Acute imidazenil treatment after the onset of DFP-induced seizure is more effective and longer lasting than midazolam at preventing seizure activity and brain neuropathology

Toxicological Sciences

Volumn 120, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 136-145

  Kadriu, Bashkim ^a   Guidotti, Alessandro ^a   Costa, Erminio ^a   Davis, John M ^a   Auta, James ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

Author keywords

Benzodiazepine; Imidazenil; Neuropathology; Ooganophosphates; Radio telemetry

Indexed keywords

ATROPINE; DYFLOS; IMIDAZENIL; MIDAZOLAM; NEURON SPECIFIC NUCLEAR PROTEIN; PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIBODY LABELING; ARTICLE; CELL DAMAGE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; ELECTROCORTICOGRAPHY; MALE; NERVE CELL; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; RAT; SEIZURE; STAINING; TELEMETRY;

RATTUS;

EID: 79952075966     PISSN: 10966080     EISSN: 10960929     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq356     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Auta, J., Costa, E., Davis, J., and Guidotti, A. (2004). Imidazenil: a potent and safe protective agent against diisopropyl fluorophosphate toxicity. Neuro-pharmacology 46, 397-403.
2. Auta, J., Faust, W. B., Lambert, P., Guidotti, A., Costa, E., and Moerschbaecher, J. M. (1995). Comparison of the effects of full and partial allosteric modulators of GABA(A) receptors on complex behavioral processes in monkeys. Behav. Pharmacol. 6, 323-332.
3. Auta, J., Giusti, P., Guidotti, A., and Costa, E. (1994). Imidazenil, a partial positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, exhibits low tolerance and dependence liabilities in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270, 1262-1269.
4. Auta, J., Guidotti, A., and Costa, E. (2000). Imidazenil prevention of alprazolam-induced acquisition deficit in patas monkeys is devoid of tolerance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 2314-2319.
5. Ben-Ari, Y. (2006). Seizures beget seizures: the quest for GABA as a key player. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 18, 135-144.
6. Brown, M. A., and Brix, K. A. (1998). Review of health consequences from high-, intermediate- and low-level exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents. J. Appl. Toxicol. 18, 393-408.
7. Carpentier, P., Foquin, A., Dorandeu, F., and Lallement, G. (2001). Delta activity as an early indicator for soman-induced brain damage: a review. Neurotoxicology 22, 299-315.
8. Chen, J. W. Y., and Wasterlain, C. G. (2006). Status epilepticus: pathophysiology and management in adults. Lancet Neurol. 5, 246-256.
9. Costa, E., Auta, J., Grayson, D. R., Matsumoto, K., Pappas, G. D., Zhang, X., and Guidotti, A. (2002). GABAA receptors and benzodiazepines: a role for dendritic resident subunit mRNAs. Neuropharmacology 43, 925-937.
10. Costa, E., and Guidotti, A. (1996). Benzodiazepines on trial: a research strategy for their rehabilitation. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 17, 192-200.
11. Davoli, M. A., Fourtounis, J., Tam, J., Xanthoudakis, S., Nicholson, D., Robertson, G. S., Ng, G. Y., and Xu, D. (2002). Immunohistochemical and biochemical assessment of caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation following transient focal ischemia in the rat. Neuroscience 115, 125-136.
12. Deveney, A. M., Kjellström, A., Forsberg, T., and Jackson, D. M. (1998). A pharmacological validation of radiotelemetry in conscious, freely moving rats. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 40, 71-79.
13. Fitzgerald, A. L., Juneau, P., Cain, C., and Southwick, K. (2003). Development of a quantitative method for evaluation of the electroencephalogram of rats by using radiotelemetry. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42, 40-45.
14. Fujikawa, D. G. (1996). The temporal evolution of neuronal damage from pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Brain Res. 725, 11-22.
15. Gavrieli, Y., Sherman, Y., and Ben-Sasson, S. A. (1992). Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J. Cell Biol. 119, 493-501.
16. Gillis, R. A., Hill, K. J., Kirby, J. S., Quest, J. A., Hamosh, P., Norman, W. P., and Kellar, K. J. (1989). Effect of activation of central nervous system serotonin 1A receptors on cardiorespiratory function. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 248, 851-857.
