Roles of β-adrenergic receptors in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for novel therapeutics

Brain Research Bulletin

Volumn 84, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 111-117

  Yu, Jin Tai ^a   Wang, Nai Dong ^b   Ma, Teng ^c   Jiang, Hong ^b   Guan, Jun ^a   Tan, Lan ^a  

^a QINGDAO UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b QINGDAO UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (China)

^c Qingdao Hiser Hospital   (China)

Author keywords

2 Adrenergic receptor; Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid beta; Inflammation; Treatment

Indexed keywords

3 ISOPROPYLAMINO 1 (7 METHYL 4 INDANYLOXY) 2 BUTANOL; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETAXOLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CLENBUTEROL; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ISOPRENALINE; NITRATE; NORADRENALIN; PLACEBO; PRESENILIN 1; PROPRANOLOL;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID PLAQUE; CLINICAL OBSERVATION; COGNITION; DRUG MECHANISM; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LOCUS CERULEUS; NONHUMAN; NORADRENALIN BRAIN LEVEL; NORADRENERGIC NERVE; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; STRESS;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COGNITION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; NOREPINEPHRINE; RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA;

EID: 79451471011     PISSN: 03619230     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.11.004     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Akiyama H., Barger S., Barnum S., Bradt B., Bauer J., Cole G.M., Cooper N.R., Eikelenboom P., Emmerling M., Fiebich B.L., Finch C.E., Frautschy S., Griffin W.S., Hampel H., Hull M., Landreth G., Lue L., Mrak R., Mackenzie I.R., McGeer P.L., O'Banion M.K., Pachter J., Pasinetti G., Plata-Salaman C., Rogers J., Rydel R., Shen Y., Streit W., Strohmeyer R., Tooyoma I., Van Muiswinkel F.L., Veerhuis R., Walker D., Webster S., Wegrzyniak B., Wenk G., Wyss-Coray T. Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 2000, 21:383-421.
2. Atwood C.S., Obrenovich M.E., Liu T., Chan H., Perry G., Smith M.A., Martins R.N. Amyloid-beta: a chameleon walking in two worlds: a review of the trophic and toxic properties of amyloid-beta. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2003, 43:1-16.
3. Berridge C.W., Waterhouse B.D. The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: Modulation of behavioral state and state dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res. Rev. 2003, 42:33-84.
4. Bullido M.J., Ramos M.C., Ruiz-Gomez A., Tutor A.S., Sastre I., Frank A., Coria F., Gil P., Mayor F., Valdivieso F. Polymorphism in genes involved in adrenergic signaling associated with Alzheimer's. Neurobiol. Aging 2004, 25:853-859.
5. Cahill L., McGaugh J.L. Modulation of memory storage. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1996, 6:237-242.
6. Catania C., Sotiropoulos I., Silva R., Onofri C., Breen K.C., Sousa N., Almeida O.F.X. The amyloidogenic potential and behavioral correlates of stress. Mol. Psychiatry 2009, 14:95-105.
7. Cerqueira J.J., Taipa R., Uylings H.B., Almeida O.F.X., Sousa N. Specific configuration of dendritic degeneration in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex induced by differing corticosteroid regimens. Cereb. Cortex 2007, 17:1998-2006.
8. Chaulk P.C., Harley C.W. Intracerebroventricular norepinephrine potentiation of the perforant path-evoked potential in dentate gyrus of anesthetized and awake rats: a role for both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor activation. Brain Res. 1998, 787:59-70.
9. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., Cusman W.C., Green L.A., Izzo J.L., Jones D.W., Materson B.J., Oparil S., Wright J.T., Roccella E.J., Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension 2003, 42:1206-1252.
10. Cooper N.R., Bradt B.M., O'Barr S., Yu J.X. Focal inflammation in the brain: role in Alzheimer's disease. Immunol. Res. 2000, 21:159-165.
