The clinical significance of serrated polyps

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 106, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 229-240

  Huang, Christopher S ^a   Farraye, Francis A ^a   Yang, Shi ^a   O'Brien, Michael J ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOMA; ARTICLE; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; COLORECTAL CANCER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; DYSPLASTIC SERRATED POLYP; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERPLASTIC POLYP; HYPERPLASTIC POLYPOSIS SYNDROME; POLYP; POLYPECTOMY; POLYPOSIS; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SERRATED POLYP; SESSILE SERRATED ADENOMA;

ADENOCARCINOMA; AGE FACTORS; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; COLONIC POLYPS; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; CPG ISLANDS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DNA METHYLATION; GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR; HUMANS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MUTATION; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS B-RAF; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 79751538995     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: 15720241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.429     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF et al. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 1-8.
2. Lakoff J, Paszat LF, Saskin R et al. Risk of developing proximal versus distal colorectal cancer aft er a negative colonoscopy: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6: 1117-21; quiz 1064.
3. Singh H, Turner D, Xue L et al. Risk of developing colorectal cancer following a negative colonoscopy examination: evidence for a 10-year interval between colonoscopies. JAMA 2006; 295: 2366-73. (Pubitemid 43788104)
4. Brenner H, Hoff meister M, Arndt V et al. Protection from right- and left-sided colorectal neoplasms aft er colonoscopy: population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 89-95.
5. Jass JR, Young J, Leggett BA. Hyperplastic polyps and DNA microsatellite unstable cancers of the colorectum. Histopathology 2000; 37: 295-301.
6. Jass JR, Whitehall VL, Young J et al. Emerging concepts in colorectal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 862-76. (Pubitemid 34977092)
7. Huang CS, O ' Brien MJ, Yang S et al. Hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, and the serrated polyp neoplasia pathway. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 2242-55. (Pubitemid 39524717)
8. O ' Brien MJ. Hyperplastic and serrated polyps of the colorectum. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2007; 36: 947-68.
9. Makinen MJ. Colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 2007; 50: 131-50. (Pubitemid 44953404)
10. Jass JR. Classifi cation of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features. Histopathology 2007; 50: 113-30. (Pubitemid 44953403)
11. O ' Brien MJ, Yang S, Clebanoff JL et al. Hyperplastic (serrated) polyps of the colorectum: relationship of CpG island methylator phenotype and K-ras mutation to location and histologic subtype. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28: 423-34. (Pubitemid 38436515)
12. O ' Brien MJ, Yang S, Mack C et al. Comparison of microsatellite instability, CpG island methylation phenotype BRAF and KRAS status in serrated polyps and traditional adenomas indicates separate pathways to distinct colorectal carcinoma end points. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1491-501. (Pubitemid 44808785)
13. Otori K, Oda Y, Sugiyama K et al. High frequency of K-ras mutations in human colorectal hyperplastic polyps. Gut 1997; 40: 660-3. (Pubitemid 27278336)
14. Weisenberger DJ, Siegmund KD, Campan M et al. CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 2006; 38: 787-93. (Pubitemid 43980599)
15. Rashid A, Issa JP. CpG island methylation in gastroenterologic neoplasia: a maturing field. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 1578-88. (Pubitemid 39457781)
16. Rosenberg DW, Yang S, Pleau DC et al. Mutations in BRAF and KRAS diff erentially distinguish serrated versus non-serrated hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci in humans. Cancer Res 2007; 67: 3551-4. (Pubitemid 46762136)
17. Torlakovic E, Skovlund E, Snover DC et al. Morphologic reappraisal of serrated colorectal polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27: 65-81. (Pubitemid 36014900)
18. Hornick JL, Odze RD eds Polyps of the Large Intestine. 2nd edn. Elsevier: Philadelphia, 2009.
19. Lambert R, Kudo SE, Vieth M et al. Pragmatic classifi cation of superfi cial neoplastic colorectal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70: 1182-99.
20. DiSario JA, Foutch PG, Mai HD et al. Prevalence and malignant potential of colorectal polyps in asymptomatic, average-risk men. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 941-5.
21. Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY et al. Results of screening colonoscopy among persons 40 to 49 years of age. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1781-5. (Pubitemid 34586913)
22. Lieberman DA, Prindiville S, Weiss DG et al. Risk factors for advanced colonic neoplasia and hyperplastic polyps in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 2003; 290: 2959-67. (Pubitemid 37505528)
23. Weston AP, Campbell DR. Diminutive colonic polyps: histopathology, spatial distribution, concomitant signifi cant lesions, and treatment complications. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 24-8.
24. Cappell MS, Forde KA. Spatial clustering of multiple hyperplastic, adenomatous, and malignant colonic polyps in individual patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32: 641-52. (Pubitemid 19196861)
25. Tedesco FJ, Hendrix JC, Pickens CA et al. Diminutive polyps: histopathology, spatial distribution, and clinical signifi cance. Gastrointest Endosc 1982; 28: 1-5.
26. Waye JD, Bilotta JJ. Rectal hyperplastic polyps: now you see them, now you don ' t-a diff erential point. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 1557-9.
27. Chapuis PH, Dent OF, Goulston KJ. Clinical accuracy in the diagnosis of small polyps using the flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscope. Dis Colon Rectum 1982; 25: 669-72. (Pubitemid 12022753)
28. Yang S, Farraye FA, Mack C et al. BRAF and KRAS mutations in hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas of the colorectum: relationship to histology and CpG island methylation status. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28: 1452-9. (Pubitemid 39425511)
29. Boparai KS, Dekker E, Van Eeden S et al. Hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated adenomas as a phenotypic expression of MYH-associated polyposis. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 2014-8.
30. Goldstein NS, Bhanot P, Odish E et al. Hyperplastic-like colon polyps that preceded microsatellite-unstable adenocarcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2003; 119: 778-96. (Pubitemid 37047838)
31. Carr NJ, Mahajan H, Tan KL et al. Serrated and non-serrated polyps of the colorectum: their prevalence in an unselected case series and correlation of BRAF mutation analysis with the diagnosis of sessile serrated adenoma. J Clin Pathol 2009; 62: 516-8.
32. Hetzel JT, Cerda S, Coukos J et al. Prevalence of serrated polyp subtypes and predictors of advanced serrated histology in a large colorectal cancer screening cohort [abstract]. Mod Pathol 2010; 23 (Suppl 1s): 147A.
33. Higuchi T, Sugihara K, Jass JR. Demographic and pathological characteristics of serrated polyps of colorectum. Histopathology 2005; 47: 32-40. (Pubitemid 40978811)
34. Sandmeier D, Seelentag W, Bouzourene H. Serrated polyps of the colorectum: is sessile serrated adenoma distinguishable from hyperplastic polyp in a daily practice? Virchows Arch 2007; 450: 613-8. (Pubitemid 46986228)
35. Spring KJ, Zhao ZZ, Karamatic R et al. High prevalence of sessile serrated adenomas with BRAF mutations: a prospective study of patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1400-7. (Pubitemid 44708940)
36. Lash R, Schuler CM, Genta RM. Demographic and pathologic evaluation of 2139 patients with sessile serrated adenomas in a one-year period. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: S191.
37. Kambara T, Simms LA, Whitehall VL et al. BRAF mutation is associated with DNA methylation in serrated polyps and cancers of the colorectum. Gut 2004; 53: 1137-44. (Pubitemid 38961968)
38. Minoo P, Jass JR. Senescence and serration: a new twist to an old tale. J Pathol 2006; 210: 137-40. (Pubitemid 44463927)
39. Wajapeyee N, Serra RW, Zhu X et al. Oncogenic BRAF induces senescence and apoptosis through pathways mediated by the secreted protein IGFBP7. Cell 2008; 132: 363-74. (Pubitemid 351191995)
40. Suzuki H, Igarashi S, Nojima M et al. IGFBP7 is a p53-responsive gene specifi cally silenced in colorectal cancer with CpG island methylator phenotype. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31: 342-9.
