The role of oxidative stress and anti-oxidant treatment in platinuminduced peripheral neurotoxicity

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Volumn 10, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 670-682

  Carozzi, V A ^a   Marmiroli, P ^a   Cavaletti, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Chemotherapy; Experimental models; Oxidative stress; Peripheral neurotoxicity; Platinum compounds

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; CARBOPLATIN; CASPASE 3; CASPASE 9; CATALASE; CISPLATIN; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; CYTOCHROME C; FRATAXIN; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; LEVACECARNINE; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; OXALIPLATIN; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEIN P53; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE 1; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE 4; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; THIOCTIC ACID; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CELL MEMBRANE RESISTANCE; CELL SURVIVAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; DNA DAMAGE; DNA FRAGMENTATION; DRUG CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG DNA BINDING; DRUG STRUCTURE; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EXCISION REPAIR; GENE SILENCING; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NERVE CONDUCTION; NEUROAXONAL DYSTROPHY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARESTHESIA; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SCHWANN CELL; SPINAL GANGLION;

EID: 78649235136     PISSN: 15680096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156800910793605820     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Stewart, D. J.; Benjamin, R. S.; Luna, M. Human tissue distribution of platinum after cis-diamine-dichloroplatinum. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1982, 10, 51-54.
2. Wang, J.; He, D.; Zhang, Q.; Han, Y.; Jin, S.; Qi, F. Resveratrol protects against Cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity by alleviating oxidative damage. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 2009, 24(6), 675-680.
3. Greene, S. N.; Ramos-Vara, J. A.; Craig, B. A.; Hooser, S. B.; Anderson, C.; Fourez, L. M.; Johnson, B. M.; Stewart, J. C.; Knapp, D. W. Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitor treatment on the renal toxicity of cisplatin in rats. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2010,65(3), 549-556.
4. Mora Lde, O.; Antunes, L. M.; Francescato, H. D.; Bianchi Mde, L. The effects of oral glutamine on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol. Res. 2003, 47, 517-522.
5. Olas, B.; Wachowicz, B. Resveratrol Reduces Oxidative Stress Induced by Platinum Compounds in Blood Platelets. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 2004, 23, 315-326.
6. Antunes, L. M.; Araujo, M. C. P.; D'Arc, J.; Darin, C.; Bianchi, M. L. P. Effects of the antioxidants curcumin and vitamin C on cisplatin-induced clastogenesis in Wistar rat bone marrow cells. Mutat. Res. 2000, 465, 131-137.
7. Antunes, L. M.; Darin, C.; Bianchi, M. L. P. Protective effect of vitamin C against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in adult rats: a dose dependent study. Pharmacol. Res. 2000,41(4), 405-411.
8. Pace, A.; Savarese, A.; Picardo, M.; Maresca, V.; Pacetti, U.; Del Monte, G.; Biroccio, A.; Leonetti, C.; Jandolo, B.; Cognetti, F.; Bove, L. Neuroprotective effect of vitamin e supplementation in patients treated with cisplatin chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003, 21(5), 927-931.
9. Argyriou, A. A.; Chroni, E.; Koutras, A.; Ellul, J.; Papapetropoulos, S.; Katsoulas, G.; Iconomou, G.; Kalofonos, H. P. Vitamin E for prophylaxis against chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 2005, 64, 26-31.
10. Argyriou, A. A.; Chroni, E.; Koutras, A.; Iconomou, G.; Papapetropoulos, S.; Polychronopoulos, P.; Kalofonos, H. P. A randomized controlled trial valuating the efficacy and safety of vitamin E supplementation for protection against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy: final results. Support Care Cancer 2006, 14, 1134-1140.
11. Savarese, F.; Savy, G.; Vahdat, L.; Wischmeyer, P. E.; Corey, B. Prevention of chemotherapy and radiation toxicity with glutamine. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2003, 29, 501-513.
12. Hamers, F. T. M.; Brakkee, J. H.; Cavalletti, E.; Tedeschi, M.; Marmonti, L.; Pezzoni, A.; Neijt, J. P.; Gispen, W. H. Reduced glutathione protects against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Cancer Res. 1993, 53, 544-549.