11. Crochemore C., Lu J., Wu Y., Liposits Z., Sousa N., Holsboer F., Almeida O.F.X. Direct targeting of hippocampal neurons for apoptosis by glucocorticoids is reversible by mineralocorticoid receptor activation. Mol. Psychiatry 2005, 10:790-798.
12. Daaka Y., Luttrell L.M., Lefkowitz R.J. Switching of the coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to different G proteins by protein kinase A. Nature 1997, 390:88-91.
13. de Kloet E.R. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance and homeostatic control. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 1991, 12:95-164.
14. de Quervain D.J., Aerni A., Roozendaal B. Preventive effect of beta-adrenoceptor blockade on glucocorticoid-induced memory retrieval deficits. Am. J. Psychiatry 2007, 164:967-969.
15. Del Bo R., Angeretti N., Lucca E., De Simoni M.G., Forloni G. Reciprocal control of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 and IL-6, and beta-amyloid production in cultures. Neurosci. Lett. 1995, 188:70-74.
16. Dishy V., Sofowora G.G., Xie H.G., Kim R.B., Byrne D.W., Stein C.M., Wood A.J. The effect of common polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on agonist-mediated vascular desensitization. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 345:1030-1035.
17. Dixon R.A., Kobilka B.K., Strader D.J., Benovic J.L., Dohlman H.G., Frielle T., Bolanowski M.A., Bennett C.D., Rands E., Diehl R.E., Mumford R.A., Slater E.E., Sigal I.S., Caron M.G., Lefkowitz R.J., Strader C.D. Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin. Nature 1986, 321:75-79.
18. Elgh E., Lindqvist Astot A., Fagerlund M., Eriksson S., Olsson T., Nasman B. Cognitive dysfunction, hippocampal atrophy and glucocorticoid feedback in Alzheimer's disease. Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 59:155-161.
19. Elzinga B.M., Roelofs K. Cortisol-induced impairments of working memory require acute sympathetic activation. Behav. Neurosci. 2005, 119:98-103.
20. Emorine L.J., Marullo S., Briend-Sutren M.M., Patey G., Tate K., Delavier-Klutchko C., Strosberg A.D. Molecular characterization of the human beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Science 1989, 245:1118-1121.
21. Fassbender K., Masters C., Beyreuther K. Alzheimer's disease: an inflammatory disease?. Neurobiol. Aging 2000, 21:433-436.
22. Feinstein D.L., Galea E., Reis D.J. Norepinephrine suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in rat astroglial cultures. J. Neurochem. 1993, 60:1945-1948.
23. Feinstein D.L., Heneka M.T., Gavrilyuk V., Dello Russo C., Weinberg G., Galea E. Noradrenergic regulation of inflammatory gene expression in brain. Neurochem. Int. 2002, 41:357-365.
24. Ferry B., Roozendaal B., McGaugh J.L. Role of norepinephrine in mediating stress hormone regulation of long-term memory storage: a critical involvement of the amygdale. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 46:1140-1152.
25. Fratiglioni L., Paillard-Borg S., Winblad B. An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2004, 3:343-353.
26. Frielle T., Collins S., Daniel K.W., Caron M.G., Lefkowitz R.J., Kobilka B.K. Cloning of the cDNA for the human beta 1-adrenergic receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1987, 84:7920-7924.
27. Gliebus G., Lippa C.F. The influence of beta-blockers on delayed memory function in people with cognitive impairment. Am. J. Alzheimer Dis. Other Demen. 2007, 22:57-61.
28. Grammas P., Roher A.E., Ball M.J. Increased accumulation of cAMP in cerebral microvessels in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 1994, 15:113-116.
29. Green K.N., Billings L.M., Roozendaal B., McGaugh J.L., LaFerla F.M. Glucocorticoids increase amyloid-beta and tau pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:9047-9056.
30. Griffin W.S., Sheng J.G., Royston M.C., Gentleman S.M., McKenzie J.E., Graham D.I., Roberts G.W., Mrak R.E. Glial-neuronal interactions in Alzheimer's disease: the potential role of a 'cytokine cycle' in disease progression. Brain Pathol. 1998, 8:65-72.
