메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 68, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 947-952

Aberrant signaling pathways in medulloblastomas: A stem cell connection;Vias de sinalização aberrantes no meduloblastoma: Uma conexão com célula-tronco

Author keywords

Biological therapy; Medulloblastoma; Neurobiology; Signal transduction; Stem cells; Transforming growth factor beta

Indexed keywords

BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; CD133 ANTIGEN; HERMES ANTIGEN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA3;

EID: 79251591067     PISSN: 0004282X     EISSN: 16784227     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S0004-282X2010000600021     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (10)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 6344282578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current treatment of medulloblastoma: Recent advances and future challenges
    • Rood BR, MacDonald TJ, Packer RJ. Current treatment of medulloblastoma: recent advances and future challenges. Sem Oncol 2004;31:666-675.
    • (2004) Sem Oncol , vol.31 , pp. 666-675
    • Rood, B.R.1    Macdonald, T.J.2    Packer, R.J.3
  • 2
    • 1842614251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical, histopathological and molecular markers of prognosis: Toward a new disease risk stratification for medulloblastoma
    • Gajjar A, Hernan R, Kocak M, et al. Clinical, histopathological and molecular markers of prognosis: toward a new disease risk stratification for medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:984-993.
    • (2004) J Clin Oncol , vol.22 , pp. 984-993
    • Gajjar, A.1    Hernan, R.2    Kocak, M.3
  • 3
    • 34247862359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medulloblastoma: Tumorigenesis, current clinical paradigm, and efforts to improve risk stratification
    • Polkinghorn WR, Tarbell NJ. Medulloblastoma: tumorigenesis, current clinical paradigm, and efforts to improve risk stratification. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2007;4:295-304.
    • (2007) Nat Clin Pract Oncol , vol.4 , pp. 295-304
    • Polkinghorn, W.R.1    Tarbell, N.J.2
  • 5
    • 51349102950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular genetics of medulloblastoma: An assessment of new therapeutic targets
    • Carlotti Jr CG, Smith C, Rutka JT. The molecular genetics of medulloblastoma: an assessment of new therapeutic targets. Neurosurg Rev 2008; 31:359-369.
    • (2008) Neurosurg Rev , vol.31 , pp. 359-369
    • Carlotti, C.G.1    Smith, C.2    Rutka, J.T.3
  • 6
    • 67649097433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pediatric brain tumors: Current treatment strategies and future therapeutic approaches
    • Mueller S, Chang S. Pediatric brain tumors: current treatment strategies and future therapeutic approaches. Neurotherapeutics 2009;6:570-586.
    • (2009) Neurotherapeutics , vol.6 , pp. 570-586
    • Mueller, S.1    Chang, S.2
  • 7
    • 0036204622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paediatric embryonic brain tumours: Biological and clinical relevance of molecular genetic abnormalities
    • Gilbertson R. Paediatric embryonic brain tumours: biological and clinical relevance of molecular genetic abnormalities. Eur J Cancer 2002;38: 675-685.
    • (2002) Eur J Cancer , vol.38 , pp. 675-685
    • Gilbertson, R.1
  • 8
    • 0033669529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imbalances of chromosome 17 in medulloblastomas determined by comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization
    • Nicholson J, Wickramasinghe C, Ross F, Crolla J, Ellison D. Imbalances of chromosome 17 in medulloblastomas determined by comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mol Pathol 2000; 53:313-319.
    • (2000) Mol Pathol , vol.53 , pp. 313-319
    • Nicholson, J.1    Wickramasinghe, C.2    Ross, F.3    Crolla, J.4    Ellison, D.5
  • 10
    • 59949097396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel mechanisms of gene disruption at the medulloblastoma isodicentric 17p11 breakpoint
    • McCabe MG, Ichimura K,. Pearson DM, et al. Novel mechanisms of gene disruption at the medulloblastoma isodicentric 17p11 breakpoint. Genes Chromo Cancer 2009;48:121-131.
    • (2009) Genes Chromo Cancer , vol.48 , pp. 121-131
    • McCabe, M.G.1    Ichimura, K.2    Pearson, D.M.3
  • 11
    • 45549091581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medulloblastoma stem cells
    • Fan X, Eberhart CG. Medulloblastoma stem cells. J Clin Oncol 2008;26: 2821-2827.
    • (2008) J Clin Oncol , vol.26 , pp. 2821-2827
    • Fan, X.1    Eberhart, C.G.2
  • 12
    • 33747874155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notch pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cells and blocks engraftment in embryonal brain tumors
    • Fan X, Matsui W, Khaki L, et al. Notch pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cells and blocks engraftment in embryonal brain tumors. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7445-7452.