41. Rex DK, Ulbright TM. Step section histology of proximal colon polyps that appear hyperplastic by endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1530-4. (Pubitemid 34664805)
42. Rex DK, Rahmani EY. New endoscopic finding associated with hyperplastic polyps. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 704-6. (Pubitemid 29518060)
43. Jaramillo E, Tamura S, Mitomi H. Endoscopic appearance of serrated adenomas in the colon. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 254-60. (Pubitemid 40361103)
44. Oka S, Tanaka S, Hiyama T et al. Clinicopathologic and endoscopic features of colorectal serrated adenoma: diff erences between polypoid and superfi-cial types. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 213-9. (Pubitemid 38199214)
45. Boparai KS, Van den Broek FJ, Van Eeden S et al. Hyperplastic polyposis syndrome: a pilot study for the diff erentiation of polyps by using high-resolution endoscopy, autofluorescence imaging, and narrow-band imaging. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70: 947-55.
46. Torlakovic E, Snover DC. Serrated adenomatous polyposis in humans. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 748-55. (Pubitemid 26071842)
47. Hawkins NJ, Ward RL. Sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability and their possible origin in hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 1307-13. (Pubitemid 32910571)
48. Leggett B, Whitehall V. Role of the serrated pathway in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 2088-100.
49. Yachida S, Mudali S, Martin SA et al. Beta-catenin nuclear labeling is a common feature of sessile serrated adenomas and correlates with early neoplastic progression aft er BRAF activation. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33: 1823-32.
50. Snover DC, Jass JR, Fenoglio-Preiser C et al. Serrated polyps of the large intestine: a morphologic and molecular review of an evolving concept. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 124: 380-91. (Pubitemid 41232924)
51. Sheridan TB, Fenton H, Lewin MR et al. Sessile serrated adenomas with low- and high-grade dysplasia and early carcinomas: an immunohistochemical study of serrated lesions " caught in the act ". Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126: 564-71. (Pubitemid 44498506)
52. Goldstein NS. Small colonic microsatellite unstable adenocarcinomas and high-grade epithelial dysplasias in sessile serrated adenoma polypectomy specimens: a study of eight cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 125: 132-45. (Pubitemid 43089736)
53. Li SC, Burgart L. Histopathology of serrated adenoma, its variants, and differentiation from conventional adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131: 440-5. (Pubitemid 46365526)
54. Torlakovic EE, Gomez JD, Driman DK et al. Sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) vs. traditional serrated adenoma (TSA). Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32: 21-9.
55. Matsumoto T, Mizuno M, Shimizu M et al. Serrated adenoma of the colorectum: colonoscopic and histologic features. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 736-42. (Pubitemid 29269674)
56. Matsumoto T, Mizuno M, Shimizu M et al. Clinicopathological features of serrated adenoma of the colorectum: comparison with traditional adenoma. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 513-6. (Pubitemid 29309209)
57. Bariol C, Hawkins NJ, Turner JJ et al. Histopathological and clinical evaluation of serrated adenomas of the colon and rectum. Mod Pathol 2003; 16: 417-23. (Pubitemid 36618461)
58. Morita T, Tamura S, Miyazaki J et al. Evaluation of endoscopic and histopathological features of serrated adenoma of the colon. Endoscopy 2001; 33: 761-5. (Pubitemid 32834126)
59. Kim KM, Lee EJ, Kim YH et al. KRAS mutations in traditional serrated adenomas from Korea herald an aggressive phenotype. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 667-75.
60. Pai RK, Mackinnon AC, Joseph L et al. Identifi cation of histologically distinct conventional adenomas that arise predominately in patients with sessile serrated adenomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 355-63.
61. Longacre TA, Fenoglio-Preiser CM. Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/ serrated adenomas. A distinct form of colorectal neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 1990; 14: 524-37. (Pubitemid 20172523)
62. Jass JR, Baker K, Zlobec I et al. Advanced colorectal polyps with the molecular and morphological features of serrated polyps and adenomas: concept of a " fusion " pathway to colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2006; 49: 121-31. (Pubitemid 44079695)
63. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 525-32.
64. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225-49.
65. Samowitz W, Sweeney C, Herrick J et al. Poor survival associated with the BRAF V600E mutation in microsatellite-stable colon cancers. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 6063-9.
66. Jass JR, Do KA, Simms LA et al. Morphology of sporadic colorectal cancer with DNA replication errors. Gut 1998; 42: 673-9. (Pubitemid 28261055)
67. Messerini L, Vitelli F, De Vitis LR et al. Microsatellite instability in sporadic mucinous colorectal carcinomas: relationship to clinico-pathological variables. J Pathol 1997; 182: 380-4. (Pubitemid 27317201)
68. Kim H, Jen J, Vogelstein B et al. Clinical and pathological characteristics of sporadic colorectal carcinomas with DNA replication errors in microsatellite sequences. Am J Pathol 1994; 145: 148-56. (Pubitemid 24217493)
69. Rabeneck L, Davila JA, El-Serag HB. Is there a true " shift " to the right colon in the incidence of colorectal cancer? Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1400-9. (Pubitemid 36741541)
70. Gupta AK, Melton LJ III, Petersen GM et al. Changing trends in the incidence, stage, survival, and screen-detection of colorectal cancer: a population- based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 150-8. (Pubitemid 40220310)
71. Farrar WD, Sawhney MS, Nelson DB et al. Colorectal cancers found aft er a complete colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 1259-64. (Pubitemid 44512220)
72. Bressler B, Paszat LF, Vinden C et al. Colonoscopic miss rates for rightsided colon cancer: a population-based analysis. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 452-6. (Pubitemid 39091893)
73. Sawhney MS, Farrar WD, Gudiseva S et al. Microsatellite instability in interval colon cancers. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1700-5. (Pubitemid 44958526)
74. Bressler B, Paszat LF, Chen Z et al. Rates of new or missed colorectal cancers aft er colonoscopy and their risk factors: a population-based analysis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 96-102. (Pubitemid 46108740)
75. Arain MA, Sawhney M, Sheikh S et al. CIMP status of interval colon cancers: another piece to the puzzle. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 105: 1189-95.
76. Arain MA, Sawhney M, Sheikh S et al. CIMP status of interval colon cancers: another piece to the puzzle. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1189-95.
77. Iwabuchi M, Sasano H, Hiwatashi N et al. Serrated adenoma: a clinicopathological DNA ploidy, and immunohistochemical study. Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1141-7. (Pubitemid 30240690)
78. Jaramillo E, Watanabe M, Rubio C et al. Small colorectal serrated adenomas: endoscopic findings. Endoscopy 1996; 28: 1-3.
79. Matsumoto T, Iida M, Kobori Y et al. Serrated adenoma in familial adenomatous polyposis: relation to germline APC gene mutation. Gut 2002; 50: 402-4. (Pubitemid 34161059)
80. Rubio CA, Jaramillo E. Flat serrated adenomas of the colorectal mucosa. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87: 305-9. (Pubitemid 26117062)
81. Song SY, Kim YH, Yu MK et al. Comparison of malignant potential between serrated adenomas and traditional adenomas. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22: 1786-90. (Pubitemid 47525043)
82. Jass JR, Young PJ, Robinson EM. Predictors of presence, multiplicity, size and dysplasia of colorectal adenomas. A necropsy study in New Zealand. Gut 1992; 33: 1508-14.
83. East JE, Saunders BP, Jass JR. Sporadic and syndromic hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas of the colon: classifi cation, molecular genetics, natural history, and clinical management. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2008; 37: 25-46, v. (Pubitemid 351289032)
84. Jass JR. Serrated route to colorectal cancer: back street or super highway? J Pathol 2001; 193: 283-5. (Pubitemid 32229857)
85. Oono Y, Fu K, Nakamura H et al. Progression of a sessile serrated adenoma to an early invasive cancer within 8 months. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: 906-9.