31. Gulyás B., Brockschnieder D., Nag S., Pavlova E., Kása P., Beliczai Z., Légrádi A., Gulya K., Thiele A., Dyrks T., Halldin C. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) radioligand (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 shows significant decreases in NET density in the human brain in Alzheimer's disease: a post-mortem autoradiographic study. Neurochem. Int. 2010, 56:789-798.
32. Hajjar I., Catoe H., Sixta S., Boland R., Johnson D., Hirth V., Wieland D., Eleazer P. Cross-sectional and longitudinal association between antihypertensive medications and cognitive impairment in an elderly population. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2005, 60:67-73.
33. Hartmann A., Veldhuis J.D., Deuschle M., Standhardt H., Heuser I. Twenty-four hour cortisol release profiles in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease compared to normal controls: ultradian secretory pulsatility and diurnal variation. Neurobiol. Aging 1997, 18:285-289.
34. Heneka M.T., Galea E., Gavriluyk V., Dumitrescu-Ozimek L., Daeschner J., O'Banion M.K., Weinberg G., Klockgether T., Feinstein D.L. Noradrenergic depletion potentiates beta-amyloid-induced cortical inflammation: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:2434-2442.
35. Heneka M.T., Gavrilyuk V., Landreth G.E., O'Banion M.K., Weinberg G., Feinstein D.L. Noradrenergic depletion increases inflammatory responses in brain: effects on IkappaB and HSP70 expression. J. Neurochem. 2003, 85:387-398.
36. Herrmann N., Lanctot K.L., Khan L.R. The role of norepinephrine in the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2004, 16:261-276.
37. Holtzman D.M., Fagan A.M., Mackey B., Tenkova T., Sartorius L., Paul S.M., Bales K., Ashe K.H., Irizarry M.C., Hyman B.T. Apolipoprotein E facilitates neuritic and cerebrovascular plaque formation in an Alzheimer's disease model. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47:739-747.
38. Hu X.X., Goldmuntz E.A., Brosnan C.F. The effect of norepinephrine on endotoxin-mediated macrophage activation. J. Neuroimmunol. 1991, 31:35-42.
39. Igbavboa U., Johnson-Anuna L.N., Rossello X., Butterick T.A., Sun G.Y., Wood W.G. Amyloid beta-protein1-42 increases cAMP and apolipoprotein E levels which are inhibited by beta1 and beta2-adrenergic receptor antagonists in mouse primary astrocytes. Neuroscience 2006, 142:655-660.
40. Jeong Y.H., Park C.H., Yoo J., Shin K.Y., Ahn S.M., Kim H.S., Lee S.H., Emson P.C., Suh Y.H. Chronic stress accelerates learning and memory impairments and increases amyloid deposition in APPV717I-CT100 transgenic mice, an Alzheimer's disease model. FASEB J. 2006, 20:729-731.
41. Jicha G.A., Weaver C., Lane E., Vianna C., Kress Y., Rockwood J., Davies P. cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylations on tau in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:7486-7494.
42. Johnson J.D., Campisi J., Sharkey C.M., Kennedy S.L., Nickerson M., Greenwood B.N., Fleshner M. Catecholamines mediate stress-induced increases in peripheral and central inflammatory cytokines. Neuroscience 2005, 135:1295-1307.
43. Johnson J.D., Cortez V., Kennedy S.L., Foley T.E., Hanson H., Fleshner M. Role of central beta-adrenergic receptors in regulating proinflammatory cytokine responses to a peripheral bacterial challenge. Brain Behav. Immun. 2008, 22:1078-1086.
44. Kalaria R.N., Andorn A.C., Tabaton M., Whitehouse P.J., Harik S.I., Unnerstall J.R. Adrenergic receptors in aging and Alzheimer's disease: increased beta 2-receptors in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 1989, 53:1772-1781.