    • (2006) Cancer Res , vol.66 , pp. 7445-7452
    • Fan, X.1    Matsui, W.2    Khaki, L.3
  • 13
    • 33646362581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomics identifies medulloblastoma subgroups that are enriched for specific genetic alterations
    • Thompson MC, Fuller C, Hogg TL, et al. Genomics identifies medulloblastoma subgroups that are enriched for specific genetic alterations. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:1924-1931.
    • (2006) J Clin Oncol , vol.24 , pp. 1924-1931
    • Thompson, M.C.1    Fuller, C.2    Hogg, T.L.3
  • 15
    • 9244241576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells
    • Sigh SK, Hawkins C, Clarke ID, et al. Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nat Publis Group 2004;432:396-401.
    • (2004) Nat Publis Group , vol.432 , pp. 396-401
    • Sigh, S.K.1    Hawkins, C.2    Clarke, I.D.3
  • 16
    • 0030789242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell
    • Bonnet D, Dick JE. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med 1997;3: 730-737.
    • (1997) Nat Med , vol.3 , pp. 730-737
    • Bonnet, D.1    Dick, J.E.2
  • 18
    • 4944250781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma
    • Galli R, Binda E, Orfanelli U, et al. Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2004;64:7011-7021.
    • (2004) Cancer Res , vol.64 , pp. 7011-7021
    • Galli, R.1    Binda, E.2    Orfanelli, U.3
  • 19
    • 0141842674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors
    • Sigh SK, Clarke ID, Terasaki M, et al. Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors. Cancer Res 2003;63:5821-5828.
    • (2003) Cancer Res , vol.63 , pp. 5821-5828
    • Sigh, S.K.1    Clarke, I.D.2    Terasaki, M.3
  • 20
    • 36248966518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors
    • Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007;131:861-872.
    • (2007) Cell , vol.131 , pp. 861-872
    • Takahashi, K.1    Tanabe, K.2    Ohnuki, M.3
  • 21
    • 11844301282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medulloblastoma: Developmental mechanisms out of control
    • Marino S. Medulloblastoma: developmental mechanisms out of control. Trends Mol Med 2005;11:17-22.
    • (2005) Trends Mol Med , vol.11 , pp. 17-22
    • Marino, S.1
  • 22
    • 23444457449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphing into cancer: The role of developmental signaling pathways in brain tumor formation
    • Fogarty MP, Kessler JD, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Morphing into cancer: the role of developmental signaling pathways in brain tumor formation. J Neurobiol 2005;64:458-475.
    • (2005) J Neurobiol , vol.64 , pp. 458-475
    • Fogarty, M.P.1    Kessler, J.D.2    Wechsler-Reya, R.J.3
  • 23
    • 33645211987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural precursor cycling at sonic speed: N-Myc pedals, GSK-3 brakes
    • Knoepfler PS, Kenney AM. Neural precursor cycling at sonic speed: N-Myc pedals, GSK-3 brakes. Cell Cycle 2006;5:47-52.
    • (2006) Cell Cycle , vol.5 , pp. 47-52
    • Knoepfler, P.S.1    Kenney, A.M.2
  • 24
    • 0034927062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The developmental biology of brain tumors
    • Wechsler-Reya R, Scott MP. The developmental biology of brain tumors, Ann Rev Neurosci 2001;24:385-428.
    • (2001) Ann Rev Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 385-428
    • Wechsler-Reya, R.1    Scott, M.P.2
  • 25
    • 0032796826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sonic hedgehog regulates the growth and patterning of the cerebellum
    • Dahmane N, Ruiz i Altaba A. Sonic hedgehog regulates the growth and patterning of the cerebellum. Development 1999;126:3089-3100.
    • (1999) Development , vol.126 , pp. 3089-3100
    • Dahmane, N.1    Ruizi, A.A.2
  • 26
    • 0037112420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of medulloblastomas in mice by sonic hedgehog, independent of Gli1
    • Weiner HL, Bakst R, Hurlbert MS, et al. Induction of medulloblastomas in mice by sonic hedgehog, independent of Gli1. Cancer Res 2002;62:6385-6389.
    • (2002) Cancer Res , vol.62 , pp. 6385-6389
    • Weiner, H.L.1    Bakst, R.2    Hurlbert, M.S.3
  • 27
    • 0037115603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of mice expressing a single D-type cyclin
    • Ciemerych MA, Kenney AM, Sicinska E, et al. Development of mice expressing a single D-type cyclin. Genes Dev 2002;16:3277-3289.