86. Sawyer EJ, Cerar A, Hanby AM et al. Molecular characteristics of serrated adenomas of the colorectum. Gut 2002; 51: 200-6. (Pubitemid 34791447)
87. Burgart LJ. Colorectal polyps and other precursor lesions. Need for an expanded view. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2002; 31: 959-70. (Pubitemid 35403508)
88. Lazarus R, Junttila OE, Karttunen TJ et al. The risk of metachronous neoplasia in patients with serrated adenoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2005; 123: 349-59. (Pubitemid 40315075)
89. Pai RK, Hart J, Noff singer AE. Sessile serrated adenomas strongly predispose to synchronous serrated polyps in non-syndromic patients. Histopathology 2010; 56: 581-8.
90. Glazer E, Golla V, Forman R et al. Serrated adenoma is a risk factor for subsequent adenomatous polyps. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 2204-7.
91. Hiraoka S, Kato J, Fujiki S et al. The presence of large serrated polyps increases risk for colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2010; doi:10.1053/ j.gastro.2010.07.011.
92. Li D, Jin C, McCulloch C et al. Association of large serrated polyps with synchronous advanced colorectal neoplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 695-702.
93. Schreiner MA, Weiss DG, Lieberman DA. Proximal and large hyperplastic and non-dysplastic serrated polyps detected by colonoscopy are associated with neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2010; doi:10.1053/j.gastro. 2010 .06.074
94. Wallace K, Grau MV, Ahnen D et al. The association of lifestyle and dietary factors with the risk for serrated polyps of the colorectum. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 2310-7.
95. Morimoto LM, Newcomb PA, Ulrich CM et al. Risk factors for hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps: evidence for malignant potential? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 1012-8. (Pubitemid 35192651)
96. Slattery ML, Curtin K, Anderson K et al. Associations between cigarette smoking, lifestyle factors, and microsatellite instability in colon tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1831-6.
97. Slattery ML, Curtin K, Sweeney C et al. Diet and lifestyle factor associations with CpG island methylator phenotype and BRAF mutations in colon cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 656-63. (Pubitemid 44969038)
98. Samowitz WS, Albertsen H, Sweeney C et al. Association of smoking, CpG island methylator phenotype, and V600E BRAF mutations in colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 1731-8. (Pubitemid 44942711)
99. Huang CS, Farraye FA, Shepherd C et al. A case-control study of the risk factors for advanced serrated polyps [abstract]. Gastroenterology 2008; 134 (Suppl 1): A606.
100. English DR, Young JP, Simpson JA et al. Ethnicity and risk for colorectal cancers showing somatic BRAF V600E mutation or CpG island methylator phenotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 1774-80.
101. Williams GT, Arthur JF, Bussey HJ et al. Metaplastic polyps and polyposis of the colorectum. Histopathology 1980; 4: 155-70. (Pubitemid 10117088)
102. Jeevaratnam P, Cottier DS, Browett PJ et al. Familial giant hyperplastic polyposis predisposing to colorectal cancer: a new hereditary bowel cancer syndrome. J Pathol 1996; 179: 20-5. (Pubitemid 26180082)
103. Orii S, Nakamura S, Sugai T et al. Hyperplastic (metaplastic) polyposis of the colorectum associated with adenomas and an adenocarcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997; 25: 369-72. (Pubitemid 28006272)
104. Jorgensen H, Mogensen AM, Svendsen LB. Hyperplastic polyposis of the large bowel. Th ree cases and a review of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 825-30. (Pubitemid 26255054)
105. McCann BG. A case of metaplastic polyposis of the colon associated with focal adenomatous change and metachronous adenocarcinomas. Histopathology 1988; 13: 700-2. (Pubitemid 19038615)
106. Koide N, Saito Y, Fujii T et al. A case of hyperplastic polyposis of the colon with adenocarcinomas in hyperplastic polyps aft er long-term follow-up. Endoscopy 2002; 34: 499-502. (Pubitemid 34601062)
107. Lieverse RJ, Kibbelaar RE, Griffioen G et al. Colonic adenocarcinoma in a patient with multiple hyperplastic polyps. Neth J Med 1995; 46: 185-8.