45. Khachaturian A.S., Zandi P.P., Lyketsos C.G., Hayden K.M., Skoog I., Norton M.C., Tschanz J.T., Mayer L.S., Welsh-Bohmer K.A., Breitner J.C. Antihypertensive medication use and incident Alzheimer disease: the Cache County Study. Arch. Neurol. 2006, 63:686-692.
46. Kivipelto M., Helkala E.L., Laakso M.P., Hänninen T., Hallikainen M., Alhainen K., Soininen H., Tuomilehto J., Nissinen A. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study. BMJ 2001, 322:1447-1451.
47. Kumar A, La Rosa F.G., Hovland A.R., Cole W.C., Edwards-Prasad J., Prasad K.N. Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate increases processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to beta-amyloid in neuroblastoma cells without changing APP levels or expression of APP mRNA. Neurochem. Res. 1999, 24:1209-1215.
48. LaFerla F.M., Green K.N., Oddo S. Intracellular amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:499-509.
49. Lee R.K., Wurtman R.J. Metabotropic glutamate receptors increase amyloid precursor protein processing in astrocytes: inhibition by cyclic AMP. J. Neurochem. 1997, 68:1830-1835.
50. Lee R.K., Araki W., Wurtman R.J. Stimulation of amyloid precursor protein synthesis by adrenergic receptors coupled to cAMP formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:5422-5426.
51. Lee H.G., Casadesus G., Zhu X., Castellani R.J., McShea A., Perry G., Petersen R.B., Bajic V., Smith M.A. Cell cycle re-entry mediated neurodegeneration and its treatment role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Int. 2009, 54:84-88.
52. Lindberg C., Selenica M.L., Westlind-Danielsson A., Schultzberg M. Beta-amyloid protein structure determines the nature of cytokine release from rat microglia. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2005, 27:1-12.
53. Maguire M.E., Ross E.M., Gilman A.G. β-Adrenergic receptor: ligand binding properties and the interaction with adenylyl cyclase. Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 1977, 8:1-83.
54. Marien M.R., Colpaert F.C., Rosenquist A.C. Noradrenergic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases: a theory. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2004, 45:38-78.
55. Martinez M., Hernandez A.I., Hernanz A. Increased cAMP immunostaining in cerebral vessels in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 2001, 922:148-152.
56. Maruta E., Yabuuchi K., Nishiyori A., Takami S., Minami M., Satoh M. Beta2-adrenoceptors on the glial cells mediate the induction of interleukin-1beta mRNA in the rat brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1997, 49:291-294.
57. Mattson M.P. Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2004, 430:631-639.
58. Mausbach B.T., Aschbacher K., Mills P.J., Roepke S.K., von Känel R., Patterson T.L., Dimsdale J.E., Ziegler M.G., Ancoli-Israel S., Grant I. A 5-year longitudinal study of the relationships between stress, coping, and immune cell beta(2)-adrenergic receptor sensitivity. Psychiatry Res. 2008, 160:247-255.
59. Morilak D.A, Barrera G., Echevarria D.J., Garcia A.S., Hernandez A., Ma S., Petre C.O. Role of brain norepinephrine in the behavioral response to stress. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 29:1214-1224.
60. Morris M.C., Scherr P.A., Hebert L.E., Glynn R.J., Bennett D.A., Evans D.A. Association of incident Alzheimer disease and blood pressure measured from 13 years before to 2 years after diagnosis in a large community study. Arch. Neurol. 2001, 58:1640-1646.
61. Mrak R.E., Griffin W.S. Glia and their cytokines in progression of neurodegeneration. Neurobiol. Aging 2005, 26:349-354.
62. Murchison C.F., Zhang X.Y., Zhang W.P., Ouyang M., Lee A., Thomas S.A. A distinct role for norepinephrine in memory retrieval. Cell 2004, 117:131-143.
63. Ni Y., Zhao X., Bao G., Zou L., Teng L., Wang Z., Song M., Xiong J., Bai Y., Pei G. Activation of beta2-adrenergic receptor stimulates gamma-secretase activity and accelerates amyloid plaque formation. Nat. Med. 2006, 12:1390-1396.
