Polyps of the Large Intestine

Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 481-533

  Hornick, Jason L ^a,b,c,d   Odze, Robert D ^a,b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859752264     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-141604059-0.50022-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (412)

1. Khan A, Shrier I, Gordon PH The changed histologic paradigm of colorectal polyps. Surg Endosc 2002, 16:436-440.
2. Levine DS, Surawicz CM, Spencer GD, et al. Inflammatory polyposis two years after ischemic colon injury. Dig Dis Sci 1986, 31:1159-1167.
3. Iofel E, Kahn E, Lee TK, et al. Inflammatory polyps after necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2000, 35:1246-1247.
4. De Backer AI, Van Overbeke LN, Mortele KJ, et al. Inflammatory pseudopolyposis in a patient with toxic megacolon due to pseudomembranous colitis. JBR-BTR 2001, 84:201.
5. Nakano H, Miyachi I, Kitagawa Y, et al. Crohn's disease associated with giant inflammatory polyposis. Endoscopy 1987, 19:246-248.
6. Yada S, Matsumoto T, Kudo T, et al. Colonic obstruction due to giant inflammatory polyposis in a patient with ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol 2005, 40:536-539.
7. Rozenbajgier C, Ruck P, Jenss H, et al. Filiform polyposis: A case report describing clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical findings. Clin Invest Med 1992, 70:520-528.
8. Jessurun J, Paplanus SH, Nagle RB, et al. Pseudosarcomatous changes in inflammatory pseudopolyps of the colon. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986, 110:833-836.
9. Schreibman IR, Baker M, Amos C, et al. The hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: A clinical and molecular review. Am J Gastroenterol 2005, 100:476-490.
10. du Boulay CE, Fairbrother J, Isaacson PG Mucosal prolapse syndrome-a unifying concept for solitary ulcer syndrome and related disorders. J Clin Pathol 1983, 36:1264-1268.
11. Tendler DA, Aboudola S, Zacks JF, et al. Prolapsing mucosal polyps: An underrecognized form of colonic polyp-a clinicopathological study of 15 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:370-376.
12. Chetty R, Bhathal PS, Slavin JL Prolapse-induced inflammatory polyps of the colorectum and anal transitional zone. Histopathology 1993, 23:63-67.
13. Williams GT, Bussey HJR, Morson BC Inflammatory "cap" polyps of the large intestine [abstract]. Br J Surg 1985, 72(Suppl):S133.
14. Sadamoto Y, Jimi S, Harada N, et al. Asymptomatic cap polyposis from the sigmoid colon to the cecum. Gastrointest Endosc 2001, 54:654-656.
15. Shiomi S, Moriyama Y, Oshitani N, et al. A case of cap polyposis investigated by scintigraphy with human serum albumin labeled with Tc-99m DTPA. Clin Nucl Med 1998, 23:521-523.
16. Oriuchi T, Kinouchi Y, Kimura M, et al. Successful treatment of cap polyposis by avoidance of intraluminal trauma: Clues to pathogenesis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:2095-2098.
17. Isomoto H, Urata M, Nakagoe T, et al. Proximal extension of cap polyposis confirmed by colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2001, 54:388-391.
18. Esaki M, Matsumoto M, Kobayashi H, et al. Cap polyposis of the colon and rectum: An analysis of endoscopic findings. Endoscopy 2001, 33:262-266.
19. Buisine MP, Colombel JF, Lecomte-Houcke M, et al. Abnormal mucus in cap polyposis. Gut 1998, 42:135-138.
20. Ng KH, Mathur P, Kumarasinghe MP, et al. Cap polyposis: Further experience and review. Dis Colon Rectum 2004, 47:1208-1215.
21. Oiya H, Okawa K, Aoki T, et al. Cap polyposis cured by Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. J Gastroenterol 2002, 37:463-466.
22. Bookman ID, Redston MS, Greenberg GR Successful treatment of cap polyposis with infliximab. Gastroenterology 2004, 126:1868-1871.
23. Guest CB, Reznick RK Colitis cystica profunda: Review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 1989, 32:983-988.
24. Goodall HB, Sinclair IS Colitis cystica profunda. J Pathol 1957, 73:33-42.
25. Franzin G, Novelli P Gastritis cystica profunda. Histopathology 1981, 5:535-547.
26. Dippolito AD, Aburano A, Bezouska CA, et al. Enteritis cystica profunda in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Report of a case and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 1987, 30:192-198.
27. Bentley E, Chandrasoma P, Cohen H, et al. Colitis cystica profunda: Presenting with complete intestinal obstruction and recurrence. Gastroenterology 1985, 89:1157-1161.
28. Kim WH, Choe GY, Kim YI, et al. Localized form of colitis cystica profunda-a case of occurrence in the descending colon. J Korean Med Sci 1992, 7:76-78.
29. Valenzuela M, Martin-Ruiz JL, Alvarez-Cienfuegos E, et al. Colitis cystica profunda: Imaging diagnosis and conservative treatment: Report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1996, 39:587-590.
30. Vora IM, Sharma J, Joshi AS Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and colitis cystica profunda-a clinicopathological review. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1992, 35:94-102.
31. Stuart M Proctitis cystica profunda: Incidence, etiology, and treatment. Dis Colon Rectum 1984, 27:153-156.
32. Peterkin GA, Moroz K, Kondi ES Proctitis cystica profunda in paraplegics: Report of three cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1992, 35:1174-1176.
33. Lifshitz D, Cytron S, Yossiphov J, et al. Colitis cystica profunda: Self-inflicted by rectal trauma? Report of a case. Dig Dis 1994, 12:318-320.
34. Ng WK, Chan KW Postirradiation colitis cystica profunda. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995, 119:1170-1173.
35. Gardiner GW, McAuliffe N, Murray D Colitis cystica profunda occurring in a radiation-induced colonic stricture. Hum Pathol 1984, 15:295-298.
36. Madan A, Minocha A First reported case of colitis cystica profunda in association with Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:2472-2473.
37. Zidi SH, Marteau P, Piard F, et al. Enterocolitis cystica profunda lesions in a patient with unclassified ulcerative enterocolitis. Dig Dis Sci 1994, 39:426-432.
38. Pantongrag-Brown L, Levine MS, Elsayed AM, et al. Inverted Meckel diverticulum: Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings. Radiology 1996, 199:693-696.
39. Triadafilopoulos G Images in clinical medicine: Inverted colonic diverticulum. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:1508.
40. Yusuf SI, Grant C Inverted colonic diverticulum: A rare finding in a common condition?. Gastrointest Endosc 2000, 52:111-115.
41. Franzin G, Fratton A, Manfrini C Polypoid lesions associated with diverticular disease of the sigmoid colon. Gastrointest Endosc 1985, 31:196-199.
42. Kelly JK Polypoid prolapsing mucosal folds in diverticular disease. Am J Surg Pathol 1991, 15:871-878.
43. Goldstein NS, Ahmad E Histology of the mucosa in sigmoid colon specimens with diverticular disease: Observations for the interpretation of sigmoid colonoscopic biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 1997, 107:438-444.
44. Makapugay LM, Dean PJ Diverticular disease-associated chronic colitis. Am J Surg Pathol 1996, 20:94-102.
45. Mathus-Vliegen EM, Tytgat GN Polyp-simulating mucosal prolapse syndrome in (pre-) diverticular disease. Endoscopy 1986, 18:84-86.
46. Nakamura S, Kino I, Akagi T Inflammatory myoglandular polyps of the colon and rectum: A clinicopathological study of 32 pedunculated polyps, distinct from other types of polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 1992, 16:772-779.
47. Griffiths AP, Hopkinson JM, Dixon MF Inflammatory myoglandular polyp causing ileo-ileal intussusception. Histopathology 1993, 23:596-598.
48. Moriyama T, Matsumoto T, Hizawa K, et al. Inflammatory myoglandular colorectal polyps: A case series of nine patients. Endoscopy 2003, 35:363-365.
49. Wirtzfeld DA, Petrelli NJ, Rodriguez-Bigas MA Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: Molecular genetics, neoplastic risk, and surveillance recommendations. Ann Surg Oncol 2001, 8:319-327.
50. Waite KA, Eng C Protean PTEN: Form and function. Am J Hum Genet 2002, 70:829-844.
51. Burt R, Neklason DW Genetic testing for inherited colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2005, 128:1696-1716.
52. Doxey BW, Kuwada SK, Burt RW Inherited polyposis syndromes: Molecular mechanisms, clinicopathology, and genetic testing. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 3:633-641.
53. Chow E, Macrae F A review of juvenile polyposis syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 20:1634-1640.
54. Gupta SK, Fitzgerald JF, Croffie JM, et al. Experience with juvenile polyps in North American children: The need for pancolonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001, 96:1695-1697.