17. Giusti, P., Ducić, I., Puia, G., Arban, R., Walser, A., Guidotti, A., and Costa, E. (1993). Imidazenil: a new partial positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) action at GABAA receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 266, 1018-1028.
18. Guidotti, A., Auta, J., Davis, J. M., Dong, E., Grayson, D. R., Veldic, M., Zhang, X., and Costa, E. (2005). GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia: new treatment strategies on the horizon. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 180, 191-205.
19. Gunderson, C. H., Lehmann, C. R., Sidell, F. R., and Jabbari, B. (1992). Nerve agents: a review. Neurology 42, 946-950.
20. Harrison, P. K., Sheridan, R. D., Green, A. C., Scott, I. R., and Tattersall, J. E. H. (2004). A guinea pig hippocampal slice model of organophosphate-induced seizure activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310, 678-686.
21. Hayward, I. J., Wall, H. G., Jaax, N. K., Wade, J. V., Marlow, D. D., and Nold, J. B. (1990). Decreased brain pathology in organophosphate-exposed rhesus monkeys following benzodiazepine therapy. J. Neurol. Sci. 98, 99-106.
22. Hopkins, K. J., Wang, G., and Schmued, L. C. (2000). Temporal progression of kainic acid induced neuronal and myelin degeneration in the rat forebrain. Brain Res. 864, 69-80.
23. Igarashi, T., Huang, T. T., and Noble, L. J. (2001). Regional vulnerability after traumatic brain injury: gender differences in mice that overexpress human copper, zinc superoxide dismutase. Exp. Neurol. 172, 332-341.
24. Kadriu, B., Guidotti, A., Costa, E., and Auta, J. (2009). Imidazenil, a non-sedating anticonvulsant benzodiazepine, is more potent than diazepam in protecting against DFP-induced seizures and neuronal damage. Toxicology 256, 164-174.
25. Kapur, J., Stringer, J. L., and Lothman, E. W. (1989). Evidence that repetitive seizures in the hippocampus cause a lasting reduction of GABAergic inhibition. J. Neurophysiol. 61, 417-426.
26. Knoflach, F., Benke, D., Wang, Y., Scheurer, L., Lüddens, H., Hamilton, B. J., Carter, D. B., Mohler, H., and Benson, J. A. (1996). Pharmacological modulation of the diazepam-insensitive recombinant gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors alpha 4 beta 2 gamma 2 and alpha 6 beta 2 gamma 2. Mol. Pharmacol. 50, 1253-1261.
27. Kramer, K., and Kinter, L. B. (2003). Evaluation and applications of radiotelemetry in small laboratory animals. Physiol. Genomics. 13, 197-205.
28. Lallement, G., Dorandeu, F., Filliat, P., Carpentier, P., Baille, V., and Blanchet, G. (1998). Medical management of organophosphate-induced seizures. J. Physiol. Paris. 92, 369-373.
29. Lallement, G., Baubichon, D., Clarençon, D., Galonnier, M., Peoc'h, M., and Carpentier, P. (1999). Review of the value of gacyclidine (GK-11) as adjuvant medication to conventional treatments of organophosphate poisoning: primate experiments mimicking various scenarios of military or terrorist attack by soman. Neurotoxicology 20, 675-684.
30. Lemos, T., and Cavalheiro, E. A. (1995). Suppression of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and the late development of epilepsy in rats. Exp. Brain Res. 102, 423-428.
31. McDonough, J. H., Dochterman, L. W., Smith, C. D., and Shih, T. M. (1995). Protection against nerve agent-induced neuropathology, but not cardiac pathology, is associated with the anticonvulsant action of drug treatment. Neurotoxicology 16, 123-132.
32. McDonough, J. H., McMonagle, J. D., and Shih, T. (2010). Time-dependent reduction in the anticonvulsant effectiveness of diazepam against soman-induced seizures in guinea pigs. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 33, 279-283.
33. McDonough, J. H., and Shih, T. M. (1993). Pharmacological modulation of soman-induced seizures. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 17, 203-215.
34. McDonough, J. H., and Shih, T. M. (1997). Neuropharmacological mechanisms of nerve agent-induced seizure and neuropathology. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21, 559-579.
35. McDonough, J. H., Van Shura, K. E., LaMont, J. C., McMonagle, J. D., and Shih, T. (2009). Comparison of the intramuscular, intranasal or sublingual routes of midazolam administration for the control of soman-induced seizures. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 104, 27-34.