13. Tredici, G.; Cavaletti, G.; Petruccioli, M. G.; Fabbrica, D.; Tedeschi, M.; Venturino, P. Low-dose glutathione administration in the prevention of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats. Neurotoxicology 1994, 15(3), 701-704.
14. Cavaletti, G.; Minoia, C.; Schieppati, M.; Tredici, G. Protective effects of glutathione on cisplatin neurotoxicity in rats. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1994, 29(4), 771-776.
15. Higby, D. J.; Wallace, H. J. Jr.; Albert, D. J.; Holland, J. F. Diaminodichloroplatinum: a phase I study showing responses in testicular and other tumors. Cancer 1974, 33, 1219-1225.
16. Baldwin, J. FDA evaluating oxaliplatin for advanced colorectal cancer treatment. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002, 94(16), 1191-1193.
17. Wu, F.; Lin, X.; Okuda, T.; Howell, S. B. DNA polymerase regulates cisplatin cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and the rate of development of cisplatin resistance. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 8029-8035.
18. Argyriou, A. A.; Polychronopoulos, P.; Iconomou, G.; Chroni, E.; Kalofonos, H. P. A review on oxaliplatin-induced peripheral nerve damage. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2008, 34(4), 368-377.
19. Peltier, A. C.; Russell, J. W. Recent advances in drug-induced neuropathies. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2002, 15, 633-638.
20. MacKenzie, M. L.; Ghabriel, M. N.; Allt, G. The blood-nerve barrier: an in vivo lanthanum tracer study. J. Anat. 1987, 154, 27-37.
21. Gerritsen van der Hoop, R.; van der Burg, M. E. L.; Ten Bokkel Huinink, W. W.; Houwelingen, J. C.; Neijt, J. P. Incidence of neuropathy in 395 patients with ovarian cancer treated with or without cisplatin. Cancer 1990, 66, 1697-1702.
22. Thompson, S. W.; Davies, L. E.; Kornfeld, M.; Hilgers, R. D.; Standefer, J. C. Cisplatin neuropathy. Clinical, electrophysiologic, morphologic, and toxicologic studies. Cancer 1984, 54, 1269-1275.
23. Barabas, K.; Milner, R.; Lurie, D.; Adin, C. Cisplatin: a review of toxicities and therapeutic applications. Vet. Comp. Oncol. 2008, 6(1), 1-18.
24. Roelofs, R. I.; Hrushesky, W.; Rogin, J.; Rosenberg, L. Peripheral sensory neuropathy and cisplatin chemotherapy. Neurology 1984, 34, 934-938.
25. Krarup-Hansen, A.; Fugleholm, K.; Helweg-Larsen, S.; Hauge, E. N.; Schmalbruch, H.; Trojaborg, W.; Krarup, C. Examination of distal involvement in cisplatin-induced neuropathy in man. An electrophysiological and histological study with particular reference to touch receptor function. Brain 1993, 116(5), 1017-1041.
26. Grolleau, F.; Gamelin, L.; Boisdron-Celle, M. A possible explanation for a neurotoxic effect of the anticancer agent oxaliplatin on neuronal voltage gated sodium channels. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 85, 2293-2297.
27. Screnci, D.; McKeage, M. J. Platinum neurotoxicity: clinical profiles, experimental models and neuroprotective approaches. J. Inorg. Biochem. 1999, 77(1-2), 105-110.
28. McWhinney, S. R.; Goldberg, R. M.; McLeod, H. L. Platinum neurotoxicity pharmacogenetics. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2009, 8(1), 10-16.
29. Rosenberg, B. Platinum complexes for the treatment of cancer. Interdiscip. Sci. Rev. 1978, 3, 134-147.
30. Nakashima-Kamimura, N.; Mori, T.; Ohsawa, I.; Asoh, S.; Ohta, S. Molecular hydrogen alleviates nephrotoxicity induced by an anti-cancer drug cisplatin without compromising anti-tumor activity in mice. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2009, 64(4), 753-761.