55. McColl I, Bussey HJR, Veale AMO, et al. Juvenile polyposis coli. Proc R Soc Med 1964, 57:896-897.
56. Giardiello FM, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, et al. Colorectal neoplasia in juvenile polyposis or juvenile polyps. Arch Dis Child 1991, 66:971-975.
57. Howe JR, Ringold JC, Summers RW, et al. A gene for familial juvenile polyposis maps to chromosome 18q21.1. Am J Hum Genet 1998, 62:1129-1136.
58. Howe JR, Roth S, Ringold JC, et al. Mutations in the SMAD4/DPC4 gene in juvenile polyposis. Science 1998, 280:1086-1088.
59. Howe JR, Bair JL, Sayed MG, et al. Germline mutations of the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A in juvenile polyposis. Nat Genet 2001, 28:184-187.
60. Howe JR, Sayed MG, Ahmed AF, et al. The prevalence of MADH4 and BMPR1A mutations in juvenile polyposis and absence of BMPR2, BMPR1B, and ACVR1 mutations. J Med Genet 2004, 41:484-491.
61. Zhou XP, Woodford-Richens K, Lehtonen R, et al. Germline mutations in BMPR1A/ALK3 cause a subset of cases of juvenile polyposis syndrome and of Cowden and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndromes. Am J Hum Genet 2001, 69:704-711.
62. Friedl W, Uhlhaas S, Schulmann K, et al. Juvenile polyposis: Massive gastric polyposis is more common in MADH4 mutation carriers than in BMPR1A mutation carriers. Hum Genet 2002, 111:108-111.
63. Delnatte C, Sanlaville D, Mougenot JF, et al. Contiguous gene deletion within chromosome arm 10q is associated with juvenile polyposis of infancy, reflecting cooperation between the BMPR1A and PTEN tumor-suppressor genes. Am J Hum Genet 2006, 78:1066-1074.
64. Woodford-Richens KL, Rowan AJ, Poulsom R, et al. Comprehensive analysis of SMAD4 mutations and protein expression in juvenile polyposis: Evidence for a distinct genetic pathway and polyp morphology in SMAD4 mutation carriers. Am J Pathol 2001, 159:1293-1300.
65. Woodford-Richens K, Williamson J, Bevan S, et al. Allelic loss of SMAD4 in polyps from juvenile polyposis patients and use of fluorescence in situ hybridization to demonstrate clonal origin of the epithelium. Cancer Res 2000, 60:2477-2482.
66. Pham BN, Villanueva RP Ganglioneuromatous proliferation associated with juvenile polyposis coli. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989, 113:91-94.
67. Monga G, Mazzucco G, Rossini FP, et al. Colorectal polyposis with mixed juvenile and adenomatous patterns. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 1979, 382:355-360.
68. Sharma AK, Sharma SS, Mathur P Familial juvenile polyposis with adenomatous-carcinomatous change. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995, 10:131-134.
69. Wu TT, Rezai B, Rashid A, et al. Genetic alterations and epithelial dysplasia in juvenile polyposis syndrome and sporadic juvenile polyps. Am J Pathol 1997, 150:939-947.
70. Nugent KP, Talbot IC, Hodgson SV, et al. Solitary juvenile polyps: Not a marker for subsequent malignancy. Gastroenterology 1993, 105:698-700.
71. Kapetanakis AM, Vini D, Plitsis G Solitary juvenile polyps in children and colon cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1996, 43:1530-1531.
72. Howe JR, Mitros FA, Summers RW The risk of gastrointestinal carcinoma in familial juvenile polyposis. Ann Surg Oncol 1998, 5:751-756.
73. Desai DC, Neale KF, Talbot IC, et al. Juvenile polyposis. Br J Surg 1995, 82:14-17.
74. Dunlop MG Guidance on gastrointestinal surveillance for hereditary non-posis colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, juvenile polyposis, and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gut 2002, 51(Suppl 5):V21-V27.
75. Giardiello FM, Trimbath JD Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and management recommendations. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 4:408-415.
76. McGarrity TJ, Kulin HE, Zaino RJ Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:596-604.
77. Scott RJ, Crooks R, Meldrum CJ, et al. Mutation analysis of the STK11/LKB1 gene and clinical characteristics of an Australian series of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients. Clin Genet 2002, 62:282-287.
78. Al Faour A, Vrsansky P, Abouassi F, et al. Peutz-Jeghers colonic tumour in a newborn. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2002, 12:138-140.
79. Hemminki A, Tomlinson I, Markie D, et al. Localization of a susceptibility locus for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome to 19p using comparative genomic hybridization and targeted linkage analysis. Nat Genet 1997, 15:5-6.
80. Jenne DE, Reimann H, Nezu J, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is caused by mutations in a novel serine threonine kinase. Nat Genet 1998, 18:38-43.
81. Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlinson I, et al. A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Nature 1998, 391:185-187.
82. Boardman LA, Couch FJ, Burgart LJ, et al. Genetic heterogeneity in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Hum Mutat 2000, 16:23-30.
83. Peter S, Govil S, Ramakrisna BS, et al. Gastrointestinal Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002, 17:1117.
84. Miyaki M, Iijima T, Hosono K, et al. Somatic mutations of LKB1 and beta-catenin genes in gastrointestinal polyps from patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Cancer Res 2000, 60:6311-6313.
85. Gruber SB, Entius MM, Petersen GM, et al. Pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Cancer Res 1998, 58:5267-5270.
86. Hizawa K, Iida M, Matsumoto T, et al. Neoplastic transformation arising in Peutz-Jeghers polyposis. Dis Colon Rectum 1993, 36:953-957.
87. Narita T, Ohnuma H, Yokoyama S Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with osseous metaplasia of the intestinal polyps. Pathol Int 1995, 45:388-392.
88. Ichiyoshi Y, Yao T, Nagasaki S, et al. Solitary Peutz-Jeghers type polyp of the duodenum containing a focus of adenocarcinoma. Ital J Gastroenterol 1996, 28:95-97.
89. Shepherd NA, Bussey HJ, Jass JR Epithelial misplacement in Peutz-Jeghers polyps: A diagnostic pitfall. Am J Surg Pathol 1987, 11:743-749.
90. Westerman AM, Entius MM, de Baar E, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: 78-year follow-up of the original family. Lancet 1999, 353:1211-1215.
91. Petersen VC, Sheehan AL, Bryan RL, et al. Misplacement of dysplastic epithelium in Peutz-Jeghers polyps: The ultimate diagnostic pitfall?. Am J Surg Pathol 2000, 24:34-39.
92. Utsunomiya J, Gocho H, Miyanaga T, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Its natural course and management. Johns Hopkins Med J 1975, 136:71-82.
93. Boardman LA, Thibodeau SN, Schaid DJ, et al. Increased risk for cancer in patients with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1998, 128:896-899.
94. Giardiello FM, Brensinger JD, Tersmette AC, et al. Very high risk of cancer in familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gastroenterology 2000, 119:1447-1453.
95. Lim W, Olschwang S, Keller JJ, et al. Relative frequency and morphology of cancers in STK11 mutation carriers. Gastroenterology 2004, 126:1788-1794.
96. Hampel H, Peltomaki P Hereditary colorectal cancer: Risk assessment and management. Clin Genet 2000, 58:89-97.
97. Wirtzfeld DA, Petrelli NJ, Rodriguez-Bigas MA Hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: Molecular genetics, neoplastic risk, and surveillance recommendations. Ann Surg Oncol 2001, 8:319-327.
98. Nelen MR, Padberg GW, Peeters EA, et al. Localization of the gene for Cowden disease to chromosome 10q22-23. Nat Genet 1996, 13:114-116.
99. Liaw D, Marsh DJ, Li J, et al. Germline mutations of the PTEN gene in Cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nat Genet 1997, 16:64-67.
100. Nelen MR, van Staveren WC, Peeters EA, et al. Germline mutations in the PTEN/MMAC1 gene in patients with Cowden disease. Hum Mol Genet 1997, 6:1383-1387.
101. Pilarski R, Eng C Will the real Cowden syndrome please stand up (again)? Expanding mutational and clinical spectra of the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome. J Med Genet 2004, 41:323-326.
102. Fackenthal JD, Marsh DJ, Richardson AL, et al. Male breast cancer in Cowden syndrome patients with germline PTEN mutations. J Med Genet 2001, 38:159-164.
103. Eng C Will the real Cowden syndrome please stand up: Revised diagnostic criteria. J Med Genet 2000, 37:828-830.
104. Tsuchiya KD, Wiesner G, Cassidy SB, et al. Deletion 10q23.2-q23.33 in a patient with gastrointestinal juvenile polyposis and other features of a Cowden-like syndrome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998, 21:113-118.
