Withdrawing antimalarial drugs: Impact on parasite resistance and implications for malaria treatment policies

Drug Resistance Updates

Volumn 7, Issue 4-5, 2004, Pages 279-288

  Laufer, Miriam K ^a   Plowe, Christopher V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chloroquine; Dihydrofolate reductase; Dihydropteroate synthase; Drug resistance; Malaria; PfCRT; Plasmodium falciparum; Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine

Indexed keywords

ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ARTESUNATE; CHLOROQUINE; FANSIDAR; FOLIC ACID ANTAGONIST; MEFLOQUINE; PIPERAQUINE; QUININE;

AFRICA; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; CROSS RESISTANCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG USE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; GENE INTERACTION; GENE MUTATION; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; IC 50; MALARIA; MALAWI; MORTALITY; MUTATION; PARASITEMIA; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURVIVAL; THAILAND; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; VIET NAM;

EID: 7944224830     PISSN: 13687646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2004.08.003     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. V.A. Arason, K.G. Kristinsson, J.A. Sigurdsson, G. Stefansdottir, S. Molstad, and S. Gudmundsson Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study Br. Med. J. 313 1996 387 391
2. H.S. Babiker, and D. Walliker Current views on the population structure of Plasmodium falciparum: Implications for control Parasitol. Today 13 1997 262 267
3. P.B. Bloland, E.M. Lackritz, P.N. Kazembe, J.B. Were, R. Steketee, and C.C. Campbell Beyond chloroquine: implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa J. Infect. Dis. 167 1993 932 937
4. E. Boeri, N. Gianotti, F. Canducci, H. Hasson, B. Giudici, A. Castagna, A. Lazzarin, and M. Clementi Evolutionary characteristics of HIV type 1 variants resistant to protease inhibitors in the absence of drug-selective pressure AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 19 2003 1151 1153
5. S. Borrmann, R.K. Binder, A.A. Adegnika, M.A. Missinou, S. Issifou, M. Ramharter, W.H. Wernsdorfer, and P.G. Kremsner Reassessment of the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Gabon: implications for the validity of tests in vitro vs. in vivo Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 96 2002 660 663
6. A. Brockman, R.N. Price, M. van Vugt, D.G. Heppner, D. Walsh, P. Sookto, T. Wimonwattrawatee, S. Looareesuwan, N.J. White, and F. Nosten Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug susceptibility on the north-western border of Thailand during 5 years of extensive use of artesunate-mefloquine Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94 2000 537 544
7. D.R. Brooks, P. Wang, M. Read, W.M. Watkins, P.F. Sims, and J.E. Hyde Sequence variation of the hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance to sulfadoxine Eur. J. Biochem. 224 1994 397 405
8. C.C. Campbell, W. Chin, W.E. Collins, S.M. Teutsch, and D.M. Moss Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum from East Africa: cultivation and drug sensitivity of the Tanzanian I/CDC strain from an American tourist Lancet 2 1979 1151 1154
9. A.C. Chou, R. Chevli, and C.D. Fitch Ferriprotoporphyrin IX fulfills the criteria for identification as the chloroquine receptor of malaria parasites Biochemistry 19 1980 1543 1549
10. D.F. Clyde, and G.T. Shute Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Tanganyika to pyrimethamine administered at weekly intervals Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 51 1957 505 513
11. D.J. Conway, C. Roper, A.M. Oduola, D.E. Arnot, P.G. Kremsner, M.P. Grobusch, C.F. Curtis, and B.M. Greenwood High recombination rate in natural populations of Plasmodium falciparum Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 1999 4506 4511
12. J.F. Cortese, A. Caraballo, C.E. Contreras, and C.V. Plowe Origin and dissemination of Plasmodium falciparum drug-resistance mutations in South America J. Infect. Dis. 186 2002 999 1006
13. A.F. Cowman, M.J. Morry, B.A. Biggs, G.A. Cross, and S.J. Foote Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 1988 9109 9113
14. A. Djimde, O.K. Doumbo, J.F. Cortese, K. Kayentao, S. Doumbo, Y. Diourte, A. Dicko, X.Z. Su, T. Nomura, D.A. Fidock, T.E. Wellems, C.V. Plowe, and D. Coulibaly A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria N. Engl. J. Med. 344 2001 257 263