36. Miyaki, K., Nishiwaki, Y., Maekawa, K., Ogawa, Y., Asukai, N., Yoshimura, K., Etoh, N., Matsumoto, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Kumagai, N., and Omae, K. (2005). Effects of sarin on the nervous system of subway workers seven years after the Tokyo subway sarin attack. J. Occup. Health. 47, 299-304.
37. Newmark, J. (2004a). Nerve agents: pathophysiology and treatment of poisoning. Semin. Neurol. 24, 185-196.
38. Newmark, J. (2004b). Therapy for nerve agent poisoning. Arch. Neurol. 61, 649-652.
39. Newmark, J. (2007). Nerve agents. Neurologist 13, 20-32.
40. Nordt, S. P., and Clark, R. F. (1997). Midazolam: a review of therapeutic uses and toxicity. J. Emerg. Med. 15, 357-365.
41. Ogutu, B. R., Newton, C. R., Crawley, J., Muchohi, S. N., Otieno, G. O., Edwards, G., Marsh, K., and Kokwaro, G. O. (2002). Pharmacokinetics and anticonvulsant effects of diazepam in children with severe falciparum malaria and convulsions. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 53, 49-57.
42. Okumura, T., Ninomiya, N., and Ohta, M. (2003). The chemical disaster response system in Japan. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 18, 189-192.
43. Pibiri, F., Kozikowski, A. P., Pinna, G., Auta, J., Kadriu, B., Costa, E., and Guidotti, A. (2008). The combination of huperzine A and imidazenil is an effective strategy to prevent diisopropyl fluorophosphate toxicity in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 14169-14174.
44. Rump, S., Gidynska, T., Galecka, E., Antkowiak, O., Nawrocka, M., and Kowalczyk, M. (2000). Effects of imidazenil, a new benzodiazepine receptor partial agonist, in the treatment of convulsions in organophosphate intoxications. Neurotox. Res. 2, 17-22.
45. Schmued, L. C., Albertson, C., and Slikker, W. (1997). Fluoro-Jade: a novel fluorochrome for the sensitive and reliable histochemical localization of neuronal degeneration. Brain Res. 751, 37-46.
46. Schwartz-Bloom, R. D., McDonough, K. J., Chase, P. J., Chadwick, L. E., Inglefield, J. R., and Levin, E. D. (1998). Long-term neuroprotection by benzodiazepine full versus partial agonists after transient cerebral ischemia in the gerbil [corrected]. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18, 548-558.
47. Shih, T. M., Duniho, S. M., and McDonough, J. H. (2003). Control of nerve agent-induced seizures is critical for neuroprotection and survival. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 188, 69-80.
48. Shih, T. M., and McDonough, J. H. (1999). Organophosphorus nerve agents-induced seizures and efficacy of atropine sulfate as anticonvulsant treatment. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 64, 147-153.
49. Shih, T. M., and McDonough, J. H. (2000). Efficacy of biperiden and atropine as anticonvulsant treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication. Arch. Toxicol. 74, 165-172.
50. Shih, T. M., Rowland, T. C., and McDonough, J. H. (2007). Anticonvulsants for nerve agent-induced seizures: the influence of the therapeutic dose of atropine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 320, 154-161.
51. Sieghart, W. (1995). Structure and pharmacology of gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor subtypes. Pharmacol. Rev. 47, 181-234.
52. Solberg, Y., and Belkin, M. (1997). The role of excitotoxicity in organophos-phorous nerve agents central poisoning. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 18, 183-185.
53. Tochigi, M., Umekage, T., Otani, T., Kato, T., Iwanami, A., Asukai, N., Sasaki, T., and Kato, N. (2002). Serum cholesterol, uric acid and cholinesterase in victims of the Tokyo subway sarin poisoning: a relation with post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurosci. Res. 44, 267-272.
54. Tryphonas, L., Veinot, J. P., and Clement, J. G. (1996). Early histopathologic and ultrastructural changes in the heart of Sprague-Dawley rats following administration of soman. Toxicol. Pathol. 24, 190-198.
55. Walton, N. Y., and Treiman, D. M. (1988). Response of status epilepticus induced by lithium and pilocarpine to treatment with diazepam. Exp. Neurol. 101, 267-275.
56. Weinbroum, A. A. (2004). Pathophysiological and clinical aspects of combat anticholinesterase poisoning. Br. Med. Bull. 72, 119-133.
57. Yokoyama, K., Araki, S., Murata, K., Nishikitani, M., Okumura, T.,Ishimatsu, S., Takasu, N., and White, R. F. (1998). Chronic neurobehavioral effects of Tokyo subway sarin poisoning in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Environ. Health. 53, 249-256.