105. Cho KC, Sundaram K, Sebastiano LS Filiform polyposis of the small bowel in a patient with multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden disease). AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999, 173:501-502.
106. Solli P, Rossi G, Carbongnani P, et al. Pulmonary abnormalities in Cowden's disease. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1999, 40:753-757.
107. Chi SG, Kim HJ, Park BJ, et al. Mutational abrogation of the PTEN/MMAC1 gene in gastrointestinal polyps in patients with Cowden disease. Gastroenterology 1998, 115:1084-1089.
108. Cronkhite LW, Canada WJ Generalized gastrointestinal polyposis: An unusual syndrome of polyposis, pigmentation, alopecia, and onychotrophia. N Engl J Med 1955, 252:1011-1015.
109. Ward EM, Wolfsen HD Review article: The non-inherited gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002, 16:333-342.
110. de Silva DG, Fernando AD, Law FM, et al. Infantile Cron-khite-Canada syndrome. Indian J Pediatr 1997, 64:261-266.
111. Burke AP, Sobin LH The pathology of Cronkhite-Canada polyps: A comparison to juvenile polyposis. Am J Surg Pathol 1989, 13:940-946.
112. Murata I, Yoshikawa I, Endo M, et al. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome: Report of two cases. J Gastroenterol 2000, 35:706-711.
113. Nakatsubo N, Wakasa R, Kiyosaki K, et al. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome associated with carcinoma of the sigmoid colon: Report of a case. Surg Today 1997, 27:345-348.
114. Malhotra R, Sheffield A Cronkhite-Canada syndrome associated with colon carcinoma and adenomatous changes in C-C polyps. Am J Gastroenterol 1988, 83:772-776.
115. Kaneko Y, Kato H, Tachimori Y, et al. Triple carcinomas in Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1991, 21:194-202.
116. Yamaguchi K, Ogata Y, Akagi Y, et al. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome associated with advanced rectal cancer treated by a subtotal colectomy: Report of a case. Surg Today 2001, 31:521-526.
117. Katayama Y, Kimura M, Konn M Cronkhite-Canada syndrome associated with a rectal cancer and adenomatous changes in colonic polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 1985, 9:65-71.
118. Jass JR Hyperplastic polyps and colorectal cancer: Is there a link?. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 2:1-8.
119. Torlakovic E, Skuvlund E, Snover D, et al. Morphologic reappraisal of serrated colorectal polyps. Am J Surg Pathol 2003, 27:65-81.
120. Huang CS, O'Brien MJ, Yang S, et al. Hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, and serrated polyp neoplasia pathway. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99:2242-2255.
121. Snover DC Serrated polyps of the large intestine. Semin Diagn Pathol 2005, 22:301-308.
122. Oh K, Redston M, Odze RD Support for hMLH1 and MGMT silencing as a mechanism of tumorigenesis in the hyperplastic-adenoma-carcinoma (serrated) carcinogenic pathway in the colon. Hum Pathol 2005, 36:101-111.
123. Jass JR Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features. Histopathology 2007, 50:113-130.
124. Iino H, Jass JR, Simms LA, et al. DNA microsatellite instability in hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, and mixed polyps: A mild mutator pathway for colorectal cancers?. J Clin Pathol 1999, 52:5-9.
125. Hawkins NJ, Bariol C, Ward RL The serrated neoplasia pathway. Pathology 2004, 34:548-555.
126. Jass JR Serrated route to colorectal cancer: Back street or super highway?. J Pathol 2001, 193:283-285.
127. Teteyama H, Wenxin L, Takahashi E, et al. Apoptosis index and apoptosis-related antigen expression in serrated adenoma of the colorectum: The saw-toothed structure may be related to inhibition of apoptosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2002, 29:249-256.
128. Rashid A, Issa JP CpG island methylation in gastroenterologic neoplasia: A maturing field. Gastroenterology 2004, 127:1578-1588.
129. Wynter CVA, Walsh MD, Higuchi T, et al. Methylation patterns define two types of hyperplastic polyp associated with colorectal cancer. Gut 2004, 53:573-580.
130. Torlakovic E, Snover DC Serrated adenomatous polyposis in humans. Gastroenterology 1996, 110:748-755.
131. Renaut AJ, Douglas PR, Newstead GL Hyperplastic polyposis of the colon and rectum. Colorectal Dis 2002, 4:213-215.
132. Burt RW, Jass JR Hyperplastic polyposis. WHO Classification of Tumours 2000, 135-9864. IARC Press, Pathology and Genetics: Tumours of the Digestive System. Lyon. S.R. Hamilton, L.A. Aaltonen (Eds.).
133. Goldstein NS, Bhanot P Odish E, et al. Hyperplastic-like colon polyps that preceded microsatellite-unstable adenocarcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2003, 119:778-796.
134. Higuchi T, Jass JR My approach to serrated polyps of the colorectum. J Clin Pathol 2004, 57:682-686.
135. Baker K, Zhang Y, Jin C, et al. Proximal versus distal hyperplastic polyps of the colorectum: Different lesions or a biological spectrum?. J Clin Pathol 2004, 57:1089-1093.
136. Kearney J, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, et al. Diet, alcohol, and smoking and the occurrence of hyperplastic polyps of the colon and rectum (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1995, 6:45-56.
137. Morimoto LM, Newcomb PA, Ulrich CM, et al. Risk factors for hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps: Evidence for malignant potential?. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002, 11:1012-1018.
138. Waye JD, Biloatta JJ Rectal hyperplastic polyps: Now you see them, now you don't-a differential point. Am J Gastroenterol 1990, 85:1557-1559.
139. Yang S, Farraye FA, Mack C, et al. BRAF and KRAS mutations in hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas of the colorectum: Relationship to histology and CpG island methylation status. Am J Surg Pathol 2004, 28:1452-1459.
140. Odze RD, Brien T, Brown CA, et al. Molecular alterations in chronic ulcerative colitis-associated and sporadic hyperplastic polyps: A comparative analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97:1235-1242.
141. Otori K, Oda Y, Sugiyama K, et al. High frequency of K-ras mutations in human colorectal hyperplastic polyps. Gut 1997, 40:660-663.
142. Carr NJ, Monihan JM, Nzeako UC, et al. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in hyperplastic polyps, adenomas and inflammatory cloacogenic polyps of the large intestine. J Clin Pathol 1995, 48:46-52.
143. Kang M, Mitomi H, Sada M Ki-67, p53, and Bcl-2 expression of serrated adenomas of the colon. Am J Surg Pathol 1997, 21:417-423.
144. Lothe RA, Andersen SN, Hofstad B, et al. Deletion of Ip loci and microsatellite instability in colorectal polyps. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995, 14:182-188.
145. Giarnieri E, Nagar C, Valli S, et al. BCL 2 and BAX expression in hyperplastic and dysplastic rectal polyps. Hepatogastroenterology 2000, 47:159-162.
146. Snover DC, Jass JR, Fenoglio-Preiser C, et al. Serrated polyps of the large intestine: A morphologic and molecular review of an evolving concept. Am J Clin Pathol 2005, 124:380-391.
147. Sugimoto K, Kageoka M, Iwasaki H, et al. Adenocarcinoma arising from a hyperplastic polyp with adenomatous foci. Endoscopy 1999, 31:S59.
148. Spring KJ, Zhao ZZ, Karamatic R, et al. High prevalence of sessile serrated adenomas with BRAF mutations: A prospective study of patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastroenterology 2006, 131:1400-1407.
149. Chan TL, Zhao W, Leung SY, et al. BRAF and KRAS mutations in colorectal hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas. Cancer Res 2003, 63:4878-4881.
150. O'Brien MJ, Yang S, Clebanoff JL, et al. Hyperplastic (serrated) polyps of the colorectum: Relationship of CpG-island methylator phenotype and K-ras mutations to location and histologic subtype. Am J Surg Pathol 2004, 28:423-434.
151. Yantiss RK, Goldman H, Odze RD Hyperplastic polyp with epithelial misplacement (inverted hyperplastic): A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 19 cases. Mod Pathol 2001, 14:869-875.
152. O'Brien MJ, O'Keane JC, Zauber A, et al. Precursors of colorectal carcinoma: Biopsy and biologic markers. Cancer 1992, 70:1317-1327.
153. Ansher AF, Lewis JH, Fleischer DE, et al. Hyperplastic colonic polyps as a marker for adenomatous colonic polyps. Am J Gastroenterol 1989, 84:113-117.
154. Zauber A, Winawer S National Polyp Study (NPS): The association of colonic hyperplastic polyps and adenomas [abstract]. Am J Gastroenterol 1988, 83:1060.
155. Rex DK, Smith JJ, Ulbright TM, et al. Distal colonic hyperplastic polyps do not predict proximal adenomas in asymptomatic average-risk subjects. Gastroenterology 1992, 102:317-319.
