The multidimensional physiological responses to postconditioning

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 791-810

  Vinten Johansen, Jakob ^a   Granfeldt, Asger ^b   Mykytenko, James ^a   Undyala, Vishnu V ^c   Dong, Yi ^c   Przyklenk, Karin ^c  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^c WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTACOID;

APOPTOSIS; CORONARY BLOOD VESSEL; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION SIZE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE NECROSIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIC POSTCONDITIONING; MICROVASCULAR ISCHEMIA; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CORONARY CIRCULATION; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; ISCHEMIC POSTCONDITIONING; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY; MYOCARDIAL STUNNING;

EID: 79551660142     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3396     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Ambrosio G, Weisman HF, Mannisi JA, and Becker LC. Progressive impairment of regional myocardial perfusion after initial restoration of postischemic blood flow. Circulation 80: 1846-1861, 1989.
2. Ames A 3rd, Wright RL, Kowada M, Thurston JM, and Majno G. Cerebral ischemia, II: the no-reflow phenomenon. Am J Pathol 52: 437-453, 1968.
3. Argaud L, Gateau-Roesch O, Augeul L, Couture-Lepetit E, Loufouat J, Gomez L, Robert D, and Ovize M. Increased mitochondrial calcium coexists with decreased reperfusion injury in postconditioned (but not preconditioned) hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H386-H391, 2008.
4. Argaud L, Gateau-Roesch O, Raisky O, Loufouat J, Robert D, and Ovize M. Postconditioning inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition. Circulation 111: 194-197, 2005.
5. Arumugam TV, Okun E, Tang SC, Thundyil J, Taylor SM, and Woodruff TM. Toll-like receptors in ischemiareperfusion injury. Shock 32: 4-16, 2009.
6. Baxter GF. The neutrophils as a mediator of myocardial ishemia-reperfusion injury: time to move on. Basic Res Cardiol 97: 268-275, 2002.
7. Boengler K, Buechert A, Heinen Y, Roeskes C, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Heusch G, and Schulz R. Cardioprotection by ischemic postconditioning is lost in aged and STAT3-deficient mice. Circ Res 102: 131-135, 2008.
8. Bolli R, Patel BS, Jeroudi MO, Lai EK, and McCay PB. Demonstration of free radical generation in "stunned" myocardium of intact dogs with the use of the spin trap a phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone. J Clin Invest 82: 476-485, 1988.
9. Bolli R, Zhu WX, Thornby JI, ONeill PG, and Roberts R. Time course and determinants of recovery of function after reversible ischemia in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 254: H102-H114, 1988.
10. Bopassa JC, Ferrera R, Gateau-Roesch O, Couture-Lepetit E, and Ovize M. PI 3-kinase regulates the mitochondrial transition pore in controlled reperfusion and postconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 69: 178-185, 2006.
11. Bouhidel O, Pons S, Souktani R, Zini R, Berdeaux A, and Ghaleh B. Myocardial ischemic postconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion is impaired in ob=ob mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295: H1580-H1586, 2008.
12. Braunwald E and Kloner RA. The stunned myocardium: prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 66: 1146-1149, 1982.
13. Chiari PC, Bienengraeber MW, Pagel PS, Krolikowski JG, Kersten JR, and Warltier DC. Isoflurane protects against myocardial infarction during early reperfusion by activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signal transduction: evidence for anesthetic-induced postconditioning in rabbits. Anesthesiology 102: 102-109, 2005.
14. Cohen MV, Yang XM, and Downey JM. The pH hypothesis of postconditioning: staccato reperfusion reintroduces oxygen and perpetuates myocardial acidosis. Circulation 115: 1895-1903, 2007.
15. CohenMV,YangXM, andDowney JM. Acidosis, oxygen, and interference with mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation in the early minutes of reperfusion are critical to postconditionings success. Basic Res Cardiol 103: 464-471, 2008.
16. Couvreur N, Lucats L, Tissier R, Bize A, Berdeaux A, and Ghaleh B. Differential effects of postconditioning on myocardial stunning and infarction:a study in conscious dogs and anesthetized rabbits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291: H1345-H1350, 2006.
17. Darling CE, Jiang R, Maynard M, Whittaker P, Vinten-Johansen J, and Przyklenk K. Postconditioning via stuttering reperfusion limits myocardial infarct size in rabbit hearts: role of ERK1=2. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289: H1618-H1626, 2005.
18. Darling CE, Solari PB, Smith CS, Furman MI, and Przyklenk K. Postconditioning the human heart: multiple balloon inflations during primary angioplasty may confer cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 102: 274-278, 2007.