64. Nussbaum R.L., Ellis C.E. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348:1356-1364.
65. Pauszek M.E. Propranolol for treatment of agitation in senile dementia. Indiana Med. 1991, 84:16-17.
66. Peila R., White L.R., Masaki K., Petrovitch H., Launer L.J. Reducing the risk of dementia: efficacy of long-term treatment of hypertension. Stroke 2006, 37:1165-1170.
67. Peskind E.R., Tsuang D.W., Bonner L.T., Pascualy M., Riekse R.G., Snowden M.B., Thomas R., Raskind M.A. Propranolol for disruptive behaviors in nursing home residents with probable or possible Alzheimer disease: a placebo-controlled study. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 2005, 19:23-28.
68. Ramos B.P., Arnsten A.F. Adrenergic pharmacology and cognition: focus on the prefrontal cortex. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007, 113:523-536.
69. Ramos B.P., Colgan L., Nou E., Ovadia S., Wilson S.R., Arnsten A.F.T. The β-1 adrenergic antagonist, betaxolol, improves working memory performance in rats and monkeys. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 58:894-900.
70. Ressler K.J., Nemeroff C.B. Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. C.N.S. Spectr. 2001, 6:663-670.
71. Ringheim G.E., Szczepanik A.M., Petko W., Burgher K.L., Zhu S.Z., Chao C.C. Enhancement of beta-amyloid precursor protein transcription and expressionby the soluble interleukin-6 receptor/interleukin-6 complex. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1998, 55:35-44.
72. Roberts G.W., Gentleman S.M., Lynch A., Graham D.I. Beta A4 amyloid protein deposition in brain after head trauma. Lancet 1991, 338:1422-1423.
73. Roozendaal B., Hahn E.L., Nathan S.V., de Quervain D.J., McGaugh J.L. Glucocorticoid effects on memory retrieval require concurrent noradrenergic activity in the hippocampus and basolateral amygdale. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:8161-8169.
74. Roozendaal B., Okuda S., de Quervain D.J., McGaugh J.L. Glucocorticoids interact with emotion-induced noradrenergic activation in influencing different memory functions. Neuroscience 2006, 138:901-910.
75. Roozendaal B., Schelling G., McGaugh J.L. Corticotropin-releasing factor in the basolateral amygdala enhances memory consolidation via an interaction with the beta-adrenoceptor-cAMP pathway: dependence on glucocorticoid receptor activation. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:6642-6651.
76. Rosenberg P.B., Mielke M.M., Tschanz J., Cook L., Corcoran C., Hayden K.M., Norton M., Rabins P.V., Green R.C., Welsh-Bohmer K.A., Breitner J.C., Munger R., Lyketsos C.G. Effects of cardiovascular medications on rate of functional decline in Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2008, 16:883-892.
77. Sara S.J., Roullet P., Przybyslawski J. Consolidation of memory for odor-reward association: beta-adrenergic receptor involvement in the late phase. Learn Memory 1999, 6:88-96.
78. Savitz S.I., Erhardt J.A., Anthony J.V., Gupta G., Li X., Barone F.C., Rosenbaum D.M. The novel beta-blocker, carvedilol, provides neuroprotection in transient focal stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2000, 20:1197-2204.
79. Seeds N., Gilman A. Norepinephrine stimulated increase of cyclic AMP levels in developing mouse brain cell cultures. Science 1971, 174:292.
80. Shankle W.R., Nielson K.A., Cotman C.W. Low-dose propranolol reduces aggression and agitation resembling that associated with orbitofrontal dysfunction in elderly demented patients. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 1995, 9:233-237.
81. Skoog I., Lernfelt B., Landahl S., Palmertz B., Andreasson L.A., Nilsson L., Persson G., Odén A., Svanborg A. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet 1996, 347:1141-1145.
82. Soeder K.J., Snedden S.K., Cao W., Della Rocca G.J., Daniel K.W., Luttrell L.M., Collins S. The beta3-adrenergic receptor activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in adipocytes through a Gi-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:12017-12022.