156. Eisen GM, Kim CY, Fleischer DE, et al. High-resolution chromoendoscopy for classifying colonic polyps: A multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2002, 55:687-694.
157. Kambara T, Simms LA, Whitehall VL, et al. BRAF mutation is associated with DNA methylation in serrated polyps and cancers of the colorectum. Gut 2004, 53:1137-1144.
158. Jass JR, Baker K, Zlobec I, et al. Advanced colorectal polyps with molecular and morphological features of serrated polyps and adenomas: Concept of a "fusion" pathway to colorectal cancer. Histopathology 2006, 49:121-131.
159. Bariol C, Hawkins NJ, Turner JJ, et al. Histopathological and clinical evaluation of serrated adenomas of the colon and rectum. Mod Pathol 2003, 16:417-423.
160. Longacre TA, Fenoglio-Preiser CF Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/serrated adenomas: A distinct form of colorectal neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 1990, 14:524-537.
161. Yantiss RK, Oh KY, Chen YT, et al. Filiform serrated adenomas: A clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 18 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2007, 31:1238-1245.
162. Iwabuchi M, Sasano H, Hiwatashi N, et al. Serrated adenoma: A clinicopathological, DNA ploidy, and immunohistochemical study. Anticancer Res 2000, 20:1141-1147.
163. Matsumoto T, Mizuno M, Shimizu M, et al. Serrated adenoma of the colorectum: Colonoscopic and histologic features. Gastrointest Endosc 1999, 49:736-742.
164. Sawyer EJ, Cerar A, Hanby AM, et al. Molecular characteristics of serrated adenomas of the colorectum. Gut 2002, 51:200-206.
165. Fogt F, Brien T, Brown CA, et al. Genetic alterations in serrated adenomas: Comparison to conventional adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. Hum Pathol 2002, 33:87-91.
166. Park SJ, Rashid A, Lee JH, et al. Frequent CpG island methylation in serrated adenomas of the colorectum. Am J Pathol 2003, 162:815-822.
167. Redston M, Hahn H, Odze RD Colorectal adenomas with mixed conventional and serrated adenomatous features: A clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 15 cases. Lab Invest 2007, 87(Suppl 1):128A.
168. Williams GT, Arthur JF, Bussey HJ, et al. Metaplastic polyps and polyposis of the colorectum. Histopathology 1980, 4:155-170.
169. Jeevaratnam P, Cottier DS, Browett PJ, et al. Familial giant hyperplastic polyposis predisposing to colorectal cancer: A new hereditary bowel cancer syndrome. J Pathol 1996, 179:20-25.
170. Fernandez A, Samowitz W, DiSario JA, et al. Phenotypic characteristics and risk of cancer development in hyperplastic polyposis: Case series and literature review. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99:2012-2018.
171. Keljo DJ, Weinberg AG, Winick N, et al. Rectal cancer in an 11-year-old girl with hyperplastic polyposis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999, 28:327-332.
172. Jass JR, Iino H, Ruszkiewicz A, et al. Neoplastic progression occurs through mutator pathways in hyperplastic polyposis of the colorectum. Gut 2000, 47:43-49.
173. Lages P, Cravo M, Sousa R, et al. Management of Portuguese patients with hyperplastic polyposis and screening of at-risk first-degree relatives: A contribution for future guidelines based on a clinical study. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99:1774-1784.
174. Minoo P, Jass JR Senescence and serration: A new twist to an old tale. J Pathol 2006, 210:137-140.
175. Young J, Jass JR The case for a genetic predisposition to serrated neoplasia of the colorectum: Hypothesis and review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006, 15:1778-1784.
176. Bengoechea O, Martinez-Penuela JM, Larrinaga B, et al. Hyperplastic polyposis of the colorectum and adenocarcinoma in a 24-year-old man. Am J Surg Pathol 1987, 11:323-327.
177. Leggett BA, Deveraux B, Biden K, et al. Hyperplastic polyposis: Association with colorectal cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2001, 25:177-184.
178. Battle E, Bacani J, Begthel H, et al. EphB receptor activity suppresses colorectal cancer progression. Nature 2005, 435:1126-1130.
179. Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY, et al. Results of screening colonoscopy among persons 40 to 49 years of age. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1781-1785.
180. Fossi S, Bazzoli F, Ricciardiello L, et al. Incidence and recurrence rates of colorectal adenomas in first-degree asymptomatic relatives of patients with colon cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2001, 96:1601-1604.
181. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Gerdes H, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in the families of patients with adenomatous polyps. National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1339-1340.
182. Yang G, Zheng W, Sun QR, et al. Pathologic features of initial adenomas as predictors for metachronous adenomas of the rectum. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998, 90:1661-1665.
183. Loeve F, van Ballegooijen M, Boer R, et al. Colorectal cancer risk in adenoma patients: A nation-wide study. Int J Cancer 2004, 111:147-151.
184. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Fletcher RH, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after polypectomy: A consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Gastroenterology 2006, 130:1872-1885.
185. Euscher ED, Niemann TH, Lucas JG, et al. Large colorectal adenomas: An approach to pathologic evaluation. Am J Clin Pathol 2001, 116:336-340.
186. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, O'Brien MJ, et al. The National Polyp Study: Design, methods, and characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed polyps. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. Cancer 1992, 70(5 Suppl):1236-1245.
187. Hoff G, Foerster A, Vatn MH, et al. Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and colon: Recovery and evaluation of unresected polyps 2 years after detection. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986, 21:853-862.
188. Villavicencio RT, Rex DK Colonic adenomas: Prevalence and incidence rates, growth rates, and miss rates at colonoscopy. Semin Gastrointest Dis 2000, 11:185-193.
189. Shinya H, Woff WI Morphology, anatomic distribution and cancer potential of polyps: Analysis of 7000 polyps endoscopically removed. Ann Surg 1979, 190:679-683.
190. Haggitt RC, Glotzbach RE, Soffer EE, et al. Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas arising in adenomas: Implications for lesions removed by endoscopic polypectomy. Gastroenterology 1985, 89:328-336.
191. O'Brien MJ, Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, et al. The National Polyp Study: Patient and polyp characteristics associated with high-grade dysplasia in colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology 1990, 98:371-379.
192. Bond JH Polyp guideline: Diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance for patients with colorectal polyps. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:3053-3063.
193. Kadakia SC, Wrobleski CS, Kadakia AS, et al. Prevalence of proximal colonic polyps in average-risk asymptomatic patients with negative fecal occult blood tests and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996, 44:112-117.
194. Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY, et al. Risk of advanced proximal neoplasms in asymptomatic adults according to the distal colorectal findings. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:169-174.
195. Patel K, Hoffman NE The anatomical distribution of colorectal polyps at colonoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001, 33:222-225.
196. Frazier AL, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer in the general population. JAMA 2000, 284:1954-1961.
197. Lieberman DA Cost-effectiveness model for colon cancer screening. Gastroenterology 1995, 109:1781-1790.
198. Lieberman DA, Weiss DG One-time screening for colorectal cancer with combined fecal occult-blood testing and examination of the distal colon. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group 380. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:555-560.
199. Loeve F, Brown ML, Boer R, et al. Endoscopic colorectal cancer screening: A cost-saving analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000, 92:557-563.
200. Quizilbash AH, Meghju M, Castelli M Pseudocarcinomatous invasion in adenomas of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1980, 23:529-535.
201. Muto T, Bussey HJR, Morson BC Pseudocarcinomatous invasion in adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum. J Clin Pathol 1973, 26:25-31.
202. Cooper HS, Deppisch LM, Kahn EI, et al. Pathology of the malignant colorectal polyp. Hum Pathol 1998, 28:15-26.
203. Cooper HS Surgical pathology of endoscopically removed malignant polyps of the colon and rectum. Am J Surg Pathol 1983, 7:613-623.
204. Pascal RR, Hertzler G, Hunter S, et al. Pseudoinvasion with high-grade dysplasia in a colonic adenoma: Distinction from adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1990, 14:694-697.
205. Yantiss RK, Bosenberg MW, Antonioli DA, et al. Utility of MMP-1, p53, E-cadherin, and collagen IV immunohistochemical stains in the differential diagnosis of adenomas with misplaced epithelium versus adenomas with invasive adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2002, 26:206-215.
206. Mueller J, Mueller E, Arras E, et al. Stromelysin-3 expression in early (pT1) carcinomas and pseudoinvasive lesions of the colorectum. Virchows Arch 1997, 430:213-219.
207. Cranley JP, Petras RE, Carey WD, et al. When is endoscopic polypectomy adequate therapy for colonic polyps containing invasive carcinoma?. Gastroenterology 1986, 91:419-427.
