"A Strong Man is Direct and a Direct Woman is a Bitch": Gendered Discourses and Their Influence on Employment Roles in Sport Organizations

Journal of Sport Management

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 347-375

  Shaw, Sally ^a   Hoeber, Larena ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF REGINA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0142157122     PISSN: 08884773     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/jsm.17.4.347     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society, 4(2), 139-158.
2. Acker, J. (1992). Gendering organizational theory. In J. Mills & P. Tancred (Eds.), Gendering organizational analysis (pp. 248-261). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Acker, J. (2000). Gendered contradictions in organizational equity projects. Organization, 7(4), 625-632.
4. Acker, J., & Van Houten, D.R. (1974). Differential recruitment and control: The sex structuring of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(2), 152-163.
5. Acosta, R.V., & Carpenter, L.J. (2000). Women in intercollegiate sport: A longitudinal study twenty-three year update 1977-2000. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 9(2), 141-144.
6. Alvesson, M., & Billing, Y.D. (1992). Gender and organization: Towards a differentiated understanding. Organization Studies, 13, 73-100.
7. Alvesson, M., & Billing, Y.D. (1997). Understanding gender and organizations. London: Sage.
8. Ashton-Shaeffer, C., Gibson, H.J., Autry, C.E., & Hanson, C.S. (2001). Meaning of sport to adults with disabilities. Sociology of Sport Journal, 18, 95-114.
9. Australian Sport Commission. (2001). Structure. Retrieved from http://www.ausport.gov.au/asc/structure.htm
10. Baron, J.N., Mittman, B.S., & Newman, A.E. (1991). Targets of opportunity: Organizational and environmental determinants of gender integration within the Californian Civil Service, 1979-1985. American Journal of Sociology, 96(6), 1362-1401.
11. Benschop, Y., & Dooreward, H. (1998). Covered by equality: The gender subtext of organizations. Organization Studies, 19(5), 787-805.
12. Boutilier, M.A., & San Giovanni, L.F. (1994). Politics, public policy and Title IX: Some limitations of liberal feminism. In S. Birrell & C. Cole (Eds.), Women, sport and culture (pp. 97-111). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
13. British Broadcasting Corporation. (2000). Gold and silver for Salford Paralympic duo. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/102000/23/para.shtml
14. British Broadcasting Corporation. (2001, 18 February, 2001). Paternity leave plans confirmed. Retrieved September13, 2002, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/uk_politics/1177691.stm
15. British Broadcasting Corporation. (2002). Paralympics open in style. Retrieved 2002, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/photo_galleries/newsid_1861000/1861417. stm
16. Burgess, R.G. (1982). The unstructured interview as conversation. In R.G. Burgess (Ed.), Field research: A sourcebook and field manual (pp. 107-111). London: Allen & Unwin.
17. Calás, M.B., & Smircich, L. (1992). Re-writing gender into organizational theorizing: Directions from feminist perspectives. In M. Reed & M. Hughes (Eds.), Rethinking organization (pp. 227-253). London: Sage.
18. Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women in Sport. (2002). Women need to infiltrate board rooms, Pound says. Retrieved from http://www.caaws.ca/english/index.htm
19. Chafetz, J.S., & Kotarba, J.A. (1999). Little league mothers and the reproduction of gender. In J. Coakley & P. Donnelly (Eds.), Inside sports (pp. 46-55). London: Routledge.
20. Christians, C.G. (2000). Ethics and politics in qualitative research. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 133-156). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. Collinson, D., Knights, D., & Collinson, M. (1990). Managing to discriminate. London: Routledge.
22. rffrt Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
23. Coaching Association of Canada. (2000). Board of Directors. Retrieved from www.coach.ca/e/about/AR99-00/board_e.pdf
24. Doherty, A.J. & Casey, C. (1996). The influence of sport socialization and family responsibilities on the underrepresentation of women interscholastic coaches. Avante, 2(2), 70-86.
25. Foucault, M. (1979). The will to knowledge: The history of sexuality, Volume 1 (R. Hurley, Trans.). London: Penguin.
26. Foucault, M. (1984). Truth and power. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault reader: An introduction to Foucault's thought (pp. 51-76). London: Penguin.
