 10 (10): 3371-6. (Pubitemid 38685442)
148. Horton TM, Pati D, Plon SE, et al. A phase 1 study of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in pediatric patients with refractory leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Clin Cancer Res 2007 Mar 1; 13 (5): 1516-22. (Pubitemid 46450443)
149. Messinger Y, Gaynon P, Raetz E, et al. Phase I study of bortezomib combined with chemotherapy in children with relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): a report from the Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia (TACL) consortium. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55 (2): 254-9.
150. Brown VI, Fang J, Alcorn K, et al. Rapamycin is active against B-precursor leukemia in vitro and in vivo, an effect that is modulated by IL-7-mediated signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 Dec 9; 100 (25): 15113-8. (Pubitemid 37518025)
151. Crazzolara R, Bradstock KF, Bendall LJ. RAD001 (ever- olimus) induces autophagy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Autophagy 2009 Jul; 5 (5): 727-8.
152. Hasegawa H, Yamada Y, Iha H, et al. Activation of p53 by Nutlin-3a, an antagonist of MDM2, induces apoptosis and cellular senescence in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Leukemia 2009; 23 (11): 2090-101.
153. Rambal AA, Panaguiton ZLG, Kramer L, et al. MEK in- hibitors potentiate dexamethasone lethality in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through the pro-apoptotic molecule BIM. Leukemia 2009; 23 (10): 1744-54.
154. Lin Y-W, Beharry ZM, Hill EG, et al. A small molecule inhibitor of Pim protein kinases blocks the growth of precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2010 Jan 28; 115 (4): 824-33.