108. Warner AS, Glick ME, Fogt F. Multiple large hyperplastic polyps of the colon coincident with adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 123-5. (Pubitemid 24020067)
109. Rubio CA, Stemme S, Jaramillo E et al. Hyperplastic polyposis coli syndrome and colorectal carcinoma. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 266-70.
110. Leggett BA, Devereaux B, Biden K et al. Hyperplastic polyposis: association with colorectal cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25: 177-84. (Pubitemid 32167499)
111. Buchanan DD, Sweet K, Drini M et al. Phenotypic diversity in patients with multiple serrated polyps: a genetics clinic study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2010; 25: 703-12.
112. Burt R, Jass J. Hyperplastic polyposis. In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA (eds). WHO International Classifi cation of Tumors. 3rd edn. IARC Press: Lyon, 2000, pp. 135-6.
113. Burt RW, Samowitz WS. Serrated adenomatous polyposis: a new syndrome? Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 950-2. (Pubitemid 26071865)
114. Jass JR. Gastrointestinal polyposes: clinical, pathological and molecular features. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2007; 36: 927-46. (Pubitemid 350051706)
115. Young J, Jass JR. The case for a genetic predisposition to serrated neoplasia in the colorectum: hypothesis and review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1778-84. (Pubitemid 44664248)
116. Ferrandez A, Samowitz W, DiSario JA et al. Phenotypic characteristics and risk of cancer development in hyperplastic polyposis: case series and literature review. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 2012-8. (Pubitemid 39421248)
117. Young J, Jenkins M, Parry S et al. Serrated pathway colorectal cancer in the population: genetic consideration. Gut 2007; 56: 1453-9. (Pubitemid 47517843)
118. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Fletcher RH et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance aft er polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi- Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1872-85. (Pubitemid 43668826)
119. Hetzel JT, Coukos J, Huang CS et al. Variability in serrated polyp detection by endoscopist and pathologist in a cohort of average risk screening colonoscopies. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.315.
120. Kiesslich R, von Bergh M, Hahn M et al. Chromoendoscopy with indigocarmine improves the detection of adenomatous and nonadenomatous lesions in the colon. Endoscopy 2001; 33: 1001-6. (Pubitemid 33121073)
121. Brooker JC, Saunders BP, Shah SG et al. Total colonic dye-spray increases the detection of diminutive adenomas during routine colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 333-8.
122. Lapalus MG, Helbert T, Napoleon B et al. Does chromoendoscopy with structure enhancement improve the colonoscopic adenoma detection rate? Endoscopy 2006; 38: 444-8. (Pubitemid 43744700)
123. Kahi CJ, Anderson JC, Waxman I et al. High-defi nition chromocolonoscopy vs. high-defi nition white light colonoscopy for average-risk colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1301-7.
124. Deenadayalu VP, Rex DK. Colon polyp retrieval aft er cold snaring. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 253-6. (Pubitemid 41021553)
125. Uno Y, Obara K, Zheng P et al. Cold snare excision is a safe method for diminutive colorectal polyps. Tohoku J Exp Med 1997; 183: 243-9. (Pubitemid 128473319)
126. Tappero G, Gaia E, De Giuli P et al. Cold snare excision of small colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 310-3.
127. Soetikno RM, Gotoda T, Nakanishi Y et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 567-79. (Pubitemid 36406373)
128. Kantsevoy SV, Adler DG, Conway JD et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68: 11-8. (Pubitemid 351842803)
129. Chung SM, Chen YT, Panczykowski A et al. Serrated polyps with " intermediate features " of sessile serrated polyp and microvesicular hyperplastic polyp: a practical approach to the classifi cation of nondysplastic serrated polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32: 407-12. (Pubitemid 351398932)
130. Farris AB, Misdraji J, Srivastava A et al. Sessile serrated adenoma: challenging discrimination from other serrated colonic polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32: 30-5.
131. Chow E, Lipton L, Lynch E et al. Hyperplastic polyposis syndrome: phenotypic presentations and the role of MBD4 and MYH. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 30-9 . (Pubitemid 44015745)