31. Yüce, A.; Ateahin, A.; Osman Çeriba, A.; Aksakal, M. Ellagic Acid Prevents Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Stress in Liver and Heart Tissue of Rats. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2007, 101, 345-349.
32. Hara, M.; Yoshida, M.; Nishijima, H.; Yokosuka, M.; Iigo, M.; Ohtani-Kaneko, R.; Shimada, A.; Hasegawa, T.; Akama, Y.; Hirata, K. Melatonin, a pineal secretory product with antioxidant properties, protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J. Pineal Res. 2001, 30, 129-138.
33. Iseri, S.; Ercan, F.; Gedik, N.; Yuksel, M.; Alican, I. Simvastatin attenuates cisplatin-induced kidney and liver damage in rats. Toxicology 2007, 230, 256-264
34. Pan, H.; Mukhopadhyay, P.; Rajesh, M.; Patel, V.; Mukhopadhyay, B.; Gao, B.; Hasko, G.; Pacher, P. Cannabidiol attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by decreasing oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and cell death. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2009, 328(3), 708-714.
35. Cheng, C. F.; Juan, S. H.; Chen, J. J.; Chao, Y. C.; Chen, H. H.; Lian, W. S.; Lu, C. Y.; Chang, C. I.; Chiu, T. H.; Lin, H. Pravastatin attenuates carboplatin-induced cardiotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress associated apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008, 13(7), 883-894.
36. Windebank, A. J.; Grisold, W. Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 2008, 13, 27-46.
37. Melli, G.; Taiana, M.; Camozzi, F.; Triolo, D.; Podini, P.; Quattrini, A.; Taroni, F.; Lauria, G. Alpha-lipoic acid prevents mitochondrial damage and neurotoxicity in experimental chemotherapy neuropathy. Exp. Neurol. 2008, 214, 276-284.
38. Custódio, J. B. A.; Cardoso, C. M. P.; Santos, M. S.; Almeida, L. M.; Vicentec, J. A. F.; Fernandes, M. A. F. Cisplatin impairs rat liver mitochondrial functions by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability: Prevention by thiol group protecting agents. Toxicology 2009, 259, 18-24.
39. Leinninger, G. M.; Edwards, J. L.; Lipshaw, M. J.; Feldman, E. L. Mechanisms of disease: mitochondria as new therapeutic targets in diabetic neuropathy. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 2006, 2, 620-628.
40. Flatters, S. J.; Xiao, W. H.; Bennett, G. J. Acetyl-L-carnitine prevents and reduces paclitaxel-induced painful peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 397, 219-223.
41. Jin, H. W.; Flatters, S. J.; Xiao, W. H.; Mulhern, H. L.; Bennett, G. J. Prevention of paclitaxel-evoked painful peripheral neuropathy by acetyl-L-carnitine: effects on axonal mitochondria, sensory nerve fiber terminal arbors, and cutaneous Langerhans cells. Exp. Neurol. 2008,210, 229-237.
42. Miller, K. E.; Sheetz, M. P. Axonal mitochondrial transport and potential are correlated. J. Cell. Sci. 2004, 117, 2791-2804.
43. Komatsu, M.; Waguri, S.; Chiba, T.; Murata, S.; Iwata, J.; Tanida, I.; Ueno, T.; Koike, M.; Uchiyama, Y.; Kominami, E.; Tanaka, K. Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice. Nature 2006, 441, 880-884.
44. Shoichet, S. A.; Baumer, A. T.; Stamenkovic, D.; Sauer, H.; Pfeiffer, A. F.; Kahn, C. R.; Muller-Wieland, D.; Richter, C.; Ristow, M. Frataxin promotes antioxidant defense in a thiol-dependent manner resulting in diminished malignant transformation in vitro. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2002, 11, 815-821.
45. McDonald, E. S.; Randon, K. R.; Knight, A.; Windebank, A. J. Cisplatin preferentially binds to DNA in dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro and in vivo: a potential mechanism for neurotoxicity. Neurobiol. Dis. 2005, 18, 305-313.