83. Sotiropoulos I., Catania C., Riedemann T., Fry J.P., Breen K.C., Michaelidis T.M., Almeida O.F. Glucocorticoids trigger Alzheimer disease-like pathobiochemistry in rat neuronal cells expressing human tau. J. Neurochem. 2008, 107:385-397.
84. Svedberg M.M., Hall H., Hellström-Lindahl E., Estrada S., Guan Z., Nordberg A., Långström B. [(11)C]PIB-amyloid binding and levels of Abeta40 and Abeta42 in postmortem brain tissue from Alzheimer patients. Neurochem. Int. 2009, 54:347-357.
85. Tan K.S., Nackley A.G., Satterfield K., Maixner W., Diatchenko L., Flood P.M. Beta2 adrenergic receptor activation stimulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages via PKA- and NF-kappaB-independent mechanisms. Cell. Signal. 2007, 19:251-260.
86. Taylor M.R. Pharmacogenetics of the human beta-adrenergic receptors. Pharmacogenom. J. 2007, 7:29-37.
87. Thal D.R., Rüb U., Orantes M., Braak H. Phases of A beta-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology 2002, 58:1791-1800.
88. Tomozawa Y., Yabuuchi K., Inoue T., Satoh M. Participation of cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase in beta-adrenoceptormediated interleukin-1 beta mRNA induction in cultured microglia. Neurosci. Res. 1995, 22:399-409.
89. Vermetten E., Bremner J.D. Circuits and systems in stress. I. Preclinical studies. Depress Anxiety 2002, 15:126-147.
90. Vetrivel K.S., Cheng H., Lin W., Sakurai T., Li T., Nukina N., Wong P.C., Xu H., Thinakaran G. Association of γ-secretase with lipid rafts in post-Golgi and endosome membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:44945-44954.
91. Wang D., Govindaiah G., Liu R., De Arcangelis V., Cox C.L., Xiang Y.K. Binding of amyloid beta peptide to beta2 adrenergic receptor induces PKA-dependent AMPA receptor hyperactivity. FASEB J. 2010, 24:3511-3521.
92. Wilson R.S., Evans D.A., Bienias J.L., Mendes de Leon C.F., Schneider J.A., Bennett D.A. Proneness to psychological distress is associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2003, 61:1479-1485.
93. Wilson R.S., Barnes L.L., Bennett D.A., Li Y., Bienias J.L., Mendes de Leon C.F., Evans D.A. Proneness to psychological distress and risk of Alzheimer disease in a biracial community. Neurology 2005, 64:380-382.
94. Xiang Y., Devic E., Kobilka B. The PDZ binding motif of the beta 1 adrenergic receptor modulates receptor trafficking and signaling in cardiac myocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:33783-33790.
95. Yu J.T., Tan L., Ou J.R., Zhu J.X., Liu K., Song J.H., Sun Y.P. Polymorphisms at the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene influence Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. Brain Res. 2008, 1210:216-222.
96. Yu J.T., Chang R.C., Tan L. Calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Prog. Neurobiol. 2009, 89:240-255.
97. Yu J.T., Tan L., Song J.H., Sun Y.P., Chen W., Miao D., Tian Y. Interleukin-18 promoter polymorphisms and risk of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 2009, 1253:169-175.
98. Yu N.N., Wang X.X., Yu J.T., Wang N.D., Lu R.C., Miao D., Tian Y., Tan L. Blocking beta2-adrenergic receptor attenuates acute stress-induced amyloid beta peptides production. Brain Res. 2010, 1317:305-310.
99. Zarow C., Lyness S.A., Mortimer J.A., Chui H.C. Neuronal loss is greater in the locus coeruleus than nucleus basalis and substantia nigra in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Arch. Neurol. 2003, 60:337-341.
100. Zipp F., Waiczies S., Aktas O., Neuhaus O., Hemmer B., Schraven B., Nitsch R., Hartung H.P. Impact of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition on brain pathology. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2007, 28:342-349.