27. Frisby, W. (1992). Women in leisure service management: Alternative definitions of career success. Society and Leisure, 15(1), 155-174.
28. Frisby, W., & Brown, B.A. (1991). The balancing act: Women leisure service managers. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 16(4), 297-321.
29. Gilroy, S., & Clarke, G. (1997). Raising the game: Deconstructing the sporting text - from Major to Blair. Journal of Sport Pedagogy, 3, 19-37.
30. Green, B.C., & Chalip, L. (1998). Sport volunteers: Research area and applications. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 7(2), 14-23.
31. Gubrium, J.F., & Holstein, J.A. (2000). Analyzing interpretive practice. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 487-508). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. Hall, M.A. (1996). Feminism and sporting bodies: Essays on theory and practice. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
33. Hall, M.A., Cullen, D., & Slack, T. (1989). Organizational elites recreating themselves: The gender structure of national sport organizations. Quest, 41, 28-45.
34. Hargreaves, J. (1990). Gender on the sports agenda. International Review for Sociology of Sport, 25(4), 287-309.
35. Hargreaves, J. (1994). Sporting females: Critical issues in the history and sociology of women's sports. London: Routledge.
36. Harvego, E. (2001). A look at females in broadcasting. Retrieved from http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/cgi-bin/iowa/career/article.html?record=6
37. Hassard, J., & Parker, M. (Eds.). (1993). Postmodernism and organizations. London: Sage.
38. Hoffman, A. (1995). Women's access to sport and physical activity. Avante, 1(1), 77-92.
39. Hovden, J. (2000). Gender and leadership selection processes in Norwegian sporting organizations. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35(1), 75-82.
40. Inglis, S., Danylchuk, K.E., & Pastore, D. (1996). Understanding the retention factors in coaching and athletic management positions. Journal of Sport Management, 10(3), 237-249.
41. Inglis, S., Danylchuk, K.E., & Pastore, D.L. (2000). Multiple realities of women's work experiences in coaching and athletic management. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 9(2), 1-26.
42. Jermier, J.M. (1991). Critical epistemology and the study of organizational culture: Reflections on Street Corner Society. In P.J. Frost, L.F. Moore, M.R. Louis, C.C. Lundberg & J. Martin (Eds.), Reframing organizational culture (pp. 215-223). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
43. Jones, S. (1985). The analysis of depth interviews. In R. Walker (Ed.), Applied qualitative research (pp. 57-71). Dartmouth, UK: Aldershot.
44. Kerfoot, D., & Knights, D. (1998). Managing masculinity in contemporary organizational life: a 'man'agerial project. Organization, 5(1), 7-26.
45. Kerfoot, D., & Whitehead, S. (1998). 'Boys own' stuff: Masculinity and the management of further education. Sociological Review, 46(3), 436-458.
46. Kikulis, L. M., Slack, T., & Hinings, B. (1995), Does decision making make a difference? Patterns of change within Canadian National Sport Organizations. Journal of Sport Management, 9, 273-299.
47. Knoppers, A. (1992). Exploring male dominance and sex segregation in coaching: Three approaches. Quest, 44, 210-227.
48. Leisure Futures Limited. (1998). NGB B Management and Structure Review (Management Review). Dorset: Leisure Futures.
49. Lenskyj, H. (1994). Girl-friendly sport and female values. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 3(1), 35-46.
50. Martin, J. (1994). The organization of exclusion: Institutionalization of sex inequality, gendered faculty jobs and gendered knowledge in organizational theory and research. Organization, 1(2), 401-431.
51. Martin, J. (2000). Hidden gendered assumptions in mainstream organizational theory and research. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 207-216.
52. Martin, P.Y. (1996). Gendering and evaluating dynamics: men, masculinities and management. In D. L. Collinson & J. Hearn (Eds.), Men as managers, managers as men: Critical perspectives on men, masculinities and management (pp. 186-210). London: Sage.
53. Martin, J., & Meyerson, D.E. (1998). Women and power: Conformity, resistance, and disorganized coaction. In R.M. Kramer & M.A. Neale (Eds.), Power and influence in organizations (pp. 311-348). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
54. McKay, J. (1997). Managing gender. Affirmative action and organizational power in Australian, Canadian, and New Zealand sport. New York: State University of New York Press.