208. Matsumoto T, Iida M, Kuwano Y, et al. Small nonpolypoid neoplastic lesions of the colon: Endoscopic features with emphasis on their progression. Gastrointest Endosc 1995, 41:135-140.
209. Jaramillo E, Watanabe M, Slezak P, et al. Flat neoplastic lesions of the colon and rectum detected by high-resolution video endoscopy and chromoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1995, 42:114-122.
210. Morita T, Tomita N, Ohue M, et al. Molecular analysis of diminutive, flat, depressed colorectal lesions: Are they precursors of polypoid adenoma or early stage carcinoma?. Gastrointest Endosc 2002, 56:663-671.
211. Kurahashi T, Kaneko K, Makino R, et al. Colorectal carcinoma with special reference to growth pattern classifications: Clinicopathologic characteristics and genetic changes. J Gastroenterol 2002, 37:354-362.
212. Sato T, Konishi F, Togashi K, et al. Prospective observation of small "flat" tumors in the colon through colonoscopy. Dis Colon Rectum 1999, 42:1457-1463.
213. Kasumi A, Kratzer GL, Takeda M Observations of aggressive, small, flat, and depressed colon cancer: Report of three cases. Surg Endosc 1995, 9:690-694.
214. O'Brien MJ, Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, et al. Flat adenomas in the National Polyp Study: Is there increased risk for high-grade dysplasia initially or during surveillance?. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 2:905-911.
215. Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Lanspa SJ, et al. Phenotypic variation in colorectal adenoma/cancer expression in two families: Hereditary flat adenoma syndrome. Cancer 1990, 66:909-915.
216. Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Lanspa SJ, et al. Flat adenomas in a colon cancer-prone kindred. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988, 80:278-282.
217. Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Watson P, et al. Hereditary flat adenoma syndrome: A variant of familial adenomatous polyposis?. Dis Colon Rectum 1992, 35:411-421.
218. Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Lanspa SJ, et al. Upper gastrointestinal manifestations in families with hereditary flat adenoma syndrome. Cancer 1993, 71:2709-2714.
219. Lynch HT, Smyrk T, McGinn T, et al. Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP): A phenotypically and genotypically distinctive variant of FAP. Cancer 1995, 76:2427-2433.
220. Moisio AL, Jarvinen H, Peltomaki P Genetic and clinical characterisation of familial adenomatous polyposis: A population based study. Gut 2002, 50:845-850.
221. Robbins DH, Itzkowitz SH The molecular and genetic basis of colon cancer. Med Clin North Am 2002, 86:1467-1495.
222. Giardiello FM, Brensinger JD, Peterson GM AGA technical review on hereditary colorectal cancer and genetic testing. Gastroenterology 2001, 121:198-213.
223. Haggitt RC, Reid BJ Hereditary gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes. Am J Surg Pathol 1986, 10:871-887.
224. Offerhaus GJ, Giardiello FM, Krush AJ, et al. The risk of upper gastrointestinal cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 1992, 102:1980-1982.
225. Galiatsatos P, Foulkes WD Familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006, 101:385-398.
226. Steinbach G, Lynch PM, Phillips RK, et al. The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:1946-1952.
227. Higuchi T, Iwama T, Yoshinaga K, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of rofecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on rectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis patients. Clin Cancer Res 2003, 9:4756-4760.
228. Phillips RK, Wallace MH, Lynch PM, et al. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, on duodenal polyposis in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut 2002, 50:857-860.
229. Johnson JC, DiSario JA, Grady WM Surveillance and treatment of periampullary and duodenal adenomas in familial adenomatous polyposis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2004, 7:79-89.
230. Wehrli BM, Weiss SW, Yandow S, et al. Gardner-associated fibromas (GAF) in young patients: A distinct fibrous lesion that identifies unsuspected Gardner syndrome and risk for fibromatosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2001, 25:645-651.
231. Lynch HT, Thorson AG, McComb RD, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis and extracolonic cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2001, 46:2325-2332.
232. Miyaki M, Iijima T, Shiba K, et al. Alterations of repeated sequences in 5? upstream and coding regions in colorectal tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and Turcot syndrome. Oncogene 2001, 20:5215-5218.
233. Cohen SB Familial polyposis coli and its extracolonic manifestations. J Med Genet 1982, 19:193-203.
234. Attard TM, Giglio P, Koppula S, et al. Brain tumors in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis: A cancer registry experience and pooled case report analysis. Cancer 2007, 109:761-766.
235. Hernegger GS, Moore HG, Guillem JG Attenuated adenomatous polyposis: An evolving and poorly understood entity. Dis Colon Rectum 2002, 45:127-134.
236. Couture J, Mitri A, Lagace R, et al. A germline mutation at the extreme 3? end of the APC gene results in a severe desmoid phenotype and is associated with overexpression of beta-catenin in the desmoid tumor. Clin Genet 2000, 57:205-212.
237. Al-Tassan N, Chmiel NH, Maynard J, et al. Inherited variants of MYH associated with somatic G:C?T:A mutations in colorectal tumors. Nat Genet 2002, 30:227-232.
238. Sampson JR, Dolwani S, Jones S, et al. Autosomal recessive colorectal adenomatous polyposis due to inherited mutations of MYH. Lancet 2003, 362:39-41.
239. Sieber OM, Lipton L, Crabtree M, et al. Multiple colorectal adenomas, classic adenomatous polyposis, and germ-line mutations in MYH. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:791-799.
240. Venesio T, Molatore S, Cattaneo F, et al. High frequency of MYH gene mutations in a subset of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 2004, 126:1681-1685.
241. Farrington SM, Tenesa A, Barnetson R, et al. Germline susceptibility to colorectal cancer due to base-excision repair gene defects. Am J Hum Genet 2005, 77:112-119.
242. Tenesa A, Campbell H, Barnetson R, et al. Association of MUTYH and colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2006, 95:239-242.
243. Boardman LA Heritable colorectal cancer syndromes: Recognition and preventive management. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2002, 31:1107-1131.
244. Jass JR Familial colorectal cancer: Pathology and molecular characteristics. Lancet Oncol 2000, 1:220-226.
245. Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Boland CR, Hamilton SR, et al. A National Cancer Institute workshop on hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome: Meeting highlights and Bethesda guidelines. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997, 89:1758-1762.
246. Redston M Carcinogenesis in the GI tract: From morphology to genetics and back again. Mod Pathol 2001, 14:236-245.
247. Jass JR Pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000, 910:62-73. discussion 73-74,.
248. Shia J, Ellis NA, Paty PB, et al. Value of histopathology in predicting microsatellite instability in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and sporadic colorectal cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2003, 27:1407-1417.
249. Wright CL, Stewart ID Histopathology and mismatch repair status of 458 consecutive colorectal carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2003, 27:1393-1406.
250. Chapusot C, Martin L, Mungra N, et al. Sporadic colorectal cancers with defective mismatch repair display a number of specific morphological characteristics: Relationship between the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins and clinicopathological features of 273 adenocarcinomas. Histopathology 2003, 43:40-47.
251. Kakar S, Aksoy S, Burgart LJ, et al. Mucinous carcinoma of the colon: Correlation of loss of mismatch repair enzymes with clinicopathologic features and survival. Mod Pathol 2004, 17:696-700.
252. Kakar S, Smyrk TC Signet ring cell carcinoma of the co-lorectum: Correlations between microsatellite instability, clinicopathologic features and survival. Mod Pathol 2005, 18:244-249.
253. Odze RD Adenomas and adenoma-like DALMs in chronic ulcerative colitis: A clinical, pathologic, and molecular review. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:1746-1750.
254. Friedman S, Odze RD, Farraye FA Management of neoplastic polyps in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2003, 9:260-266.
255. Torres C, Antonioli D, Odze RD Polypoid dysplasia and adenomas in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Surg Pathol 1998, 22:275-284.
256. Blackstone MO, Riddell RH, Rogers BHG, et al. Dysplasia-associated lesion or mass (DALM) detected by colonoscopy in long-standing ulcerative colitis: An indication for colectomy. Gastroenterology 1981, 8:366-374.
257. Butt JH, Konishi F, Morson BC, et al. Macroscopic lesions in dysplasia and carcinoma complicating ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 1983, 28:18-26.
258. Engelsgjerd M, Farraye F, Odze RD Polypectomy may be adequate treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in chronic ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1999, 117:1288-1294.
259. Rubin PH, Friedman S, Harpaz N, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy in chronic colitis: Conservative management after endoscopic resection of dysplastic polyps. Gastroenterology 1999, 117:1295-1300.
260. Odze RD, Farraye FA, Hecht JL, et al. Long-term follow-up after polypectomy treatment for adenoma-like dysplastic lesions in ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 2:534-541.
261. Schneider A, Stolte M Differential diagnosis of adenomas and dysplastic lesions in patients with ulcerative colitis. Z Gastroenterol 1993, 31:653-656.