46. Ta, L. E.; Espeset, L.; Podratz, J.; Windebank A. J. Neurotoxicity of oxaliplatin and cisplatin for dorsal root ganglion neurons correlates with platinum-DNA binding. Neurotoxicology 2006, 27, 992-1002.
47. Dzagnidze, A.; Katsarava, Z.; Makhalova, J.; Liedert, B.; Yoon, M. S.; Kaube, H.; Limmroth, V.; Thomale, J. Repair capacity for platinum-DNA adducts determines the severity of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27, 9451-9457.
48. Jiang, Y.; Guo, C.; Vasko, M. R.; Kelley, M. R. Implications of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease in Reactive Oxygen Signaling Response after Cisplatin treatment of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Cancer Res. 2008, 68(15), 6426-6434.
49. Fritz, G. Human APE/Ref-1 protein. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2000,32, 925-929.
50. Di Giovanni, S.; Knights, C. D.; Rao, M.; Yakovlev, A.; Beers, J.; Catania, J.; Avantaggiati, M. L.; Faden, A. The tumor suppressor protein p53 is required for neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration. EMBO J. 2006, 25, 4084-4096.
51. Reme, C. E.; Grimm, C.; Hafezi, F.; Iseli, H. P.; Wenzel, A. Why study rod cell death in retinal degenerations and how? Doc. Ophthalmol. 2003, 106, 25-29.
52. Vasko, M. R.; Guo, C.; Kelley, M. R. The multifunctional DNA repair/redox enzyme Ape1/Ref-1 promotes survival of neurons after oxidative stress. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005, 4, 367-379.
53. Chiarini, L. B.; Freitas, F. G.; Petrs-Silva, H.; Linden, R. Evidence that the bifunctional redox factor/AP endonuclease Ref-1 is an anti-apoptotic protein associated with differentiation in the developing retina. Cell. Death Differ. 2000, 7(3), 272-281.
54. Yang, S.; Irani, K.; Heffron, S. E.; Jurnak, F.; Meyskens, F. L. Jr. Alterations in the expression of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) in human melanoma and identification of the therapeutic potential of resveratrol as an APE/Ref-1 inhibitor. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2005, 4(12), 1923-1935.
55. Conklin, K. A. Cancer Chemotherapy and Antioxidants American Society for Nutritional Sciences. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 3201-3204.
56. Conklin, K. A. Dietary antioxidants during cancer chemotherapy: impact on chemotherapeutic effectiveness and development of side effects. Nutr. Cancer 2000, 37, 1-18.
57. Lee, C. K.; Son, S. H.; Park, K. K.; Park, J. H.; Lim, S. S.; Kim, S. H.; Chung, W. Y. Licochalcone A inhibits the growth of colon carcinoma and attenuates cisplatin-induced toxicity without a loss of chemotherapeutic efficacy in mice. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2008, 103(1), 48-54.
58. Block, K. I.; Koch, A. C.; Mead, M. N.; Tothy, P. K.; Newman, R. A.; Gyllenhaal, C. Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic toxicity: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Cancer 2008, 123(6), 1227-1239.
59. Smyth, J. F.; Bowman, A.; Perren, T.; Wilkinson, P.; Prescott, R. J.; Quinn, K. J.; Tedeschi, M. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: results of a doubleblind, randomised trial. Ann. Oncol. 1997, 6, 569-573.
60. Cascinu, S.; Catalano, V.; Cordella, L.; Labianca, R.; Giordani, P.; Baldelli, A. M.; Beretta, G. D.; Ubiali, E.; Catalano, G. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 20(16), 3478-3483.
61. Zunino, F.; Pratesi, G.; Micheloni, A.; Cavalletti, E.; Sala, F.; Tofanetti, O. Protective effect of reduced glutathione against cisplatin-induced renal and systemic toxicity and its influence on the therapeutic activity of the antitumor drug. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1989, 70, 89-101.