19. Dewald O, Ren G, Duerr GD, Zoerlein M, Klemm C, Gersch C, Tincey S, Michael LH, Entman ML, and Frangogiannis NG. Of mice and dogs: species-specific differences in the inflammatory response following myocardial infarction. Am J Pathol 164: 665-677, 2004.
20. Donato M, DAnnunzio V, Berg G, Gonzalez G, Schreier L, Morales C, Wikinski RL, and Gelpi RJ. Ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size by activation of A1 receptors and K(ATP) channels in both normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 49: 287-292, 2007.
21. Donato M, DAnnunzio V, Buchholz B, Miksztowicz V, Carrion CL, Valdez LB, Zaobornyj T, Schreier L, Wikinski R, Boveris A, Berg G, and Gelpi RJ. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the cardioprotective effect of ischaemic postconditioning. Exp Physiol 95: 274-281, 2010.
22. Dow J, Bhandari A, and Kloner RA. Ischemic postconditionings benefit on reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias is maintained in the senescent heart. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 13: 141-148, 2008.
23. Dow J, Bhandari A, and Kloner RA. The mechanism by which ischemic postconditioning reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in rats remains elusive. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 14: 99-103, 2009.
24. Dow J and Kloner RA. Postconditioning does not reduce myocardial infarct size in an in vivo regional ischemia rodent model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 12: 153-163, 2007.
25. Dragoni S, Di Stolfo G, Sicuro S, Lisi M, Parker JD, Forconi S, and Gori T. Postconditioning fails to prevent radial artery endothelial dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion: evidence from a human in vivo study. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 84: 611-615, 2006.
26. Duilio C, Ambrosio G, Kuppusamy P, DiPaula A, Becker LC, and Zweier JL. Neutrophils are primary source of O2 radicals during reperfusion after prolonged myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280: H2649-H2657, 2001.
27. Ekladous D, Mehdi MZ, Costa M, Srivastava AK, Chiasson JL, and Coderre L. Tissue-and fibre-specific modifications of insulin-signalling molecules in cardiac and skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 35: 971-978, 2008.
28. Eldaif SM, Deneve JA, Wang NP, Jiang R, Mosunjac M, Mutrie CJ, Guyton RA, Zhao ZQ, and Vinten-Johansen J. Attenuation of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by postconditioning involves adenosine receptor and protein kinase C activation. Transplant Int 2009.
29. Fang J, Wu L, and Chen L. Postconditioning attenuates cardiocyte ultrastructure injury and apoptosis by blocking mitochondrial permeability transition in rats. Acta Cardiol 63: 377-387, 2008.
30. Fantinelli JC and Mosca SM. Comparative effects of ischemic pre and postconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Mol Cell Biochem 296: 45-51, 2007.
31. Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, and Baxter GF. Interaction of cardiovascular risk factors with myocardial ischemia= reperfusion injury, preconditioning, and postconditioning. Pharmacol Rev 59: 418-458, 2007.
32. Ferrera R, Benhabbouche S, Bopassa JC, Li B, and Ovize M. One hour reperfusion is enough to assess function and infarct size with TTC staining in Langendorff rat model. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 23: 327-331, 2009.
33. Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, and Entman ML. The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 53: 31-47, 2002.
34. Frantz S, Bauersachs J, and Ertl G. Post-infarct remodelling: contribution of wound healing and inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 81: 474-481, 2009.
35. Freude B, Masters TN, Robicsek F, Fokin A, Kostin S, Zimmermann R, Ullmann C, Lorenz-Meyer S, and Schaper J. Apoptosis is initiated by myocardial ischemia and executed during reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 32: 197-208, 2000.
36. Fujita M, Asanuma H, Hirata A, Wakeno M, Takahama H, Sasaki H, Kim J, Takashima S, Tsukamoto O, Minamino T, Shinozaki Y, Tomoike H, Hori M, and Kitakaze M. Prolonged transient acidosis during early reperfusion contributes to the cardioprotective effects of postconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292: H2004-H2008, 2007.
37. Galagudza M, Kurapeev D, Minasian S, Valen G, and Vaage J. Ischemic postconditioning: brief ischemia during reperfusion converts persistent ventricular fibrillation into regular rhythm. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25: 1006-1010, 2004.
38. Golino P, Maroko PR, and Carew TE. Efficacy of platelet depletion in counteracting the detrimental effect of acute hypercholesterolemia on infarct size and the no-reflow phenomenon in rabbits undergoing coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion. Circulation 76: 173-180, 1987.
39. Gomez L, Thibault H, Gharib A, Dumont JM, Vuagniaux G, Scalfaro P, Derumeaux G, and Ovize M. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition improves functional recovery and reduces mortality following acute myocardial infarction in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293: H1654-H1661, 2007.