    • (2002) Genes Dev , vol.16 , pp. 3277-3289
    • Ciemerych, M.A.1    Kenney, A.M.2    Sicinska, E.3
  • 28
    • 0037232580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nmyc upregulation by sonic hedgehog signaling promotes proliferation in developing cerebellar granule neuron precursors
    • Kenney AM, Cole MD, Rowitch DH. Nmyc upregulation by sonic hedgehog signaling promotes proliferation in developing cerebellar granule neuron precursors, Development 2003;130:15-28.
    • (2003) Development , vol.130 , pp. 15-28
    • Kenney, A.M.1    Cole, M.D.2    Rowitch, D.H.3
  • 29
    • 0037108268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-myc is essential during neurogenesis for the rapid expansion of progenitor cell populations and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation
    • Knoepfler PS, Cheng PF, Eisenman RN. N-myc is essential during neurogenesis for the rapid expansion of progenitor cell populations and the inhibition of neuronal differentiation. Genes Dev 2002;16:2699-26712.
    • (2002) Genes Dev , vol.16 , pp. 2699-26712
    • Knoepfler, P.S.1    Cheng, P.F.2    Eisenman, R.N.3
  • 30
    • 0033990220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of PTCH/SMO/SHH pathway genes in medulloblastoma
    • Zurawel RH, Allen C, Chiappa S, et al. Analysis of PTCH/SMO/SHH pathway genes in medulloblastoma. Genes Chromo Cancer 2000;27:44-51.
    • (2000) Genes Chromo Cancer , vol.27 , pp. 44-51
    • Zurawel, R.H.1    Allen, C.2    Chiappa, S.3
  • 31
    • 0029793064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations in the human homologue of the Drosophila patched gene in Caucasian and African-American nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome patients
    • Chidambaram A, Goldstein AM, Gailani MR, et al. Mutations in the human homologue of the Drosophila patched gene in Caucasian and African-American nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome patients. Cancer Res 1996; 56:4599-4601.
    • (1996) Cancer Res , vol.56 , pp. 4599-4601
    • Chidambaram, A.1    Goldstein, A.M.2    Gailani, M.R.3
  • 32
    • 11144260892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome with medulloblastoma and meningioma: Case report
    • Fukushima Y, Oka H, Utsuki S, Iwamoto K, Fujii K. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome with medulloblastoma and meningioma: case report. Neurol Med Chir 2004;44:665-668.
    • (2004) Neurol Med Chir , vol.44 , pp. 665-668
    • Fukushima, Y.1    Oka, H.2    Utsuki, S.3    Iwamoto, K.4    Fujii, K.5
  • 33
    • 48449101742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medulloblastoma can be initiated by deletion of patched in lineage-restricted progenitors or stem cells
    • Yang ZJ, Ellis T, Markant SL, et al. Medulloblastoma can be initiated by deletion of patched in lineage-restricted progenitors or stem cells. Cancer Cell 2008;14:135-145.
    • (2008) Cancer Cell , vol.14 , pp. 135-145
    • Yang, Z.J.1    Ellis, T.2    Markant, S.L.3
  • 34
    • 0037473082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AXIN1 mutations but not deletions in cerebellar medulloblastomas
    • Baeza N, Masuoka J, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. AXIN1 mutations but not deletions in cerebellar medulloblastomas. Oncogene 2003;22:632-636.
    • (2003) Oncogene , vol.22 , pp. 632-636
    • Baeza, N.1    Masuoka, J.2    Kleihues, P.3    Ohgaki, H.4
  • 35
    • 0028970197 scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of Turcot's syndrome
    • Hamilton SR, Liu B, Parsons RE, et al. The molecular basis of Turcot's syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;332:839-847.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 839-847
    • Hamilton, S.R.1    Liu, B.2    Parsons, R.E.3
  • 36
    • 0033773180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transforming growth factor-betas: Structure, signaling, and roles in nervous system development and functions
    • Bottner M, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K. The transforming growth factor-betas: structure, signaling, and roles in nervous system development and functions. J Neurochem 2000;75:2227-2240.
    • (2000) J Neurochem , vol.75 , pp. 2227-2240
    • Bottner, M.1    Krieglstein, K.2    Unsicker, K.3
  • 37
    • 0036942073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TGF-betas and their roles in the regulation of neuron survival
    • Unsicker K, Krieglstein K. TGF-betas and their roles in the regulation of neuron survival. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;513:353-374.
    • (2002) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.513 , pp. 353-374
    • Unsicker, K.1    Krieglstein, K.2
  • 38
    • 0031685620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TGF-beta signal transduction
    • Massague J. TGF-beta signal transduction. Ann Rev Biochem 1998;67: 753-791.