62. Torti, L.; Castoldi, D.; Colombi, L.; Tedeschi, M.; Soresi, E.; Cimino, G.; Bemareggi, A. HPLC determination of unchanged cisplatin in plasma ultrafiltrates after administration of cisplatin to cancer patients: study of the possible effect of glutathione pretreatment. Riassunti delle Comunicazioni, 1991, 92-93.
63. Noctor, G.; Foyer, C. H. Ascorbate and Glutathione: Keeping Active Oxygen Under Control. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol. 1998, 49, 249-279.
64. Pompella, A.; Visvikis, A.; Paolicchi, A.; De Tata, V.; Casini, A. F. The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2003, 66(8), 1499-1503.
65. Cavaletti, G.; Zanna, C. Current status and future prospects for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. Eur. J. Cancer. 2002, 38(14), 1832-1837.
66. Favilli, F.; Marraccini, P.; Iantomasi, T.; Vincenzini, M. T. Effect of orally administered glutathione on glutathione levels in some organs of rats: role of specific transporters. Br. J. Nutr. 1997, 78(2), 293-300.
67. Romero, F. J.; Segura-Aguilar, J.; Monsalve, E.; Hermenegildo, C.; Nies, E.; Puertas, F. J.; Roma, J. Antioxidant and glutathione-related enzymatic activities in rat sciatic nerve. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 1990, 12, 603-605.
68. Dangaord, G. K.; Petrera J.; Trojaborg, W. Electrophysiological study of the peripheral and central neurotoxic effects of cisplatin. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1987, 76, 86-93.
69. Cece, R.; Petruccioli, M. G.; Cavaletti, G.; Barajon, I.; Tredici, G. An ultrastructural study of neuronal changes in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of rats after chronic cisplatin administrations. Histol. Histopathol. 1995, 10(4), 837-845.
70. Krarup-Hansen, A.; Helweg-Larsen, S.; Schmalbruch, H.; Rørth, M.; Krarup, C. Neuronal involvement in cisplatin neuropathy: prospective clinical and neurophysiological studies. Brain 2007, 130(4), 1076-1088.
71. Litterst, C. K.; Tong, S.; Hirokata, Y.; Siddik, Z. H. Alterations in hepatic and renal levels of glutathione and activities of glutathione S-transferases from rats treated with di-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II). Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1982, 8, 67-71.
72. Ruppersberg, J. P.; Stocker, M.; Pongs, O.; Heinemann, S. H.; Frank, R.; Koenen, M. Regulation of fast inactivation of cloned mammalian lk(A) channels by cysteine oxidation. Nature (Lond.) 1991,352, 711-714.
73. Rigotti, A. Absorption, transport, and tissue delivery of vitamin E. Mol. Aspects Med. 2007, 28(5-6), 423-436.
74. Bove, L.; Picardo, M.; Maresca, V.; Jandolo, B.; Pace, A. A pilot study on the relation between cisplatin neuropathy and vitamin E. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2001, 20, 277-280.
75. Rao, M. V.; Sharma, P. S. Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice. Reprod. Toxicol. 2001, 15, 705-712.
76. Mileva, M.; Bakalov, R.; Tancheva, L.; Galabov, A.; Ribarov, S. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation in blood and lung of influenza virus infected mice. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2002, 25, 1-11.
77. Sigounas, G.; Anagnostou, A.; Steiner, M. dl-Alpha-tocopherol induces apoptosis in erythroleukemia, prostate, and breast cancer cells. Nutr. Cancer 1997, 28(1), 30-35.
78. Yam, D.; Peled, A.; Shinitzky, M. Suppression of tumor growth and metastasis by dietary fish oil combined with vitamins E and C and cisplatin. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2001, 47, 34-40.
79. Prasad, K. N.; Hernandez, C.; Edwards-Prasad, J.; Nelson, J.; Borus, T.; Robinson, W. A. Modification of the effect of tamoxifen, cis-platin, DTIC, and interferon-alpha 2b on human melanoma cells in culture by a mixture of vitamins. Nutr. Cancer 1994,2, 233-245.