40. Granfeldt A, Jiang R, Wang NP, Mykytenko J, Eldaif S, Deneve J, Zhao ZQ, Guyton RA, and Vinten-Johansen J. Abstract 1906: inhibition of neutrophils is critical to the in vivo cardioprotection of postconditioning. Circulation 118: Suppl, 2008.
41. Granfeldt A, Lefer DJ, and Vinten-Johansen J. Protective ischaemia in patients: preconditioning and postconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 83: 234-246, 2009.
42. Grech ED and Ramsdale DR. Termination of reperfusion arrhythmia by coronary artery occlusion. Br Heart J 72: 94-95, 1994.
43. Gritsopoulos G, Iliodromitis EK, Zoga A, Farmakis D, Demerouti E, Papalois A, Paraskevaidis IA, and Kremastinos DT. Remote postconditioning is more potent than classic postconditioning in reducing the infarct size in anesthetized rabbits. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2009.
44. Gross ER, Hsu AK, and Gross GJ. Diabetes abolishes morphine-induced cardioprotection via multiple pathways upstream of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. Diabetes 56: 127-136, 2007.
45. Hale SL, Mehra A, Leeka J, and Kloner RA. Postconditioning fails to improve no reflow or alter infarct size in an open-chest rabbit model of myocardial ischemiareperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H421-H425, 2008.
46. Hale SL, Mehra A, Leeka J, and Kloner RA. Postconditioning fails to improve no reflow or alter infarct size in an open-chest rabbit model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H421-H425, 2008.
47. Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Corvera JS, Wang NP, Kin H, Payne CS, Sun HY, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J, and Zhao ZQ. Myocardial protection with postconditioning is not enhanced by ischemic preconditioning. Ann Thorac Surg 78: 961-969, 2004.
48. Hausenloy DJ, Wynne AM, and Yellon DM. Ischemic preconditioning targets the reperfusion phase. Basic Res Cardiol 102: 445-452, 2007.
49. Heusch G, Buchert A, Feldhaus S, and Schulz R. No loss of cardioprotection by postconditioning in connexin 43-deficient mice. Basic Res Cardiol 101: 354-356, 2006.
50. Heyndrickx GR, Millard RW, McRitchie RJ, Maroko PR, and Vatner SF. Regional myocardial functional and electrophysiological alterations after brief coronary artery occlusion in conscious dogs. J Clin Invest 56: 978-985, 1975.
51. Huhn R, Heinen A, Weber NC, Hollmann MW, Schlack W, and Preckel B. Hyperglycaemia blocks sevoflurane-induced postconditioning in the rat heart in vivo: cardioprotection can be restored by blocking the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Br J Anaesth 100: 465-471, 2008.
52. Hunter JC and Korzick DH. Age-and sex-dependent alterations in protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular regulated kinase 1=2 (ERK1=2) in rat myocardium. Mech Ageing Dev 126: 535-550, 2005.
53. Iliodromitis EK, Andreadou I, Prokovas E, Zoga A, Farmakis D, Fotopoulou T, Ioannidis K, Paraskevaidis IA, and Kremastinos DT. Simvastatin in contrast to postconditioning reduces infarct size in hyperlipidemic rabbits: possible role of oxidative=nitrosative stress attenuation. Basic Res Cardiol 105: 193-203, 2010.
54. Iliodromitis EK, Georgiadis M, Cohen MV, Downey JM, Bofilis E, and Kremastinos DT. Protection from postconditioning depends on the number of short ischemic insults in anesthetized pigs. Basic Res Cardiol 101: 502-507, 2006.
55. Iliodromitis EK, Zoga A, Vrettou A, Andreadou I, Paraskevaidis IA, Kaklamanis L, and Kremastinos DT. The effectiveness of postconditioning and preconditioning on infarct size in hypercholesterolemic and normal anesthetized rabbits. Atherosclerosis 188: 356-362, 2006.
56. Inserte J, Barba I, Hernando V, and Garcia-Dorado D. Delayed recovery of intracellular acidosis during reperfusion prevents calpain activation and determines protection in postconditioned myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 81: 116-122, 2009.
57. Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K, Takiuchi S, Masuyama T, Hori M, Higashino Y, Fujii K, and Minamino T. Clinical implications of the no reflow phenomenon: a predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation 93: 223-228, 1996.
58. Izumi Y, Kim S, Murakami T, Yamanaka S, and Iwao H. Cardiac mitogen-activated protein kinase activities are chronically increased in stroke-prone hypertensive rats. Hypertension 31: 50-56, 1998.
59. Jang Y, Xi J, Wang H, Mueller RA, Norfleet EA, and Xu Z. Postconditioning prevents reperfusion injury by activating delta-opioid receptors. Anesthesiology 108: 243-250, 2008.