    • (1998) Ann Rev Biochem , vol.67 , pp. 753-791
    • Massague, J.1
  • 39
    • 37249048319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TGF-beta in neural stem cells and in tumors of the central nervous system
    • Aigner L, Bogdahn U. TGF-beta in neural stem cells and in tumors of the central nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2008;331:225-241.
    • (2008) Cell Tissue Res , vol.331 , pp. 225-241
    • Aigner, L.1    Bogdahn, U.2
  • 40
    • 0029904671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serine/threonine kinase receptors: Mediators of transforming growth factor beta family signals
    • Massague J, Weis-Garcia F. Serine/threonine kinase receptors: mediators of transforming growth factor beta family signals. Cancer Surv 1996;27: 41-64.
    • (1996) Cancer Surv , vol.27 , pp. 41-64
    • Massague, J.1    Weis-Garcia, F.2
  • 41
    • 24644439547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TGF-b, neuronal stem cells and glioblastoma
    • Golestaneh N, Mishra B. TGF-b, neuronal stem cells and glioblastoma. Oncogene 2005;24:5722-5730.
    • (2005) Oncogene , vol.24 , pp. 5722-5730
    • Golestaneh, N.1    Mishra, B.2
  • 42
    • 0031975391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transforming growth factorbetas in neurodegenerative disease
    • Flanders KC, Ren RF, Lippa CF. Transforming growth factorbetas in neurodegenerative disease. Prog Neurobiol 1998;54:71-85.
    • (1998) Prog Neurobiol , vol.54 , pp. 71-85
    • Flanders, K.C.1    Ren, R.F.2    Lippa, C.F.3
  • 43
    • 0034574298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How cells read TGF-beta signals
    • Massague J. How cells read TGF-beta signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000;1: 169-178.
    • (2000) Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol , vol.1 , pp. 169-178
    • Massague, J.1
  • 44
    • 0033567862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial responses to steroids as markers of brain aging
    • Nichols NR. Glial responses to steroids as markers of brain aging. J Neurobiol 1999;40:585-601.
    • (1999) J Neurobiol , vol.40 , pp. 585-601
    • Nichols, N.R.1
  • 45
    • 0028956025 scopus 로고
    • Interferon gamma, interleukin 4 and transforming growth factor beta in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: Dynamics of cellular mRNA expression in the central nervous system and lymphoid cells
    • Issazadeh S, Mustafa M, Ljungdahl A, et al. Interferon gamma, interleukin 4 and transforming growth factor beta in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats: dynamics of cellular mRNA expression in the central nervous system and lymphoid cells. J Neurosci Res 1995;40:579-590.
    • (1995) J Neurosci Res , vol.40 , pp. 579-590
    • Issazadeh, S.1    Mustafa, M.2    Ljungdahl, A.3
  • 46
    • 0028980156 scopus 로고
    • Transforming growth factor-beta 1 levels are elevated in the striatum and in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in Parkinson's disease
    • Mogi M, Harada M, Kondo T, Narabayashi H, Riederer P, Nagatsu T. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 levels are elevated in the striatum and in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 1995;193: 129-132.
    • (1995) Neurosci Lett , vol.193 , pp. 129-132
    • Mogi, M.1    Harada, M.2    Kondo, T.3    Narabayashi, H.4    Riederer, P.5    Nagatsu, T.6
  • 47
    • 0345188622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglial activation varies in different models of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
    • Baker CA, Lu ZY, Zaitsev I, Manuelidis L. Microglial activation varies in different models of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Virol 1999;73:5089-5097.
    • (1999) J Virol , vol.73 , pp. 5089-5097
    • Baker, C.A.1    Lu, Z.Y.2    Zaitsev, I.3    Manuelidis, L.4
  • 48
    • 0041805449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transforming growth factor-Beta 1 (tgf-Beta 1) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Iłzecka J, Stelmasiak Z, Dobosz B. Transforming growth factor-Beta 1 (tgf-Beta 1) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cytokine 2002;20: 239-243.
    • (2002) Cytokine , vol.20 , pp. 239-243
    • Iłzecka, J.1    Stelmasiak, Z.2    Dobosz, B.3
  • 49
  • 50
    • 0348143168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases that lengthens, but does not arrest, neuroepithelial cell cycle induces premature neurogenesis
    • Calegari F, Huttner WB. An inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases that lengthens, but does not arrest, neuroepithelial cell cycle induces premature neurogenesis. J Cell Sci 2003;116:4947-4955.