80. Leonetti, C.; Biroccio, A.; Gabellini, C.; Scarsella, M.; Maresca, V.; Flori, E.; Bove, L.; Pace, A.; Stoppacciaro, A.; Zupi, G.; Cognetti, F.; Picardo, M. Alpha-tocopherol protects against cisplatin-induced toxicity without interfering with antitumor efficacy. Int. J. Cancer 2003, 104(2), 243-250.
81. Sarna, S.; Kumar, A.; Bhola, R. K. Alpha-tocopherol enhances tumour growth inhibition by cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II). Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2000, 33, 929-936.
82. Dilger, R. N.; Baker, D. H. Oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine is a safe and effective precursor of cysteine. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 85, 1712-1718.
83. Lin, P. C.; Lee, M. Y.; Wang, W. S.; Yen, C. C.; Chao, T. C.; Hsiao, L. T.; Yang, M. H.; Chen, P. M.; Lin, K. P.; Chiou, T. J. N-acetylcysteine has neuroprotective effects against oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer patients: preliminary data. Support Care Cancer 2006, 14, 484-487.
84. Park, S. A.; Choi, K. S.; Bang, J. H.; Huh, K.; Kim, S. U. Cisplatin-induced apoptotic cell death in mouse hybrid neurons is blocked by antioxidants through suppression of cisplatin-mediated accumulation of p53 but not of Fas/Fas ligand. J. Neurochem. 2000, 75, 946-953.
85. Gervais, J. L.; Seth, P.; Zhang, H. Cleavage of CDK inhibitor p21 (Cip1/Wafl) by caspase is an early event during DNA damage-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 19207-19212.
86. Zhang, Y.; Fujita, N.; Tsuruo, T. Caspase-mediated cleavage of p21 Wafl/Cip1 converts cancer cells from growth arrest to undergoing apoptosis. Oncogene 1999, 18, 1131-1138.
87. Biewenga, G. P.; Haenen, G. R.; Bast, A. The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen. Pharmacol. 1997, 29(3), 315-331.
88. Mantovani, G.; Maccio, A.; Madeddu, C.; Mura, L.; Gramignano, G.; Lusso, M. R.; Murgia, V.; Camboni, P.; Ferreli, L.; Mocci, M.; Massa, E. The impact of different antioxidant agents alone or in combination on reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines in a series of advanced cancer patients at different sites: correlation with disease progression. Free Radic. Res. 2003, 37, 213-223.
89. Sen, C. K.; Roy, S.; Packer, L. Involvement of intracellular Ca2+ in oxidant-induced NF-kappa B activation. FEBS Lett. 1996, 385, 58-62.
90. Packer, L.; Witt, E. H.; Tritschler, H. J. Alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1995, 19, 227-250.
91. Vincent, A. M.; Stevens, M. J.; Backus, C.; McLean, L. L.; Feldman, E. L. Cell culture modeling to test therapies against hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and injury. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2005,7, 1494-1506.
92. Vallianou, N.; Evangelopoulos, A.; Koutalas, P. Alpha-lipoic Acid and diabetic neuropathy. Rev. Diabet. Stud. 2009, 6(4), 230-236.
93. Bharat, S.; Cochran, B. C.; Hsu, M.; Liu, J.; Ames, B. N.; Andersen, J. K. Pre-treatment with alpha-lipoic acid alleviates the effects of GSH depletion in PC12 cells: implications for parkinson's disease therapy. Neurotoxicology 2002, 23, 479-486.
94. Abdul, H. M.; Butterfield, D. A. Involvement of PI3K/PKG/ERK1/2 signaling pathways in cortical neurons to trigger protection by cotreatment of acetyl-Lcarnitine and alpha-lipoic acid against HNE-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2007, 42, 371-384.
95. Freisleben, H. J. Lipoic acid reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in animal models. Toxicology 2000, 148, 159-171.
96. Ghibu, S.; Richard, C.; Vergely, C.; Zeller, M.; Cottin, Y.; Rochette, L. The free radiAntioxidant properties of an endogenous thiol: Alpha-lipoic acid, useful in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2009, 54(5), 391-398.
