Perceptions of gender in athletic administration: Utilizing role congruity to examine (potential) prejudice against women

Journal of Sport Management

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 36-45

  Burton, Laura J ^a   Grappendorf, Heidi ^b   Henderson, Angela ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^b NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79551707007     PISSN: 08884773     EISSN: 1543270X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/jsm.25.1.36     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4, 139-158 10.1177/089124390004002002.
2. Acker, J., & Van Houten, D.R. (1974). Differential recruitment and control: The sex structuring of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 152-163. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2393886.
3. Acosta, R.V., & Carpenter, L.J. (2010). Women in intercollegiate sport: A longitudinal study thirty-one year update (1977-2010). Retrieved July 19, 2010, from http://webpages.charter.net/womeninsport.
4. Alvesson, M., & Billing, Y.D. (1997). Understanding gender and organizations. London: Sage.
5. Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B.C. (2008). Survey response rate levels and trends in organizational research. Human Relations, 61, 1139-1160 10.1177/0018726708094863.
6. Bem, S.L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Clinical Consulting Psychology, 42, 155-162.
7. Burton, L.J., Barr, C.A., Fink, J.S., & Bruening, J.E. (2009). "Think athletic director, think masculine?": Examination of the gender typing of managerial subroles within athletic administration positions. Sex Roles, 61, 416-426.
8. Burton, L.J., & Hagan, E.M. (2009). "Examination of job description in intercollegiate athletic administration: Application of gender typing of managerial subroles." The Sport Management and Related Topics Journal, 5(1) 84-95. Retrieved from http://www.thesmartjournal.com/volumeV.html.
9. Cejka, M.A., & Eagly, A.H. (1999). Gender stereotypic images of occupations correspond to the sex segregation of employment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 413-423.
10. Coakley, J. (2004). Sports in society: Issues and controversies. New York: McGraw-Hill.
11. Cunningham, G.B. (2008). Understanding diversity in intercollegiate athletics. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletics in Education, 2, 321-338.
12. DeHass, D. (2007). Ethnicity and gender demographics of NCAA Member Institutions' Athletics Personnel (2005-2006). Retrieved July 23, 2008, from http://www.ncaa.org/library/research/race_demographics/2005-06/200506_ethnicity_gender_demographics.pdf.
13. Duehr, E.E., & Bono, J.E. (2006). Men, women, and managers: Are stereotypes finally changing? Personnel Psychology, 59, 815-846.
14. Eagly, A.H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A socialrole interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Eagly, A.H., & Karau, S.J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573-598.
16. Eagly, A.H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A.B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Mahway, NJ: Erlbaum.
17. Ely, R.J., & Meyerson, D.E. (2000). Advancing gender equity in organizations: The challenge and importance of maintaining a gender narrative. Organization, 7, 589-608.
18. Ely, R.J., & Padavic, I. (2007). A feminist analysis of organizational research on sex differences. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1121-1143.
19. Garcia-Retamero, R., & López-Zafra, E. (2006). Prejudice against women in male-congenial environments: Perceptions of gender role congruity in leadership. Sex Roles, 55, 51-61.
20. Grappendorf, H., & Lough, N. (2006). An endangered species: Characteristics and perspectives from female NCAA Division I athletic directors of both separate and merged athletic departments. The Sport Management and Related Topics Journal, 2(2), 6-20. Retrieved from http://www.thesmartjournal.com/volume2.html.
21. Heilman, M.E. (1997). Sex discrimination and the affirmative action remedy: The role of sex stereotypes. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 877-889.
22. Heilman, M.E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder. The Journal of Social Issues, 57, 657-674.
23. Heilman, M.E., Block, C.J., Martell, R.F., & Simon, M.C. (1989). Has anything changed? Current characterizations of men, women, and managers. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 935-942.
24. Heilman, M.E., & Okimoto, T.G. (2007). Why are women penalized for success at male tasks?: The implied communal deficit. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 81-92.
25. Heilman, M.E., Wallen, A.S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M.M. (2004). Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male tasks. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 416-427.
26. Knoppers, A., & Anthonissen, A. (2008). Gender managerial discourses in sport organizations: Multiplicity and complexity. Sex Roles, 58, 93-103.
27. Martell, R.F., Parker, C., Emrich, C.G., & Crawford, M.S. (1998). Sex stereotyping in the executive suite: "Much ado about something. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 127-138.
28. Meyerson, D.E., & Ely, R.J. (2003). Using difference to make a difference. In D. Rhode (Ed.), Women and leadership (pp. 129-143). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Moss Kanter, R. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
29. Powell, G.N., Butterfield, D.A., & Parent, J.D. (2002). Gender and managerial stereotypes: have the times changed? Journal of Management, 28, 177-193.
30. Prentice, D.A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn't be, are allowed to be, and don't have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 269-281.
31. Raphaely, D. (2003). An analysis of the senior woman administrator position within NCAA athletics departments. Unpublished master's thesis, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
32. Rogelberg, S.G., & Stanton, J.M. (2007). Introduction: Understanding and dealing with organizational survey non-response. Organizational Research Methods, 10, 195-209 10.1177/1094428106294693.
33. Rudman, L.A., & Phelan, J.E. (2008). Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 61-79.
34. Sartore, M.L., & Cunningham, G.B. (2007). Explaining the under-representation of women in leadership positions of sport organizations: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Quest, 59, 244-265.
35. Schein, V.E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 95-100.
36. Schein, V.E. (1978). Sex role stereotyping, ability and performance: Prior research and new directions. Personnel Psychology, 31, 259-268.
37. Schein, V.E. (2001). A global look at psychological barriers to women's progress in management. The Journal of Social Issues, 57, 675-688.
38. Schein, V.E. (2007). Women in management: reflections and projections. Women in Management Review, 22, 6-18.
39. Schein, V.E., Mueller, R., Lituchy, T., & Lui, J. (1996). Think manager - think male: A global phenomenon? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 33-41 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2488533.
40. Schell, L.A., & Rodriguez, S. (2000). Our sporting sisters: How male hegemony stratifies women in sport. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 9, 15-34.
41. Shaw, S., & Frisby, W. (2006). Can gender equity be more equitable?: Promoting an alternative frame for sport management research, education, and practice. Journal of Sport Management, 20, 483-509.
42. Shaw, S., & Hoeber, L. (2003). "A strong man is direct and a direct woman is a bitch": Gendered discourses and their influence on employment roles in sport organizations. Journal of Sport Management, 17, 347-375.
43. Suggs, W. (2005). Faces in a mostly white, male crowd. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 51, A34-A36.
44. Tiell, B., & Dixon, M.A. (2008). Roles and tasks of the senior women administrator (SWA) in intercollegiate athletics. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletics in Education, 2, 339-362.
45. van Engen, M.L., van der Leeden, R., & Willemsen, T.M. (2001). Gender, context and leadership styles: A field study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 581-598.
46. Whisenant, W.A., Pedersen, P.M., & Obenour, B.L. (2002). Success and gender: Determining the rate of advancement for intercollegiate athletic directors. Sex Roles, 47, 485-491.
47. Willemsen, T.M. (2002). Gender typing of the successful manager - A stereotype reconsidered. Sex Roles, 46, 385-391.