    • (2003) J Cell Sci , vol.116 , pp. 4947-4955
    • Calegari, F.1    Huttner, W.B.2
  • 51
    • 33644960523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurogenic niche modulation by activated microglia: Transforming growth factor beta increases neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus
    • Battista D, Ferrari CC, Gage FH, Pitossi FJ. Neurogenic niche modulation by activated microglia: transforming growth factor beta increases neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Eur J Neurosci 2006;23:83-93.
    • (2006) Eur J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 83-93
    • Battista, D.1    Ferrari, C.C.2    Gage, F.H.3    Pitossi, F.J.4
  • 52
    • 33744970240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transforming growth factor-A1 is a negative modulator of adult neurogenesis
    • Wachs F, Winner B, Couillard-Despres S, et al. Transforming growth factor-A1 is a negative modulator of adult neurogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006;65:358-370.
    • (2006) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.65 , pp. 358-370
    • Wachs, F.1    Winner, B.2    Couillard-Despres, S.3
  • 53
    • 0031941943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta in malignant glioma cells with functional receptors
    • Isoe S, Naganuma H, Nakano S, et al. Resistance to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta in malignant glioma cells with functional receptors. J Neurosurg 1998;88:529-534.
    • (1998) J Neurosurg , vol.88 , pp. 529-534
    • Isoe, S.1    Naganuma, H.2    Nakano, S.3
  • 54
    • 5644248080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA interference targeting transforming growth factor-beta enhances NKG2D-mediated antiglioma immune response, inhibits glioma cell migration and invasiveness, and abrogates tumorigenicity in vivo
    • Friese MA, Wischhusen J, Wick W, et al. RNA interference targeting transforming growth factor-beta enhances NKG2D-mediated antiglioma immune response, inhibits glioma cell migration and invasiveness, and abrogates tumorigenicity in vivo. Cancer Res 2004;64:7596-7603.
    • (2004) Cancer Res , vol.64 , pp. 7596-7603
    • Friese, M.A.1    Wischhusen, J.2    Wick, W.3
  • 55
    • 0028176770 scopus 로고
    • TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 are potential growth regulators for medulloblastomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and ependymomas: Evidence in support of an autocrine hypothesis
    • Jennings MT, Kaariainen IT, Gold L, Maciunas RJ, Commers PA. TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 are potential growth regulators for medulloblastomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and ependymomas: evidence in support of an autocrine hypothesis. Hum Pathol 1994;25:464-475.
    • (1994) Hum Pathol , vol.25 , pp. 464-475
    • Jennings, M.T.1    Kaariainen, I.T.2    Gold, L.3    Maciunas, R.J.4    Commers, P.A.5
  • 56
    • 0036595629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression
    • Thiery JP. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:442-454.
    • (2002) Nat Rev Cancer , vol.2 , pp. 442-454
    • Thiery, J.P.1
  • 57
    • 0033934907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of TGF-beta isoforms, TGF-beta receptors, and SMAD molecules at different stages of human glioma
    • Kjellman C, Olofsson SP, Hansson O, et al. Expression of TGF-beta isoforms, TGF-beta receptors, and SMAD molecules at different stages of human glioma. Int J Cancer 2000;89:251-258.
    • (2000) Int J Cancer , vol.89 , pp. 251-258
    • Kjellman, C.1    Olofsson, S.P.2    Hansson, O.3
  • 58
    • 2442495498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of novel targeted therapies in the treatment of malignant glioma
    • Rich JN, Bigner DD. Development of novel targeted therapies in the treatment of malignant glioma. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004;3:430-446.
    • (2004) Nat Rev Drug Discov , vol.3 , pp. 430-446
    • Rich, J.N.1    Bigner, D.D.2
  • 59
    • 0042967678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BMP-2 mediates retinoid-induced apoptosis in medulloblastoma cells through a paracrine effect
    • Hallahan AR, Pritchard JI, Chandraratna RA, et al. BMP-2 mediates retinoid-induced apoptosis in medulloblastoma cells through a paracrine effect. Nat Med 2003;9:1033-1038.
    • (2003) Nat Med , vol.9 , pp. 1033-1038
    • Hallahan, A.R.1    Pritchard, J.I.2    Chandraratna, R.A.3
  • 60
    • 4043147087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bmp2 antagonizes sonic hedgehog-mediated proliferation of cerebellar granule neurones through Smad5 signalling
    • Rios I, Alvarez-Rodriguez R, Marti E, Pons S. Bmp2 antagonizes sonic hedgehog-mediated proliferation of cerebellar granule neurones through Smad5 signalling. Development 2004;131:3159-3168.
    • (2004) Development , vol.131 , pp. 3159-3168
    • Rios, I.1    Alvarez-Rodriguez, R.2    Marti, E.3    Pons, S.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.