15. A. Dorn, S.R. Vippagunta, H. Matile, C. Jaquet, J.L. Vennerstrom, and R.G. Ridley An assessment of drug-haematin binding as a mechanism for inhibition of haematin polymerisation by quinoline antimalarials Biochem. Pharmacol. 55 1998 727 736
16. O.K. Doumbo, K. Kayentao, A. Djimde, J.F. Cortese, Y. Diourte, A. Konare, J.G. Kublin, and C.V. Plowe Rapid selection of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase mutants by pyrimethamine prophylaxis J. Infect. Dis. 182 2000 993 996
17. V.I. Enne, D.M. Livermore, P. Stephens, and L.M. Hall Persistence of sulphonamide resistance in Escherichia coli in the UK despite national prescribing restriction Lancet 357 2001 1325 1328
18. D.A. Fidock, T. Nomura, A.K. Talley, R.A. Cooper, S.M. Dzekunov, M.T. Ferdig, L.M. Ursos, S.A. bir Singh, B. Naude, K.W. Deitsch, X. Su, J.C. Wootton, P.D. Roepe, and T.E. Wellems Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance Mol. Cell. 6 2000 861 871
19. S. Fogh, S. Jepsen, and P. Effersoe Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenya Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73 1979 228 229
20. S. Fogh, S. Jepsen, and R.H. Mataya R-III chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria from northern Malawi Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78 1984 282
21. S.L. Hoffman, S. Masbar, P.R. Hussein, A. Soewarta, S. Harun, H.A. Marwoto, J.R. Campbell, L. Smrkovski, Purnomo, and I. Wiady Absence of malaria mortality in villagers with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum treated with chloroquine Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78 1984 175 178
22. L.Q. Hung, P.J. Vries, P.T. Giao, N.V. Nam, T.Q. Binh, M.T. Chong, N.T. Quoc, T.N. Thanh, L.N. Hung, and P.A. Kager Control of malaria: a successful experience from Viet Nam Bull. World Health Organ. 80 2002 660 666
23. N.M. Huong, S. Hewitt, T.M. Davis, L.D. Dao, T.Q. Toan, T.B. Kim, N.T. Hanh, V.N. Phuong, D.H. Nhan, and L.D. Cong Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial drugs in a highly endemic area of southern Viet Nam: a study in vivo and in vitro Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 95 2001 325 329
24. J.K. Iyer, W.K. Milhous, J.F. Cortese, J.G. Kublin, and C.V. Plowe Plasmodium falciparum cross-resistance between trimethoprim and pyrimethamine Lancet 358 2001 1066 1067
25. P. Jacquier, P. Druilhe, H. Felix, B. Diquet, and L. Djibo Is Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine reversible in absence of drug pressure? Lancet 2 1985 270 271
26. T. Jelinek, A.O. Aida, G. Peyerl-Hoffmann, S. Jordan, A. Mayor, C. Heuschkel, A.O. el Valy, F. von Sonnenburg, and E.M. Christophel Diagnostic value of molecular markers in chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Southern Mauritania Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67 2002 449 453
27. S. Jepsen, S. Fogh, N. Peterslund, and F. Black RII-RIII chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria from East Africa: studies of the in vivo and in vitro response to chloroquine Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 77 1983 349 354
28. E.L. Korenromp, B.G. Williams, E. Gouws, C. Dye, and R.W. Snow Measurement of trends in childhood malaria mortality in Africa: an assessment of progress toward targets based on verbal autopsy Lancet Infect. Dis. 3 2003 349 358
29. D.J. Krogstad, I.Y. Gluzman, D.E. Kyle, A.M. Oduola, S.K. Martin, W.K. Milhous, and P.H. Schlesinger Efflux of chloroquine from Plasmodium falciparum: mechanism of chloroquine resistance Science 238 1987 1283 1285
30. J.G. Kublin, F.K. Dzinjalamala, D.D. Kamwendo, E.M. Malkin, J.F. Cortese, L.M. Martino, R.A. Mukadam, S.J. Rogerson, A.G. Lescano, M.E. Molyneux, P.A. Winstanley, P. Chimpeni, T.E. Taylor, and C.V. Plowe Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria J. Infect. Dis. 185 2002 380 388
31. J.G. Kublin, J.F. Cortese, E.M. Njunju, R.A.G. Mukadam, J.J. Wirima, P.N. Kazembe, A.A. Djimde, B. Kouriba, T.E. Taylor, and C.V. Plowe Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi J. Infect. Dis. 187 2003 1870 1875
32. B.R. Levin, V. Perrot, and N. Walker Compensatory mutations, antibiotic resistance and the population genetics of adaptive evolution in bacteria Genetics 154 2000 985 997
33. D.Q. Liu, R.J. Liu, D.X. Ren, D.Q. Gao, C.Y. Zhang, C.P. Qui, X.Z. Cai, C.F. Ling, A.H. Song, and X. Tang Changes in the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Hainan, China Bull. World Health Organ. 73 1995 483 486