60. Jin ZQ, Karliner JS, and Vessey DA. Ischemic postconditioning protects isolated mouse hearts against ischemia=reperfusion injury via sphingosine kinase isoform 1 activation. Cardiovasc Res 79: 134-140, 2008.
61. Kaljusto ML, Mori T, Mohammad Husain Rizvi S, Galagudza M, Frantzen ML, Valen G, and Vaage J. Postconditioning in rats and mice. Scand Cardiovasc J 40: 334-341, 2006.
62. Kaljusto ML, Rutkovsky A, Stenslokken KO, and Vaage J. Postconditioning in mouse hearts is inhibited by blocking reverse mode of the sodium-calcium exchanger. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 10: 743-748, 2010.
63. Kerendi F, Kin H, Halkos ME, Jiang R, Zhao ZQ, Guyton RA, and Vinten-Johansen J. Brief renal artery occlusion and reperfusion applied immediately before myocardial reperfusion ("remote postconditioning") projects the myocardium against reperfusion injury via adenosine receptor activation. J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 443A, 2005.
64. Kin H, Wang NP, Mykytenko J, Reeves J, Deneve J, Jiang R, Zatta AJ, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J, and Zhao ZQ. Inhibition of myocardial apoptosis by postconditioning is associated with attenuation of oxidative stressmediated NF kappa B translocation and cytokine release. Shock 29: 761-768, 2008.
65. Kin H, Zatta AJ, Lofye MT, Amerson BS, Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Zhao ZQ, Guyton RA, Headrick JP, and Vinten-Johansen J. Postconditioning reduces infarct size via adenosine receptor activation by endogenous adenosine. Cardiovasc Res 67: 124-133, 2005.
66. Kin H, Zhao ZQ, Sun HY, Wang NP, Corvera JS, Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Guyton RA, and Vinten-Johansen J. Postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting events in the early minutes of reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 62: 74-85, 2004.
67. Kloner RA, Dow J, and Bhandari A. Postconditioning markedly attenuates ventricular arrhythmias after ischemia-reperfusion. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 11: 55-63, 2006.
68. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, and Jennings RB. The "no-reflow" phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest 54: 1496-1508, 1974.
69. Kloner RA, Giacomelli F, Alker KJ, Hale SL, Matthews R, and Bellows S. Influx of neutrophils into the walls of large epicardial coronary arteries in response to ischemia= reperfusion. Circulation 84: 1758-1772, 1991.
70. Kloner RA and Jennings RB. Consequences of brief ischemia: stunning, preconditioning, and their clinical implications. Circulation 104: 2981-2989, 2001.
71. Kocsis GF, Pipis J, Fekete V, Kovacs-Simon A, Odendaal L, Molnar E, Giricz Z, Janaky T, van RJ, Csont T, and Ferdinandy P. Lovastatin interferes with the infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning in rat hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H2406-H2409, 2008.
72. Korzick DH, Holiman DA, Boluyt MO, Laughlin MH, and Lakatta EG. Diminished alpha1-adrenergic-mediated contraction and translocation of PKC in senescent rat heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281: H581-H589, 2001.
73. Korzick DH, Laughlin MH, and Bowles DK. Alterations in PKC signaling underlie enhanced myogenic tone in exercise-trained porcine coronary resistance arteries. J Appl Physiol 96: 1425-1432, 2004.
74. Krisztina K, Csonka C, Bencsik P, Fodor G, Csont T and Ferdinandy P. The cardioprotective effect of postconditioning is lost in cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 40: 976-977, 2006.
75. Krug A, Du Mesnil de R, and Korb G. Blood supply of the myocardium after temporary coronary occlusion. Circ Res 19: 57-62, 1966.
76. Kupai K, Csonka C, Fekete V, Odendaal L, van Rooyen J, Marais de W, Csont T, and Ferdinandy P. Cholesterol dietinduced hyperlipidemia impairs the cardioprotective effect of postconditioning: role of peroxynitrite. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 297: H1729-H1735, 2009.
77. Lakatta EG and Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises, Part I: aging arteries: a "set up" for vascular disease. Circulation 107: 139-146, 2003.
78. Laskey WK. Brief repetitive balloon occlusions enhance reperfusion during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: a pilot study. Catheterization Cardiovasc Intervent 65: 361-367, 2005.
79. Lauzier B, Delemasure S, Debin R, Collin B, Sicard P, Acar N, Bretillon L, Joffre C, Bron A, Creuzot-Garcher C, Vergely C, and Rochette L. Beneficial effects of myocardial postconditioning are associated with reduced oxidative stress in a senescent mouse model. Transplantation 85: 1802-1808, 2008.
80. Lauzier B, Sicard P, Bouchot O, Delemasure S, Menetrier F, Moreau D, Vergely C, and Rochette L. After four hours of cold ischemia and cardioplegic protocol, the heart can still be rescued with postconditioning. Transplantation 84: 1474-1482, 2007.