55. McKay, J. (1999). Gender and organizational power in Canadian sport. In P. White & K. Young (Eds.), Sport and gender in Canada (pp. 197-214). Toronto: Oxford University Press.
56. McKay, J., Messner, M.A., & Sabo, D. (2000). Masculinities and gender relations in sport. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
57. McNay, L. (2000). Gender and agency: Reconfiguring the subject in feminist and social theory. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
58. Mean, L. (2001). Identity and discursive practice: Doing gender on the football pitch. Discourse & Society, 12(6), 789-815.
59. Meyerson, D.E., & Kolb, D.M. (2000). Moving out of the 'armchair': developing a framework to bridge the gap between feminist theory and practice. Organization, 7(4), 553-571.
60. Mills, A. (1993). Organizational discourse and the gendering of identity. In J. Hassard & M. Parker (Eds.), Postmodernism and organizations (pp. 132-148). London: Sage.
61. Mills, A.J., & Tancred, P. (1992). Organizational analysis: A critique. In A.J. Mills & P. Tancred (Eds.), Gendering organizational analysis (pp. 9-13). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
62. Morrill, C., Buller, D. B., Buller, M. K., & Larkey, L. L. (1999). Toward an organizational perspective on identifying and managing formal gatekeepers. Qualitative Sociology, 22(1), 51-72.
63. National Collegiate Athletic Association. (2002). NCAA Division 1 Executive Committee. Retrieved September 11, 2002, from http://www.ncaa.org
64. NGB A. (1996). (NGB A) from 1869-1994. Loughborough, UK: NGB A.
65. NGB A. (1999). Handbook. Loughborough, UK: NGB A.
66. NGB B. (1998). Handbook. Ashby de la Zouche, UK: NGB B.
67. NGB C. (1998). The A-Z of [NGB C]. Milton Keynes, UK: NGB C.
68. Parks, J.B., & Roberton, M.A. (2002). The gender gap in student attitudes toward sexist/nonsexist language: Implications for Sport Management education. Journal of Sport Management, 16(3), 190-209.
69. Putnam, L.L., & Mumby, D.K. (1993). Organizations, emotion, and the myth of rationality. In S. Fineman (Ed.), Emotion in organizations (pp. 36-58). London: Sage.
70. Rehman, L., & Frisby, W. (2000). Is self-employment liberating or marginalizing? The case of women consultants in the fitness and sport industry. Journal of Sport Management, 14(1), 41-63.
71. Richardson, L. (2000). Writing: A method of inquiry. In N.K. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 923-949). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
72. Shaw, S., & Amis, J. (2001). Image and investment: Sponsorship of women's sports. Journal of Sport Management, 15(3), 221-248.
73. Sport England. (2000a). Making English sport inclusive: Equity guidelines for governing bodies. London: Sport England.
74. Sport England. (2000b). A sporting future for all. London: Sport England.
75. Sport England. (2001). Sport England Council Members. Retrieved from http://www.sportengland.org
76. Staurowsky, E.J. (1990). Women coaching male athletes. In M. Messner & D. Sabo (Eds.), Sport men and the gender order: Critical feminist perspectives, (pp. 163-171). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
77. Strauss, A.L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
78. Theberge, N. (1993). The construction of gender in sport: Women, coaching, and the naturalization of difference. Social Problems, 40, 301-313.
79. UK Sports Council. (1998). The International Working Group: Women and Sport: From Brighton to Windhoek - Facing the challenge. London: UK Sports Council.
80. Weedon, C. (1997). Feminist practice and poststructuralist theory (2nd ed.). New York: Basil Blackwell.
81. Womensport Australia. (2001). Women in leadership. Retrieved from http://www.ausport.gov.au/wspa/
82. Womens Sports Foundation. (1994). The Brighton Declaration on Women and Sport. Brighton: Sports Council.
83. Womens Sport Foundation. (2001a). Womens Sport Foundation. (2001). What we do. Retrieved from http://www.wsf.org.uk/about.htm
84. Womens Sport Foundation. (2001b). Send a letter to the President. Retrieved from http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/cgi-bin/iowa/issues/inv/article.html? records=749