34. C. Luxemburger, K.L. Thwai, N.J. White, H.K. Webster, D.E. Kyle, L. Maelankirri, T. Chongsuphajaisiddhi, and F. Nosten The epidemiology of malaria in a Karen population on the western border of Thailand Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90 1996 105 111
35. S.K. Martin, A.M. Oduola, and W.K. Milhous Reversal of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by verapamil Science 235 1987 899 901
36. A.G. Mayor, X. Gomez-Olive, J.J. Aponte, S. Casimiro, S. Mabunda, M. Dgedge, A. Barreto, and P.L. Alonso Prevalence of the K76T mutation in the putative Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene and its relation to chloroquine resistance in Mozambique J. Infect. Dis. 183 2001 1413 1416
37. E. Melander, K. Ekdahl, G. Jonsson, and S. Molstad Frequency of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in children is correlated to community utilization of antibiotics Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 19 2000 1172 1177
38. S. Menzo, A. Monachetti, C. Balotta, S. Corvasce, S. Rusconi, S. Paolucci, F. Baldanti, P. Bagnarelli, and M. Clementi Processivity and drug-dependence of HIV-1 protease: determinants of viral fitness in variants resistant to protease inhibitors AIDS 17 2003 663 671
39. T. Mita, A. Kaneko, J.K. Lum, B. Bwijo, N. Takechi, I.L. Zungu, T. Tsukahara, K. Tanabe, T. Kobayakawa, and A. Bjorkman Recovery of chloroquine sensitivity and low prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene mutation K76T following the discontinuance of chloroquine use in Malawi Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68 2003 413 415
40. D. Nasrin, P.J. Collignon, L. Roberts, E.J. Wilson, L.S. Pilotto, and R.M. Douglas Effect of beta lactam antibiotic use in children on pneumococcal resistance to penicillin: prospective cohort study Br. Med. J. 324 2002 28 30
41. M.H. Nguyen, T.M. Davis, J. Cox-Singh, S. Hewitt, Q.T. Tran, B.K. Tran, T.H. Nguyen, N.P. Vo, H.N. Doan, and D.C. Le Treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in southern Vietnam: can chloroquine or sulfadoxine- pyrimethamine be reintroduced in combination with artesunate? Clin. Infect. Dis. 37 2003 1461 1466
42. F. Nosten, M. van Vugt, R. Price, C. Luxemburger, K.L. Thway, A. Brockman, R. McGready, F. ter Kuile, S. Looareesuwan, and N.J. White Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a prospective study Lancet 356 2000 297 302
43. A.M. Nzila, E.K. Mberu, J. Sulo, H. Dayo, P.A. Winstanley, C.H. Sibley, and W.M. Watkins Towards an understanding of the mechanism of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: genotyping of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Kenyan parasites Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 2000 991 996
44. E. Onori, and T.P. Vu Is Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine reversible in absence of drug pressure? Lancet 1 1986 319 [letter]
45. W. Peters Drug resistance in malaria - a perspective Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63 1969 25 45
46. D.S. Peterson, D. Walliker, and T.E. Wellems Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 1988 9114 9118
47. D.S. Peterson, W.K. Milhous, and T.E. Wellems Molecular basis of differential resistance to cycloguanil and pyrimethamine in Plasmodium falciparum malaria Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 1990 3018 3022
48. C.V. Plowe, J.F. Cortese, A. Djimde, O.C. Nwanyanwu, W.M. Watkins, P.A. Winstanley, J.G. Estrada-Franco, R.E. Mollinedo, J.C. Avila, J.L. Cespedes, D. Carter, and O.K. Doumbo Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance J. Infect. Dis. 176 1997 1590 1596
49. C.V. Plowe, J.G. Kublin, F.K. Dzinjalamala, D.S. Kamwendo, R.A. Mukadam, P. Chimpeni, M.E. Molyneux, and T.E. Taylor Sustained clinical efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Malawi after 10 years as first line treatment: five year prospective study Br. Med. J. 328 2004 545
50. M.B. Reed, K.J. Saliba, S.R. Caruana, K. Kirk, and A.F. Cowman Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple antimalarials in Plasmodium falciparum Nature 403 2000 906 909
51. K.H. Rieckmann Monitoring the response of malaria infections to treatment Bull. World Health Organ. 68 1990 759 760
52. C. Roper, R. Pearce, B. Bredenkamp, J. Gumede, C. Drakeley, F. Mosha, D. Chandramohan, and B. Sharp Antifolate antimalarial resistance in southeast Africa: a population-based analysis Lancet 361 2003 1174 1181