262. Suzuki K, Muto T, Shinozaki M, et al. Differential diagnosis of dysplasia-associated lesion or mass and coincidental adenoma in ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1998, 41:322-327.
263. Medlicott SAC, Jewell LD, Price L, et al. Conservative management of small adenomata in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997, 92:2094-2098.
264. Tytgat GNJ, Dhir V, Gopinath N Endoscopic appearance of dysplasia and cancer in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Cancer 1995, 31:1174-1177.
265. Itzkowitz SH, Greenwald B, Meltzer SJ Colon carcinogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1995, 1:142.
266. Kern SE, Redston M, Seymour AB, et al. Molecular genetic profiles of colitis-associated neoplasms. Gastroenterology 1994, 107:420-428.
267. Farraye FA, Waye JD, Moscandrew M, et al. Variability in the diagnosis and management of adenoma-like and non-adenoma-like DALMs in inflammatory bowel disease: An Internet-based study. Gastrointest Endosc 2007, 66:519-529.
268. Walsh SV, Loda M, Torres CM, et al. P53 and ? catenin expression in chronic ulcerative colitis-associated polypoid dysplasia and sporadic adenomas: An immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 1999, 2398:963-969.
269. Mueller E, Vieth M, Stolte M, et al. The differentiation of true adenomas from colitis-associated dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: A comparative immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 1999, 30:898-905.
270. Yin J, Harpaz N, Tony Y, et al. P53 point mutations in dysplastic and cancerous ulcerative colitis lesions. Gastroenterology 1993, 104:1633-1639.
271. Odze R, Brown CA, Noffsinger AE, et al. Genetic alterations in chronic ulcerative colitis associated adenoma-like DALMs are similar to non-colitic sporadic adenomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2000, 24:1202-1216.
272. Tarmin L, Yin J, Harpaz N, et al. Adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutations in ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasias and cancers versus sporadic colon neoplasms. J Cancer Res 1995, 55:2035-2038.
273. Fogt F, Vortmeyer AO, Stolte M, et al. Loss of heterozygosity of the von Hippel Lindau gene locus in polypoid dysplasia but not flat dysplasia in ulcerative colitis or sporadic adenomas. Hum Pathol 1998, 29:961-964.
274. Fogt F, Vortmeyer AO, Goldman H, et al. Comparison of genetic alterations in colonic adenoma and ulcerative colitis-associated dysplasia and carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1988, 29:131-136.
275. Selaru FM, Xu Y, Yin J, et al. Artificial neural networks distinguish among subtypes of neoplastic colorectal lesions. Gastroenterology 2002, 22:606-613.
276. Nascimbeni R, Burgart LJ, Nivatvongs S, et al. Risk of lymph node metastasis in T1 carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 2002, 45:200-206.
277. Haggitt RC, Glotzbach RE, Soffer EE, et al. Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas arising in adenomas: Implications for lesions removed by endoscopic polypectomy. Gastroenterology 1985, 89:328-336.
278. Cooper HS, Deppisch LM, Ghourley WK, et al. Endoscopically removed malignant colorectal polyps: Clinicopathologic correlations. Gastroenterology 1995, 108:1657-1665.
279. Cooper HS Surgical pathology of endoscopically removed malignant polyps of the colon and rectum. Am J Surg Pathol 1983, 7:613-623.
280. Morson BC, Whiteway JE, Jones EA, et al. Histopathology and prognosis of malignant colorectal polyps treated by endoscopic polypectomy. Gut 1984, 25:437-444.
281. Volk EE, Goldblum JR, Petras RE, et al. Management and outcome of patients with invasive carcinoma arising in colorectal polyps. Gastroenterology 1995, 109:1801-1807.
282. Seitz U, Bohnacker S, Seewald S, et al. Is endoscopic polypectomy an adequate therapy for malignant colorectal adenomas? Presentation of 114 patients and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 2004, 47:1789-1796.
283. Robert ME The malignant colon polyp: Diagnosis and therapeutic recommendations. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 5:662-667.
284. Koura AN, Giacco GG, Curley SA, et al. Carcinoid tumors of the rectum: Effect of size, histopathology, and surgical treatment on metastasis free survival. Cancer 1997, 79:1294-1298.
285. Hashimoto Y, Nakamura N, Kuze T, et al. Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract is a heterogeneous group that includes mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma: Analysis of somatic mutation of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region. Hum Pathol 1999, 30:581-587.
286. Lavergne A, Brouland JP, Launay E, et al. Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract: An extensive histopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 cases. Cancer 1994, 74:3042-3050.
287. Moynihan MJ, Bast MA, Chan WC, et al. Lymphomatous polyposis: A neoplasm of either follicular mantle or germinal center cell origin. Am J Surg Pathol 1996, 20:442-452.
288. Ruskone-Fourmestraux A, Delmer A, Lavergne A, et al. Multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract: Prospective clinicopathologic study of 31 cases. Groupe d'Étude des Lymphomes Digestifs. Gastroenterology 1997, 112:7-16.
289. Shekitka KM, Sobin LH Ganglioneuromas of the gastrointestinal tract: Relation to von Recklinghausen disease and other multiple tumor syndromes. Am J Surg Pathol 1994, 18:250-257.
290. Lashner BA, Riddell RH, Winans CS Ganglioneuromatosis of the colon and extensive glycogenic acanthosis in Cowden's disease. Dig Dis Sci 1986, 31:213-216.
291. Mendelsohn G, Diamond MP Familial ganglioneuromatous polyposis of the large bowel: Report of a family with associated juvenile polyposis. Am J Surg Pathol 1984, 8:515-520.
292. d'Amore ES, Manivel JC, Pettinato G, et al. Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis: Mucosal and transmural types: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of six cases. Hum Pathol 1991, 22:276-286.
293. Carney JA, Go VL, Sizemore GW, et al. Alimentary-tract ganglioneuromatosis: A major component of the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b. N Engl J Med 1976, 295:1287-1291.
294. Smith VV, Eng C, Milla PJ Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B: Implications for treatment. Gut 1999, 45:143-146.
295. Gutmann DH, Aylsworth A, Carey JC, et al. The diagnostic evaluation and multidisciplinary management of neurofibro-matosis 1 and neurofibromatosis 2. JAMA 1997, 278:1493-1494.
296. Heuschkel R, Kim S, Korf B, et al. Abdominal migraine in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: A case series and review of gastrointestinal involvement in NF1. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001, 33:149-154.
297. Zöller MET, Rembeck B, Odén A, et al. Malignant and benign tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 in a defined Swedish population. Cancer 1997, 79:2125-2131.
298. Takazawa Y, Sakurai S, Sakuma Y, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen's disease). Am J Surg Pathol 2005, 29:755-763.
299. Andersson J, Sihto H, Meis-Kindblom JM, et al. NF1-associated gastrointestinal stromal tumors have unique clinical, phenotypic, and genotypic characteristics. Am J Surg Pathol 2005, 29:1170-1176.
300. Miettinen M, Fetsch JF, Sobin LH, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis 1: A clinicopathologic and molecular genetic study of 45 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2006, 30:90-96.
301. Burke AP, Sobin LH, Shekitka KM, et al. Somatostatin-producing duodenal carcinoids in patients with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis: A predilection for black patients. Cancer 1990, 1:1591-1595.
302. Hirata K, Kitahara K, Momosaka Y, et al. Diffuse ganglioneuromatosis with plexiform neurofibromas limited to the gastrointestinal tract involving a large segment of small intestine. J Gastroenterol 1996, 31:263-267.
303. Taylor MA, Loughrey MB, Toner PG, et al. An unusual cause of biliary stricture in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001, 13:199-201.
304. Kim HR, Kim YJ Neurofibromatosis of the colon and rectum combined with other manifestations of von Recklinghausen's disease: Report of a case [case report]. Dis Colon Rectum 1998, 41:1187-1192.
305. Castoldi L, De Rai P, Marini A, et al. Neurofibromatosis-1 and ampullary gangliocytic paraganglioma causing biliary and pancreatic obstruction. Int J Pancreatol 2001, 29:93-97.
306. Joo YE, Kim HS, Choi SK, et al. Primary duodenal adenocarcinoma associated with neurofibromatosis type 1. J Gastroenterol 2002, 37:215-219.
307. Wolkenstein P, Freche B, Zeller J, et al. Usefulness of screening investigations in neurofibromatosis type 1: A study of 152 patients. Arch Dermatol 1996, 132:1333-1336.
308. Hochberg FH, Dasilva AB, Galdabini J, et al. Gastrointestinal involvement in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. Neurology 1974, 24:1144-1151.
309. Johnston J, Helwig EB Granular cell tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and perianal region: A study of 74 cases. Dig Dis Sci 1981, 26:807-816.