81. Lefer AM, Ma XL, Weyrich A, and Lefer DJ. Endothelial dysfunction and neutrophil adherence as critical events in the development of reperfusion injury. Agents Actions Suppl 41: 127-135, 1993.
82. Lefer AM, Tsao PS, Lefer DJ, and Ma XL. Role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury after myocardial ischemia. FASEB J 5: 2029-2034, 1991.
83. Lefer DJ, Nakanishi K, Vinten-Johansen J, Ma XL, and Lefer AM. Cardiac venous endothelial dysfunction after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. Am J Physiol 263: H850-H856, 1992.
84. Letienne R, Calmettes Y, and Le GB. Is postconditioning effective in prevention against long lasting myocardial ischemia in the rabbit? Physiol Res 58: 635-643, 2009.
85. Li CM, Zhang XH, Ma XJ, and Luo M. Limb ischemic postconditioning protects myocardium from ischemiareperfusion injury. Scand Cardiovasc J 40: 312-317, 2006.
86. Li XM, Ma YT, Yang YN, Zhang JF, Chen BD, Liu F, Huang Y, Han W, and Gao XM. [Ischemic postconditioning protects hypertrophic myocardium by ERK1=2 signaling pathway: experiment with mice]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 89: 846-850, 2009.
87. Li Y, Ge X, and Liu X. The cardioprotective effect of postconditioning is mediated by ARC through inhibiting mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Apoptosis 14: 164-172, 2009.
88. Lie RH, Hasenkam JM, Nielsen TT, Poulsen R, and Sloth E. Post-conditioning reduces infarct size in an open-chest porcine acute ischemia-reperfusion model. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52: 1188-1193, 2008.
89. Lim SY, Davidson SM, Hausenloy DJ, and Yellon DM. Preconditioning and postconditioning: the essential role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cardiovasc Res 75: 530-535, 2007.
90. Liu XH, Zhang ZY, Sun S, and Wu XD. Ischemic postconditioning protects myocardium from ischemia= reperfusion injury through attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Shock 30: 422-427, 2008.
91. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Ford E, Furie K, Gillespie C, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern S, Ho PM, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lackland D, Lisabeth L, Marelli A, McDermott MM, Meigs J, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino M, Nichol G, Roger VL, Rosamond W, Sacco R, Sorlie P, Stafford R, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wong ND, and Wylie-Rosett J. Heart disease and stroke statistics, 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 121: e46-e215, 2010.
92. Lochner A, Genade S, and Moolman JA. Ischemic preconditioning: infarct size is a more reliable endpoint than functional recovery. Basic Res Cardiol 98: 337-346, 2003.
93. Loukogeorgakis SP, Panagiotidou AT, Yellon DM, Deanfield JE, and MacAllister RJ. Postconditioning protects against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in the human forearm. Circulation 113: 1015-1019, 2006.
94. Ma XJ, Zhang XH, Li CM, and Luo M. Effect of postconditioning on coronary blood flow velocity and endothelial function in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Scand Cardiovasc J 40: 327-333, 2006.
95. Ma XL, Weyrich AS, Lefer DJ, and Lefer AM. Diminished basal nitric oxide release after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion promotes neutrophil adherence to coronary endothelium. Circ Res 72: 403-412, 1993.
96. Manintveld O, Te Lintel Hekkert M, van der Ploeg N, Verdouw P, and Duncker D. Interaction between pre-and postconditioning in the in vivo rat heart. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 234: 1345-1354, 2009.
97. Manintveld OC, te Lintel HM, van den Bos EJ, Suurenbroek GM, Dekkers DH, Verdouw PD, Lamers JM, and Duncker DJ. Cardiac effects of postconditioning depend critically on the duration of index ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292: H1551-H1560, 2007.
98. Manning AS and Hearse DJ. Reperfusion-induced arrhythmias: mechanisms and prevention. J Mol Cell Cardiol 16: 497-518, 1984.
99. Mewton N, Ivanes F, Cour M, and Ovize M. Postconditioning: from experimental proof to clinical concept. Dis Model Mech 3: 39-44, 2010.
100. Morishima I, Sone T, Okumura K, Tsuboi H, Kondo J, Mukawa H, Matsui H, Toki Y, Ito T, and Hayakawa T. Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon as a predictor of adverse long-term outcome in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for first acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 1202-1209, 2000.
101. Mykytenko J, Kerendi F, Reeves JG, Kin H, Zatta AJ, Jiang R, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J, and Zhao ZQ. Long-term inhibition of myocardial infarction by postconditioning during reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 102: 90-100, 2007.
