Content analysis coding schemes for online asynchronous discussion

Campus-Wide Information Systems

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 56-74

  Weltzer Ward, Lisa ^a  

^a Kaplan University   (United States)

Author keywords

Classification schemes; Data analysis; Data handling; Learning methods; United States of America

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650192467     PISSN: 10650741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/10650741111097296     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. An, H., Shin, S. and Lim, K. (2009), "The effects of different instructor facilitation approaches on students' interactions during asynchronous online discussions", Computers & Education, Vol. 53, No. 3.
2. Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, D.R. and Archer, W. (2001), "Assessing teaching presence in a computer conferencing context" in Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 1-17.
3. Bales, R.F. (1950), "A set of categories for the analysis of small groups interaction" in American Sociology, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 257-63.
4. Bendixen, L.D., Hartley, K., Sas, I.C. and Spatariu, A. (2003), "The impact of epistemic beliefs and metacognition on online discussion", Proceedings of the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL.
5. Biggs, J.B. and Collis, K.F. (1982), Evaluating the Quality of Learning: The SOLO taxonomy, Academic Press, New York, NY.
6. Blanchette, J. (2009), "Characteristics of teacher talk and learner talk in the online learning environment" in Language and Education, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 391-407.
7. Bloom, B.S., Engelhart, M.D., Furst, E.J., Hill, W.H. and Krathwohl, D.R. (1956), Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals, Longman Group, London.
8. Bonk, C.J. and Kim, K.A. (1998), "Extending sociocultural theory to adult learning" in Smith, M.C. and Pourchot, T. (Eds.), Adult Learning and Development: Perspectives from Educational Psychology, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 67-88.
9. Bower, M. and Hedberg, J.G. (2010), "A quantitative multimodal discourse analysis of teaching and learning in a web-conferencing environment: the efficacy of student-centered learning design" in Computers and Education, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 462-78.
10. Brace-Govan, J. (2003), "A method to track discussion forum activity: the moderators' assessment matrix" in Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 303-25.
11. Bullen, M. (1997), "A case study of participation and critical thinking in a university-level course delivered by computer conferencing", unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
12. Chen, G. and Chiu, M.M. (2008), "Online discussion process: effects of earlier messages' evaluations, knowledge content, social cues and personal information on later message" in Computers & Education, Vol. 50, No. 2008, pp. 678-92.
13. Chen, S.J. and Caropreso, E.J. (2004), "Influence of personality on online discussion", Journal of Interactive Online Learning, Vol. 3, No. 2.
14. Davidson-Shiver, G.V., Mullenberg, L. and Tanner, E. (2001), "How do students participate in synchronous and asynchronous online discussions" in Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 351-66.
15. Delfino, M. and Manca, S. (2007), "The expression of social presence through the use of figurative language in a web-based learning environment" in Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 23, No. 2007, pp. 2190-211.
16. DeWever, B., Schellens, T., Valcke, M. and VanKeer, H. (2006), "Content analysis schemes to analyze transcripts of online asynchronous discussion groups: a review" in Computers and Education, Vol. 46, pp. 6-28.
17. DeWever, B., VanKeer, H., Schellens, T. and Valcke, M. (2007), "Applying multilevel modelling to content analysis data: methodological issues in the study of role assignment in asynchronous discussion groups" in Learning and Instruction, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 436-47.
18. Dewey, J. (1910), How We Think, D.C. Heath and Company, Boston, MA.
19. Dillenbourg, P. (2003), "Over-scripting CSCL: the risks of blending collaborative learning with instructional design" in Kirschner, P.A. (Ed.), Three Worlds of CSCL: Can We Support CSCL, Open Univeriteit Nederland, Heerlen, pp. 61-82.
20. Duncan-Howell, J. (2009), "eCAF: a new tool for the conversational analysis of electronic communication" in British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1014-27.
21. Ennis, R.H. (1987), "A taxonomy of critical thinking dispositions and abilities" in Baron, J.B. and Sternberg, R.J. (Eds.), Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory and Practice, W.H. Freeman, New York, NY, pp. 9-26.
22. Entwistle, N. and Ramsden, P. (1983), Understanding Student Learning, Croom Helm, Beckenham.