310. Parfitt JR, McLean CA, Joseph MG, et al. Granular cell tumours of the gastrointestinal tract: Expression of nestin and clinicopathological evaluation of 11 patients. Histopathology 2006, 48:424-430.
311. Melo CR, Melo IS, Schmitt FC, et al. Multicentric granular cell tumor of the colon: Report of a patient with 52 tumors. Am J Gastroenterol 1993, 88:1785-1787.
312. Rossi GB, de Bellis M, Marone P, et al. Granular cell tumors of the colon: Report of a case and review of the literature. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000, 30:197-199.
313. Fanburg-Smith JC, Meis-Kindblom JM, Fante R, et al. Malignant granular cell tumor of soft tissue: Diagnostic criteria and clinicopathologic correlation. Am J Surg Pathol 1998, 22:779-794.
314. Hornick JL, Fletcher CD Soft tissue perineurioma: Clinicopathologic analysis of 81 cases including those with atypical histologic features. Am J Surg Pathol 2005, 29:845-858.
315. Emory TS, Scheithauer BW, Hirose T, et al. Intraneural perineurioma: A clonal neoplasm associated with abnormalities of chromosome 22. Am J Clin Pathol 1995, 103:696-704.
316. Fetsch JF, Miettinen M Sclerosing perineurioma: A clinicopathologic study of 19 cases of a distinctive soft tissue lesion with a predilection for the fingers and palms of young adults. Am J Surg Pathol 1997, 21:1433-1442.
317. Hornick JL, Fletcher CD Intestinal perineuriomas: Clinicopathologic definition of a new anatomic subset in a series of 10 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2005, 29:859-865.
318. Eslami-Varzaneh F, Washington K, Robert ME, et al. Benign fibroblastic polyps of the colon: A histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study. Am J Surg Pathol 2004, 28:374-378.
319. Kalof AN, Pritt B, Cooper K, et al. Benign fibroblastic polyp of the colorectum. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005, 39:778-781.
320. Groisman GM, Polak-Charcon S, Appelman HD Fibroblastic polyp of the colon: Clinicopathological analysis of 10 cases with emphasis on its common association with serrated crypts. Histopathology 2006, 48:431-437.
321. Miettinen M, Lasota J Gastrointestinal stromal tumors-definition, clinical, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic features and differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch 2001, 438:1-12.
322. Miettinen M, Sarlomo-Rikala M, Sobin LH Mesenchymal tumors of muscularis mucosae of colon and rectum are benign leiomyomas that should be separated from gastrointestinal stromal tumors-a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of eighty-eight cases. Mod Pathol 2001, 14:950-956.
323. Miettinen M, Sarloma-Rikala M, Sobin LH, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcomas in the colon: A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 44 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2000, 24:1339-1352.
324. McClain KL, Leach CT, Jenson HB, et al. Association of Epstein-Barr virus with leiomyosarcomas in children with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:55-57.
325. Lee ES, Locker J, Nalesnik M, et al. The association of Epstein-Barr virus with smooth-muscle tumors occurring after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:19-25.
326. Somers GR, Tesoriero AA, Hartland E, et al. Multiple leiomyosarcomas of both donor and recipient origin arising in a heart-lung transplant patient. Am J Surg Pathol 1998, 22:1423-1428.
327. Kingma DW, Shad A, Tsokos M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated smooth-muscle tumor arising in a post-transplant patient treated successfully for two PT-EBV-associated large-cell lymphomas: Case report. Am J Surg Pathol 1996, 20:1511-1519.
328. Mierau GW, Greffe BS, Weeks DA Primary leiomyosarcoma of brain in an adolescent with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome. Ultrastruct Pathol 1997, 21:301-305.
329. Anguita J, Rico ML, Palomo J, et al. Myocardial Epstein-Barr virus-associated cardiac smooth-muscle neoplasm arising in a cardiac transplant recipient. Transplantation 1998, 66:400-401.
330. Creager AJ, Maia DM, Funkhouser WK Epstein-Barr virus-associated renal smooth muscle neoplasm: Report of a case with review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998, 122:277-281.
331. Tulbah A, Al-Dayel F, Fawaz I, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-associated leiomyosarcoma of the thyroid in a child with congenital immunodeficiency: A case report. Am J Surg Pathol 1999, 23:473-476.
332. Molle ZI, Moallem H, Desai N, et al. Endoscopic features of smooth muscle tumors in children with AIDS. Gastrointest Endosc 2000, 52:91-94.
333. Miettinen M, Lasota J Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Pathology and prognosis at different sites. Semin Diagn Pathol 2006, 23:70-83.
334. Siegal A, Witz M Gastrointestinal lipoma and malignancies. J Surg Oncol 1991, 47:170-174.
335. Hancock BJ, Vajcner A Lipomas of the colon: A clinicopathologic review. Can J Surg 1988, 31:178-181.
336. Bromberg SH, Zampieri JC, Cavalcanti LA, et al. [Colorectal lipomas: Anatomoclinical study of 29 cases]. Rev Assoc Med Bras 1997, 43:319-325.
337. Chung YF, Ho YH, Nyam DC, et al. Management of colonic lipomas. Aust N Z J Surg 1998, 68:133-135.
338. Rogy MA, Mirza D, Berlakovich G, et al. Submucous large-bowel lipomas-presentation and management: An 18-year study. Eur J Surg 1991, 157:51-55.
339. Franc-Law JM, Begin LR, Vasilevsky CA, et al. The dramatic presentation of colonic lipomata: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Am Surg 2001, 67:491-494.
340. Alponat A, Kok KY, Goh PM, et al. Intermittent subacute intestinal obstruction due to a giant lipoma of the colon: A case report. Am Surg 1998, 64:480.
341. Notar JR, Masser PA Annular colon lipoma: A case report and review of the literature. Surgery 1991, 110:570-572.
342. Santos-Briz A, Garcia JP, Gonzalez C, et al. Lipomatous polyposis of the colon. Histopathology 2001, 38:81-83.
343. Ladurner R, Mussack T, Hohenbleicher F, et al. Laparoscopic-assisted resection of giant sigmoid lipoma under colonoscopic guidance. Surg Endosc 2003, 17:160.
344. Snover DC Atypical lipomas of the colon: Report of two cases with pseudomalignant features. Dis Colon Rectum 1984, 27:485-488.
345. Skaane P, Eide TJ, Westgaard T, et al. Lipomatosis and true lipomas of the ileocecal valve. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmedizin 1981, 135:663-668.
346. Walke L, Christie AJ Lipohyperplasia of ileocecal valve causing recurrent intussusception. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1990, 38:259-261.
347. Smith SR, Fenton L Lipohyperplasia of the ileo-caecal valve causing appendicitis. Aust N Z J Surg 2000, 70:76-77.
348. Tawfik OW, McGregor DH Lipohyperplasia of the ileocecal valve. Am J Gastroenterol 1992, 87:82-87.
349. Soon MS, Lin OS Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the duodenum. Surg Endosc 2000, 14:86.
350. Widgren S, Cox JN Inflammatory fibroid polyp in a continent ileo-anal pouch after colectomy for ulcerative colitis-case report. Pathol Res Pract 1997, 193:643-647. discussion 649-652,.
351. de la Plaza R, Picardo AL, Cuberes R, et al. Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the large intestine. Dig Dis Sci 1999, 44:1810-1816.
352. Nakase H, Mimura J, Kawasaki T, et al. Endoscopic resection of small inflammatory fibroid polyp of the colon. Intern Med 2000, 39:25-27.
353. Shimer GR, Helvig EB Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the intestine. Am J Clin Pathol 1984, 81:708-714.
354. Pollice L, Bufo P Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the rectum. Pathol Res Pract 1984, 178:508-512.
355. Ferin P, Skucas J Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the colon simulating malignancy. Radiology 1983, 149:55-56.
356. Harned RK, Buck JL, Shekitka KM Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the gastrointestinal tract: Radiologic evaluation. Radiology 1992, 182:863-866.
357. Gooszen AW, Tjon A, Tham RT, et al. Inflammatory fibroid polyp simulating malignant tumor of the colon in a patient with multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden's disease). AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995, 165:1012-1013.
358. Williams GR, Jaffe S, Scott CA Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the terminal ileum presenting in a patient with active Crohn's disease. Histopathology 1992, 20:545-547.
359. Allibone RO, Nanson JK, Anthony PP Multiple and recurrent inflammatory fibroid polyps in a Devon family ("Devon polyposis syndrome"): An update. Gut 1992, 33:1004-1005.
360. Gutierres AA, Simoneti CA, Braz MA, et al. Intestinal obstruction caused by inflammatory fibroid polyp: Report of a case. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sã Paulo 1997, 52:20-22.