102. Na HS, Kim YI, Yoon YW, Han HC, Nahm SH, and Hong SK. Ventricular premature beat-driven intermittent restoration of coronary blood flow reduces the incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation in a cat model of regional ischemia. Am Heart J 132: 78-83, 1996.
103. Naito Z, Takashi E, Xu G, Ishiwata T, Teduka K, Yokoyama M, Yamada N, Sugisaki Y, and Asano G. Different influences of hyperglycemic duration on phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1=2 in rat heart. Exp Mol Pathol 74: 23-32, 2003.
104. Nishino Y, Webb IG, Davidson SM, Ahmed AI, Clark JE, Jacquet S, Shah AM, Miura T, Yellon DM, Avkiran M, and Marber MS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inactivation is not required for ischemic preconditioning or postconditioning in the mouse. Circ Res 103: 307-314, 2008.
105. Oikawa M, Yaoita H, Watanabe K, and Maruyama Y. Attenuation of cardioprotective effect by postconditioning in coronary stenosed rat heart and its restoration by carvedilol. Circ J 72: 2081-2086, 2008.
106. Oyama J, Blais C Jr, Liu X, Pu M, Kobzik L, Kelly RA, and Bourcier T. Reduced myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in toll-like receptor 4-deficient mice. Circulation 109: 784-789, 2004.
107. Penna C, Cappello S, Mancardi D, Raimondo S, Rastaldo R, Gattullo D, Losano G, and Pagliaro P. Post-conditioning reduces infarct size in the isolated rat heart: role of coronary flow and pressure and the nitric oxide=cGMP pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 101: 168-179, 2006.
108. Penna C, Mancardi D, Rastaldo R, Losano G, and Pagliaro P. Intermittent activation of bradykinin B(2) receptors and mitochondrial K(ATP) channels trigger cardiac postconditioning through redox signaling. Cardiovasc Res 75: 168-177, 2007.
109. Penna C, Mancardi D, Tullio F, and Pagliaro P. Postconditioning and intermittent bradykinin induced cardioprotection require cyclooxygenase activation and prostacyclin release during reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 103: 368-377, 2008.
110. Penna C, Perrelli MG, Raimondo S, Tullio F, Merlino A, Moro F, Geuna S, Mancardi D, and Pagliaro P. Postconditioning induces an anti-apoptotic effect and preserves mitochondrial integrity in isolated rat hearts. Biochim Biophys Acta 1787: 794-801, 2009.
111. Penna C, Rastaldo R, Mancardi D, Raimondo S, Cappello S, Gattullo D, Losano G, and Pagliaro P. Post-conditioning induced cardioprotection requires signaling through a redox-sensitive mechanism, mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K channel and protein kinase C activation. Basic Res Cardiol 101: 180-189, 2006.
112. Penna C, Tullio F, Merlino A, Moro F, Raimondo S, Rastaldo R, Perrelli MG, Mancardi D, and Pagliaro P. Postconditioning cardioprotection against infarct size and post-ischemic systolic dysfunction is influenced by gender. Basic Res Cardiol 104: 390-402, 2009.
113. Penna C, Tullio F, Moro F, Folino A, Merlino A, and Pagliaro P. Effects of a protocol of ischemic postconditioning and=or captopril in hearts of normotensive and hypertensive rats. Basic Res Cardiol 105: 181-192, 2010.
114. Philipp S, Downey JM, and Cohen MV. Postconditioning must be initiated in less than 1 minute following reperfusion and is dependent on adenosine receptors and P13-kinase. Circulation 110: III-168[Abstract], 2004.
115. Pinheiro BB, Fiorelli AI, and Gomes OM. Effects of ischemic postconditioning on left ventricular function of isolated rat hearts. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 24: 31-37, 2009.
116. Poli A, Fetiveau R, Vandoni P, del Rosso G, DUrbano M, Seveso G, Cafiero F, and De Servi S. Integrated analysis of myocardial blush and ST-segment elevation recovery after successful primary angioplasty: real-time grading of microvascular reperfusion and prediction of early and late recovery of left ventricular function. Circulation 106: 313-318, 2002.
117. Przyklenk K, Maynard M, Darling CE, and Whittaker P. Aging mouse hearts are refractory to infarct size reduction with post-conditioning. J AmColl Cardiol 51: 1393-1398, 2008.
118. Przyklenk K, Maynard M, Greiner D, and Whittaker P. Cardioprotection with postconditioning: loss of efficacy in murine models of type-2 and type-1 diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 14: 781-790, 2011.
119. Raphael J, Gozal Y, Navot N, and Zuo Z. Hyperglycemia inhibits anesthetic-induced postconditioning in the rabbit heart via modulation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase=Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 55: 348-357, 2010.