23. Facione, P.A. and Facione, N.C. (1994), "Holistic critical thinking scoring rubric", available at: www.aacu.org/meetings/pdfs/criticalthinkingrubric.pdf (accessed May 4, 2009).
24. Fahy, P., Crawford, G. and Ally, M. (2001), "Patterns of interaction in a computer conference transcript" in International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 4.
25. Fahy, P.J. (2007), "The occurrence and character of stories and storytelling in a computer conference" in Distance Education, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 45-63.
26. Fauske, J. and Wade, S.E. (2004), "Research on practice online: conditions that foster democracy, community, and critical thinking in computer-mediated discussions" in Journal of Research on Technology in Education, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 137-53.
27. Garrison, D.R., Anderson, T. and Archer, W. (2000), "Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: computer conferencing in higher education" in Internet in Higher Education, Vol. 2, Nos 2-3, pp. 1-19.
28. Garrison, D.R., Anderson, T. and Archer, W. (2001), "Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education" in American Journal of Distance Education, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 7-23.
29. Garrison, D.R., Cleveland-Innes, M., Koole, M. and Kappelman, J. (2006), "Revisiting methodological issues in transcript analysis: negotiated coding and reliability" in Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-8.
30. Gerbic, P. and Stacey, E. (2005), "A purposive approach to content analysis: designing analytical frameworks" in Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 45-59.
31. Gilbert, P.K. and Dabbagh, N. (2005), "How to structure online discussions for meaningful discourse: a case study" in British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 5-18.
32. Gunawardena, C.N., Lowe, C.A. and Anderson, T. (1997), "Analysis of global online debate and the development of an interaction analysis model for examining social construction of knowledge in computer conferencing" in Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 397-431.
33. Hara, N., Bonk, C.J. and Angeli, C. (2000), "Content analysis of online discussion in an applied educational psychology course" in Instructional Science, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 115-52.
34. Harzing, A.K. and VanDerWal, R. (2008), "Google Scholar as a new source for citation analysis" in Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 61-73.
35. Henri, F. (1992), "Computer conferencing and content analysis" in Kaye, A. (Ed.), Collaborative Learning through Computer Conferencing, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 117-36.
36. Ho, C.H. and Swan, K. (2007), "Evaluating online conversation in an asynchronous learning environment: an application of Grice's cooperative principle" in Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 3-14.
37. Inch, E.S. and Warnick, B. (2002), Critical Thinking and Communication, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA.
38. Jarvela, S. and Hakkinen, P. (2002), "The levels of web-based discussions: using perspective-taking theory as an analysis tool" Vanoostendorp, H. (Ed.), Cognition in a Digital World, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
39. Jeong, A. (2003), "The sequential analysis of group interaction and critical thinking in online discussion" in The American Journal of Distance Education, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 25-43.
40. Kay, R.H. (2006), "Developing a comprehensive metric for assessing discussion board effectiveness" in British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 761-83.
41. King, P.M. and Kitchner, K.S. (1994), Developing Reflective Judgment, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
42. Lapadat, J.C. (2007), "Discourse devices used to establish community, increase coherence, and negotiate agreement in an online university course" in Journal of Distance Education, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 59-92.
43. Lockhorst, D. (2003), "Design principles for a CSCL environment in teacher training", doctoral dissertation, IVOLS Institute of Education, Utrecht University, Utrecht.
44. McLean, C.L. (2005), "Evaluating critical thinking skills: two conceptualizations" in Journal of Distance Education, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 1-20.
45. MacKinnon, G.R. (2000), "The dilemma of evaluating electronic discussion groups" in Journal of Research on Computing in Education, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 125-31.
46. Marra, R.M., Moore, J.L. and Klimczak, A.K. (2004), "Content analysis of online discussion forums: a comparative analysis of protocols" in Education Technology Research and Development, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 23-40.