361. Kolodziejczyk P, Yao T, Tsuneyoshi M Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the stomach: A special reference to an immunohistochemical profile of 42 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1993, 17:1159-1168.
362. Hasegawa T, Yang P, Kagawa N, et al. CD34 expression by inflammatory fibroid polyps of the stomach. Mod Pathol 1997, 10:451-456.
363. Pantanowitz L, Antonioli DA, Pinkus GS, et al. Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the gastrointestinal tract: Evidence for a dendritic cell origin. Am J Surg Pathol 2004, 28:107-114.
364. Ryback LD, Shapiro RS, Carano K, et al. Massive pneumatosis intestinalis: CT diagnosis. Comput Med Imaging Graph 1999, 23:165-168.
365. Gelman SF, Brandt LJ Pneumatosis intestinalis and AIDS: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 1998, 93:646-650.
366. Jensen R, Gutnik SH Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: A complication of colonoscopic polypectomy. S D J Med 1991, 44:177-179.
367. Gosi G, Huoranszki F Sigmoidoscopically induced pneumatosis cystoides coli in Crohn's disease manifested by collar subcutaneous emphysema. Endoscopy 2001, 33:293.
368. Jona JZ Benign pneumatosis intestinalis coli after blunt trauma to the abdomen in a child. J Pediatr Surg 2000, 35:1109-1111.
369. Azimuddin K, Bourne R Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in a case of sigmoid volvulus. Br J Hosp Med 1997, 57:468-469.
370. Lock G, Holstege A, Lang B, et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997, 92:763-771.
371. Parra JA, Acinas O, Bueno J, et al. An unusual form of pneumatosis intestinalis associated with appendicitis. Br J Radiol 1998, 71:326-328.
372. Schenk P, Madl C, Kramer L, et al. Pneumatosis intestinalis with Clostridium difficile colitis as a cause of acute abdomen after lung transplantation. Dig Dis Sci 1998, 43:2455-2458.
373. Gagliardi G, Thompson IW, Hershman MH, et al. Pneumatosis coli: A proposed pathogenesis based on study of 25 cases and review of the literature. Int J Colorectal Dis 1996, 11:111-118.
374. Snape J, Hulman G, Reddy PR, et al. Pneumatosis coli: An uncommon but treatable cause of faecal incontinence. Int J Clin Pract 1998, 52:501-503.
375. Shimada M, Ina Takahashi H, Horiuchi Y, et al. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy: Usefulness of an endoscopic ultrasonic catheter probe for diagnosis. Intern Med 2001, 40:896-900.
376. Kianmanesh Rad AR, Vilotte J, Benhamou G Cystic pneumatosis of the colon: Report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Ann Chir 1997, 51:995-1000.
377. Kavic SM, Basson MD Complications of endoscopy. Am J Surg 2001, 181:313-318.
378. Kaassis M, Croue A, Carpentier S, et al. A case of colonic pseudolipomatosis: A rare complication of colonoscopy?. Endoscopy 1997, 29:325-327.
379. Waring JP, Manne RK, Wadas DD, et al. Mucosal pseudolipomatosis: An air pressure-related colonoscopy complication. Gastrointest Endosc 1989, 35:93-94.
380. Witte JT Colonic mucosal pseudolipomatosis. Gastrointest Endosc 2001, 54:750.
381. Ben Rejeb A, Khedhiri F Mucosal pseudo-lipomatosis of the colon: Apropos of a case with a review of the literature. Arch Anat Cytol Pathol 1989, 37:254-257.
382. Cook DS, Williams GT Duodenal "pseudolipomatosis. rdquo; Histopathology 1998, 33:394-395.
383. Snover DC, Sandstad J, Hutton S Mucosal pseudolipomatosis of the colon. Am J Clin Pathol 1985, 84:575-580.
384. Flieder DB, Moran CA, Travis WD, et al. Pleuro-pulmonary endometriosis and pulmonary ectopic deciduosis: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 10 cases with emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls. Hum Pathol 1998, 29:1495-1503.
385. Yantiss RK, Clement PB, Young RH Endometriosis of the intestinal tract: A study of 44 cases of a disease that may cause diverse challenges in clinical and pathologic evaluation. Am J Surg Pathol 2001, 25:445-454.
386. Deval B, Rafii A, Felce Dachez M, et al. Sigmoid endometriosis in a postmenopausal woman. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002, 187:1723-1725.
387. Varras M, Kostopanagiotou E, Katis K, et al. Endometriosis causing extensive intestinal obstruction simulating carcinoma of the sigmoid colon: A case report and review of the literature. Eur Gynaecol Oncol 2002, 23:3453-3457.
388. Sumathi VP, McCluggage WG CD10 is useful in demonstrating endometrial stroma at ectopic sites and in confirming a diagnosis of endometriosis. J Clin Pathol 2002, 55:391-392.
389. Slavin RE, Krum R, Van Dinh T Endometriosis-associated intestinal tumors: A clinical and pathological study of 6 cases with a review of the literature. Hum Pathol 2000, 31:456-463.
390. Yantiss RK, Clement PB, Young RH Neoplastic and pre-neoplastic changes in gastrointestinal endometriosis: A study of 17 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2000, 24:513-524.
391. Bejarano PA, Aranda-Michel J, Fenoglio-Preiser C Histochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of foamy histiocytes (muciphages and xanthelasma) of the rectum. Am J Surg Pathol 2000, 24:1009-1115.
392. Miliauskas JR Rectosigmoid (colonic) xanthoma: A report of four cases and review of the literature. Pathology 2002, 34:144-147.
393. Boruchowicz A, Rey C, Fontaine M, et al. Colonic xanthelasma due to glyceride accumulation associated with an adenoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1997, 92:159-161.
394. Weinstock LB, Shatz BA, Saltman RJ, et al. Xanthoma of the colon. Gastrointest Endosc 2002, 55:410.
395. Goodman MD Segmental xanthomatosis of the ileocecal valve with anatomic and functional obstruction. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997, 121:75-78.
396. Lo CY, Lorentz TG, Poon CS Xanthogranulomatous inflammation of the sigmoid colon: A case report. Aust N Z J Surg 1996, 66:643-644.
397. Morimatsu M, Shirozu K, Nakashima T, et al. Xanthogranuloma of the rectum. Acta Pathol Jpn 1985, 35:165-171.
398. Collins DC 71,000 human appendix specimens: A final report summarizing a 40-year study. Am J Proctol 1963, 14:365-381.
399. Ozuner G, Davidson P, Church J Intussusception of the vermiform appendix: Preoperative colonoscopic diagnosis of two cases and review of the literature. Int J Colorectal Dis 2000, 15:185-187.
400. Langsam LB, Raj PK, Galang CF Intussusception of the appendix. Dis Colon Rectum 1984, 27:387-392.
401. Jevon GP, Daya D, Qizilbash AH Intussusception of the appendix: A report of four cases and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1992, 116:960-964.
402. Kawamura YJ, Toyama N, Kasamatsu T, et al. Intussusception of appendiceal adenoma mimicking invasive carcinoma. Endoscopy 2002, 34:749.
403. Coulier B, Pestieau S, Hamels J, et al. US and CT diagnosis of complete cecocolic intussusception caused by an appendiceal mucocele. Eur Radiol 2002, 12:324-328.
404. Pumberger W, Hormann M, Pomberger G, et al. Sonographic diagnosis of intussusception of the appendix vermiformis. J Clin Ultrasound 2000, 28:492-496.
405. Bailey DJ, Courington KR, Andres JM, et al. Cecal polyp and appendiceal
406. Miyahara M, Saito T, Etoh K, et al. Appendiceal intussusception due to an appendiceal malignant polyp-an association in a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Report of a case. Surg Today 1995, 26:834-837.
407. Paspatis GA, Papanikolaou N, Zois E, et al. Prevalence of polyps and diverticulosis of the large bowel in the Cretan population: An autopsy study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2001, 16:257-261.
408. Weston AP, Campbell DR Diminutive colonic polyps: Histopathology, spatial distribution, concomitant significant lesions, and treatment complications. Am J Gastroenterol 1995, 90:24-28.
409. Dignan CR, Greenson JK Can ischemic colitis be differentiated from C. difficile colitis in biopsy specimens?. Am J Surg Pathol 1997, 21:706-710.
410. Cheville JC, Mitros FA, Vanderzalm G, et al. Atheroemboli-associated polyps of the sigmoid colon. Am J Surg Pathol 1993, 17:1054-1057.
411. Gramlich TL, Hunter SB Focal polypoid ischemia of the colon: Atheroemboli presenting as a colonic polyp. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994, 118:308-309.
412. O'Brian DS, Jeffers M, Kay EW, et al. Bleeding due to colorectal atheroembolism. Diagnosis by biopsy of adenomatous polyps or of ischemic ulcer. Am J Surg Pathol 1994, 15:1078-1082.