120. Redel A, Stumpner J, Tischer-Zeitz T, Lange M, Smul TM, Lotz C, Roewer N, and Kehl F. Comparison of isoflurane-, sevoflurane-, and desflurane pre-and postconditioning against myocardial infarction in mice in vivo. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 234: 1186-1191, 2009.
121. Rodriguez-Sinovas A, Cabestrero A, Garcia Del Blanco B, Inserte J, Garcia A, and Garcia-Dorado D. Intracoronary acid infusion as an alternative to ischemic postconditioning in pigs. Basic Res Cardiol 104: 761-771, 2009.
122. Sasaki H, Shimizu M, Ogawa K, Okazaki F, Taniguchi M, Taniguchi I, and Mochizuki S. Brief ischemia-reperfusion performed after prolonged ischemia (ischemic postconditioning) can terminate reperfusion arrhythmias with no reduction of cardiac function in rats. Int Heart J 48: 205-213, 2007.
123. Schaper W, Gorge G, Winkler B, and Schaper J. The collateral circulation of the heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 31: 57-77, 1988.
124. Schwartz LM and Lagranha CJ. Ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion activates Akt and ERK without protecting against lethal myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290: H1011-H1018, 2006.
125. Sivaraman V, Mudalagiri NR, Di Salvo C, Kolvekar S, Hayward M, Yap J, Keogh B, Hausenloy DJ, and Yellon DM. Postconditioning protects human atrial muscle through the activation of the RISK pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 102: 453-459, 2007.
126. Skyschally A, van CP, Boengler K, Gres P, Musiolik J, Schilawa D, Schulz R, and Heusch G. Ischemic postconditioning in pigs: no causal role for risk activation. Circ Res 104: 15-18, 2009.
127. Staat P, Rioufol G, Piot C, Cottin Y, Cung TT, LHuillier I, Aupetit JF, Bonnefoy E, Finet G, Andre-Fouet X, and Ovize M. Postconditioning the human heart. Circulation 112: 2143-2148, 2005.
128. Sun HY, Wang NP, Halkos M, Kerendi F, Kin H, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J, and Zhao ZQ. Postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis via inhibition of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Apoptosis 11: 1583-1593, 2006.
129. Sun HY, Wang NP, Kerendi F, Halkos M, Kin H, Guyton RA, Vinten-Johansen J, and Zhao ZQ. Hypoxic postconditioning reduces cardiomyocyte loss by inhibiting ROS generation and intracellular Ca2 overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288: H1900-H1908, 2005.
130. Swynghedauw B, Besse S, Assayag P, Carre F, Chevalier B, Charlemagne D, Delcayre C, Hardouin S, Heymes C, and Moalic JM. Molecular and cellular biology of the senescent hypertrophied and failing heart. Am J Cardiol 76: 2D-7D, 1995.
131. Taki J, Higuchi T, Kawashima A, Fukuoka M, Kayano D, Tait JF, Matsunari I, Nakajima K, Kinuya S, and Strauss HW. Effect of postconditioning on myocardial 99mTcannexin-V uptake: comparison with ischemic preconditioning and caspase inhibitor treatment. J Nucl Med 48: 1301-1307, 2007.
132. Tang XL, Sato H, Tiwari S, Dawn B, Bi Q, Li Q, Shirk G, and Bolli R. Cardioprotection by postconditioning in conscious rats is limited to coronary occlusions
133. Tawa M, Fukumoto T, Yamashita N, Ohkita M, Ayajiki K, Okamura T, and Matsumura Y. Postconditioning improves post-ischemic cardiac dysfunction independently of norepinephrine overflow after reperfusion in rat hearts: comparison with preconditioning. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 55: 6-13, 2010.
134. Taylor RP and Starnes JW. Age, cell signalling and cardioprotection. Acta Physiol Scand 178: 107-116, 2003.
135. Thibault H, Piot C, Staat P, Bontemps L, Sportouch C, Rioufol G, Cung TT, Bonnefoy E, Angoulvant D, Aupetit JF, Finet G, Andre-Fouet X, Macia JC, Raczka F, Rossi R, Itti R, Kirkorian G, Derumeaux G, and Ovize M. Long-term benefit of postconditioning. Circulation 117: 1037-1044, 2008.
136. Tsang A, Hausenloy DJ, Mocanu MM, and Yellon DM. Postconditioning: a form of "modified reperfusion" protects the myocardium by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway. Circ Res 95: 230-232, 2004.
137. Tsutsumi YM, Yokoyama T, Horikawa Y, Roth DM, and Patel HH. Reactive oxygen species trigger ischemic and pharmacological postconditioning: in vivo and in vitro characterization. Life Sci 81: 1223-1227, 2007.
138. van VD, Genis A, Genade S, and Lochner A. Postconditioning the isolated working rat heart. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 22: 391-397, 2008.