47. Miller, J. (2004), "Gender, language and interaction styles in online learning environments", unpublished dissertation, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow.
48. Murphy, K.L., Mahoney, S.E., Chen, C.Y., Mendoza-Diaz, N.V. and Yang, X. (2005), "A constructivist model of mentoring, coaching, and facilitating online discussions" in Distance Education, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 341-66.
49. Naidu, S. and Jarvela, S. (2006), "Analyzing C.L.C. content for what" in Computers and Education, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 96-103.
50. Newman, D.R., Webb, B. and Cochrane, C. (1995), "A content analysis model to measure critical thinking and computer supported group learning" in Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 67-8.
51. Ng, K.C. and Murphy, D. (2005), "Evaluating interactivity and learning in computer conferencing using content analysis techniques" in Distance Education, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 89-109.
52. Nussbaum, E.M., Hartley, K., Sinatra, G.M., Reynolds, R.E. and Benedixen, L. (2002), "Enhancing the quality of online discussions", paper presented at American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA.
53. Parsad, B. and Lewis, L. (2008), "Distance education at degree-granting postsecondary institutions: 2006-07", Proceedings of the NCES 2009-044, National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, US Department of Education, Washington, DC.
54. Pena-Shaff, J.B. and Nicholls, C. (2004), "Analyzing student interactions and meaning construction in computer bulletin board discussions" in Computers & Education, Vol. 42, No. 2004, pp. 243-65.
55. Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison, D.R. and Archer, W. (1999), "Assessing social presence in asynchronous text-based computer conferencing" in Journal of Distance Education, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 50-71.
56. Rovai, A.P. (2007), "Facilitating online discussions effectively" in Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 77-88.
57. Salmon, G. (2000), E-moderating: The Key to Teaching and Learning Online, Kogan Page, London.
58. Schaeffer, E.L., McGrady, J., Bhargava, A. and Engel, C. (2002), "Online debate to encourage peer interactions in a large lecture setting: coding and analysis of forum activity", Proceedings of the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting: New Orleans, LA.
59. Spatariu, A., Hartley, K. and Benedixen, L.D. (2004), "Defining and measuring quality in online discussions" in Journal of Interactive Online Learning, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 1-15.
60. Strijbos, J.W., Martens, R.L., Prins, F.J. and Jochems, W.M.G. (2006), "Content analysis: what are they talking about" in Computers & Education, Vol. 46, pp. 29-48.
61. Swan, K., Garrison, D.R. and Richardson, J.C. (2009), "A constructivist approach to online learning: the community of inquiry framework" Payne, C.R. (Ed.), Information Technology and Constructivism in Higher Education: Progressive Learning Frameworks, IGI Global, Hershey, PA.
62. Toulmin, S. (1958), The Uses of Argument, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
63. Uzuner, S. (2007), "Educationally valuable talk: a new concept for determining the quality of online conversations" in Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 400-10.
64. Wang, Q. (2008), "Student-facilitators roles in moderating online discussions" in British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 859-74.
65. Woo, Y. and Reeves, T.C. (2007), "Meaningful interaction in web-based learning: a social constructivist interpretation" in Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 15-25.
66. Zhu, E. (1996), "Meaning negotiation, knowledge construction, and mentoring in a distance learning course", Proceedings of Selected Research and Development Presentations at the 1996 National Convention for Educational Communications and Technology.
67. Angeli, C., Valanides, N. and Bonk, C.J. (2003), "Communication in a web-based conferencing system: the quality of computer-mediated interactions" in British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 31-43.
68. Miksa, S.D., Burnett, K., Bonnici, L.J. and Kim, J. (2007), "The development of a facet analysis system to identify and measure the dimensions of interaction in online learning" in Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 58, No. 11, pp. 1569-77.
69. Naidu, S. and Jarvela, S. (2006), "Analyzing CMC content for what" in Computers & Education, Vol. 46, pp. 96-103.
70. Veerman, A. and Veldhuis-Diermanse, E. (2001) Dillenbourg, P., Eurelings, A. and Hakkarainen, K. (Eds.), "Collaborative learning through computer-mediated communication in academic education". European Perspectives on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning: Proceedings of the First European Conference on CSCL, McLuhan Institute, University of Maastricht, Maastricht.