53. P. Sander, B. Springer, T. Prammananan, A. Sturmfels, M. Kappler, M. Pletschette, and E.C. Bottger Fitness cost of chromosomal drug resistance-conferring mutations Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46 2002 1204 1211
54. S.J. Schrag, V. Perrot, and B.R. Levin Adaptation to the fitness costs of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli Proc. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci. 264 1997 1287 1291
55. A. Schwenke, C. Brandts, J. Philipps, S. Winkler, W.H. Wernsdorfer, and P.G. Kremsner Declining chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Lambarene, Gabon from 1992 to 1998 Wien Klin. Wochenschr. 113 2001 63 64
56. H. Seppala, T. Klaukka, R. Lehtonen, E. Nenonen, and P. Huovinen Outpatient use of erythromycin: link to increased erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci Clin. Infect. Dis. 21 1995 1378 1385
57. H. Seppala, T. Klaukka, J. Vuopio-Varkila, A. Muotiala, H. Helenius, K. Lager, and P. Huovinen The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland (Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance) N. Engl. J. Med. 337 1997 441 446
58. A.B. Sidhu, D. Verdier-Pinard, and D.A. Fidock Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites conferred by pfcrt mutations Science 298 2002 210 213
59. W. Sirawaraporn, T. Sathitkul, R. Sirawaraporn, Y. Yuthavong, and D.V. Santi Antifolate-resistant mutants of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 1997 1124 1129
60. M. Takechi, M. Matsuo, C. Ziba, A. Macheso, D. Butao, I.L. Zungu, I. Chakanika, and M.D. Bustos Therapeutic efficacy of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine and susceptibility in vitro of P. falciparum isolates to sulphadoxine- pyremethamine and other antimalarial drugs in Malawian children Trop. Med. Int. Health 6 2001 429 434
61. N.V. Thanh, A.F. Cowman, D. Hipgrave, T.B. Kim, B.Q. Phuc, L.D. Cong, and B.A. Biggs Assessment of susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and artemisinin in southern Viet Nam Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 95 2001 513 517
62. J.F. Trape, G. Pison, M.P. Preziosi, C. Enel, A.D. Dulou, V. Delaunay, B. Samb, E. Lagarde, J.F. Molez, and F. Simondon Impact of chloroquine resistance on malaria mortality Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris/Life Sciences 321 1998 689 697
63. T. Triglia, J.G.T. Menting, C. Wilson, and A.F. Cowman Mutations in dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 1997 13944 13949
64. F. Verdier, J. Le Bras, F. Clavier, I. Hatin, and M.C. Blayo Chloroquine uptake by Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes during in vitro culture and its relationship to chloroquine resistance Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27 1985 561 564
65. P. Wang, M. Read, P.F. Sims, and J.E. Hyde Sulfadoxine resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is determined by mutations in dihydropteroate synthetase and an additional factor associated with folate utilization Mol. Microbiol. 23 1997 979 986
66. P. Wang, C.S. Lee, R. Bayoumi, A. Djimde, O. Doumbo, G. Swedberg, L.D. Dao, H. Mshinda, M. Tanner, W.M. Watkins, P.F. Sims, and J.E. Hyde Resistance to antifolates in Plasmodium falciparum monitored by sequence analysis of dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase alleles in a large number of field samples of diverse origins Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 89 1997 161 177
67. T.E. Wellems, and C.V. Plowe Chloroquine-resistant malaria J. Infect. Dis. 184 2001 770 776
68. WHO, 1996. Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated Falciparum malaria in areas with intense transmission. World Health Organization, Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, Geneva.
69. WHO, 2002. WHO monitoring antimalarial drug resistance, 2002. World Health Organization, Geneva. Report No.: WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.17.
70. J.R. Zucker, E.M. Lackritz, T.K. Ruebush, A.W. Hightower, J.E. Adungosi, J.B. Were, B. Metchock, E. Patrick, and C.C. Campbell Childhood mortality during and after hospitalization in western Kenya: effect of malaria treatment regimens Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55 1996 655 660
71. J.R. Zucker, T.K. Ruebush, C. Obonyo, J. Otieno, and C.C. Campbell The mortality consequences of the continued use of chloroquine in Africa: experience in Siaya, western Kenya Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68 2003 386 390