139. Vessey DA, Li L, Kelley M, and Karliner JS. Combined sphingosine, S1P and ischemic postconditioning rescue the heart after protracted ischemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 375: 425-429, 2008.
140. Vinten-Johansen J. Involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 61: 481-497, 2004.
141. Wagner C, Kloeting I, Strasser RH, and Weinbrenner C. Cardioprotection by postconditioning is lost in WOKW rats with metabolic syndrome: role of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 52: 430-437, 2008.
142. Wang HC, Zhang HF, Guo WY, Su H, Zhang KR, Li QX, Yan W, Ma XL, Lopez BL, Christopher TA, and Gao F. Hypoxic postconditioning enhances the survival and inhibits apoptosis of cardiomyocytes following reoxygenation: role of peroxynitrite formation. Apoptosis 11: 1453-1460, 2006.
143. Xi L, Das A, Zhao ZQ, Merino VF, Bader M, and Kukreja RC. Loss of myocardial ischemic postconditioning in adenosine A1 and bradykinin B2 receptors gene knockout mice. Circulation 118: S32-S37, 2008.
144. Yang XC, Liu Y, Wang LF, Cui L, Wang T, Ge YG, Wang HS, Li WM, Xu L, Ni
145. Yang XM, Liu Y, Tandon N, Kambayashi J, Downey JM, and Cohen MV. Attenuation of infarction in cynomolgus monkeys: preconditioning and postconditioning. Basic Res Cardiol 105: 119-128, 2010.
146. Yang XM, Philipp S, Downey JM, and Cohen MV. Postconditionings protection is not dependent on circulating blood factors or cells but involves adenosine receptors and requires PI3-kinase and guanylyl cyclase activation. Basic Res Cardiol 100: 57-63, 2005.
147. Yang XM, Proctor JB, Cui L, Krieg T, Downey JM, and Cohen MV. Multiple, brief coronary occlusions during early reperfusion protect rabbit hearts by targeting cell signaling pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol 44: 1103-1110, 2004.
148. Yin Z, Gao H, Wang H, Li L, Di C, Luan R, and Tao L. Ischaemic post-conditioning protects both adult and aged Sprague-Dawley rat heart from ischaemia-reperfusion injury through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta pathways. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 36: 756-763, 2009.
149. Zatta AJ, Kin H, Lee G, Wang N, Jiang R, Lust R, Reeves JG, Mykytenko J, Guyton RA, Zhao ZQ, and Vinten-Johansen J. Infarct-sparing effect of myocardial postconditioning is dependent on protein kinase C signalling. Cardiovasc Res 70: 315-324, 2006.
150. Zatta AJ, Kin H, Yoshishige D, Jiang R, Wang N, Reeves JG, Mykytenko J, Guyton RA, Zhao ZQ, Caffrey JL, and Vinten-Johansen J. Evidence that cardioprotection by postconditioning involves preservation of myocardial opioid content and selective opioid receptor activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294: H1444-H1451, 2008.
151. Zhao H, Sapolsky RM, and Steinberg GK. Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26: 1114-1121, 2006.
152. Zhao H, Wang Y, Wu Y, Li X, Yang G, Ma X, Zhao R, and Liu H. Hyperlipidemia does not prevent the cardioprotection by postconditioning against myocardial ischemia= reperfusion injury and the involvement of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha upregulation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 41: 745-753, 2009.
153. Zhao HX, Wang XL, Wang YH, Wu Y, Li XY, Lv XP, Zhao ZQ, Zhao RR, and Liu HR. Attenuation of myocardial injury by postconditioning: role of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha. Basic Res Cardiol 105: 109-118, 2010.
154. Zhao JL, Yang YJ, You SJ, Cui CJ, and Gao RL. Different effects of postconditioning on myocardial no-reflow in the normal and hypercholesterolemic mini-swine. Microvasc Res 73: 137-142, 2007.
155. Zhao ws, Xu L, Wang LF, Zhang L, Zhang ZY, Liu Y, Liu XQ, Yang XC, Cui L, and Zhang L. A 60-s postconditioning protocol by percutaneous coronary intervention inhibits myocardial apotosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Apoptosis on-line: 2009.
156. Zhao ZQ, Corvera JS, Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Wang NP, Guyton RA, and Vinten-Johansen J. Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285: H579-H588, 2003.
157. Zhao ZQ and Vinten-Johansen J. Postconditioning: reduction of reperfusion-induced injury. Cardiovasc Res 70: 200-211, 2006.
158. Zhu M, Feng J, Lucchinetti E, Fischer G, Xu L, Pedrazzini T, Schaub MC, and Zaugg M. Ischemic postconditioning protects remodeled myocardium via the PI3K-PKB=Akt reperfusion injury salvage kinase pathway. Cardiovasc Res 72: 152-162, 2006.