97. Condo, I.; Ventura, N.; Malisan, F.; Tomassini, B.; Testi, R. A pool of extramitochondrial frataxin that promotes cell survival. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 16750-16756.
98. Joseph, E.; Chen, X.; Bogen, O.; Levine, J. D. Oxaliplatin Acts on IB4-Positive Nociceptors to Induce an Oxidative Stress-Dependent Acute Painful Peripheral Neuropathy. J. Pain 2008, 9(5), 463-472.
99. Gamelin, E.; Gamelin, L.; Bossi, L.; Quasthoff, S. Clinical aspects and molecular basis of oxaliplatin neurotoxicity: Current management and development of preventive measures. Semin. Oncol. 2002,29, 21-33.
100. + channels in frog peripheral myelinated axons. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 2006, 25, 263-276.
101. + channel kinetics on rat sensory neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 406, 25-32.
102. Lai, B.; Zhang, L.; Dong, L. Y.; Zhu, Y. H.; Sun, F. Y.; Zheng, P. Inhibition of Qi site of mitochondrial complex III with antimycin. A decreases persistent and transient sodium currents via reactive oxygen species and protein kinase C in rat hippocampal CA1 cells. Exp. Neurol. 2005, 194, 484-494.
103. Krishnan, A. V.; Goldstein, D.; Friedlander, M.; Kiernan, M. C. Oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity and the development of neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2005, 32, 51-60.
104. Lersch, C.; Schmelz, R.; Eckel, F.; Erdmann, J.; Mayr, M.; Schulte-Frohlinde, E.; Quasthoff, S.; Grosskreutz, J.; Adelsberger, H. Prevention of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy by carbamazepine in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Clin. Colorectal Cancer 2002, 2, 54-58.
105. Lysiak, W.; Lilly, K.; DiLisa, F.; Toth, P. P.; Bieber, L. L. Quantitation of the effect of L-carnitine on the levels of acid-soluble short-chain acyl-CoA and CoASH in rat heart and liver mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263(3), 1151-1156.
106. De Grandis, D. Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a short review. CNS Drugs 2007,21(1), 39-43.
107. Kano, M.; Kawakami, T.; Hori, H.; Hashimoto, Y.; Tao, Y.; Ishikawa, Y.; Takenaka, T. Effects of ALC on the fast axoplasmic transport in cultured sensory neurons of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurosci. Res. 1999, 33, 207-213.
108. Evans, J. D.; Jacobs, T. F.; Evans, E. W. Role of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Ann. Pharmacother. 2008, 42(11), 1686-1691.
109. Ohsawa, M.; Miyata, S.; Carlsson, A.; Kamei, J. Preventive effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on the thermal hypoalgesia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 7, 588(2-3), 213-216.
110. Fernandez, E.; Pallini, R.; Tamburrini, G.; Lauretti, L.; Tancredi, A.; La Marca, F. Effects of levo-acetylcarnitine on second motoneuron survival after axotomy. Neurol. Res. 1995, 17, 373-376.
111. Piovesan, P.; Pacifici, L.; Taglialatela, G.; Ramacci, M. T.; Angelucci, L. Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment increases choline acetyltransferase activity and NGF levels in the CNS of adult rats following total fimbria-fornix transection. Brain Res. 1994, 633, 77-82.
112. Foreman, P. J.; Perez-Polo, J. R.; Angelucci, L.; Ramacci, M. T.; Taglialatela, G. Effect of Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment and stress exposure on the nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR) mRNA level in the central nervous system of aged rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1995, 9, 117-133.
113. Altun, Z. S.; Güne, D.; Akta, S.; Erbayrktar, Z.; Olgun, N. Protective effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on cisplatin cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in neuroblastoma. Neurochem. Res. 2010, 35(3), 437-443.
114. Pisano, C.; Pratesi, G.; Laccabue, D.; Zunino, F.; Lo Giudice, P.; Bellucci, A.; Pacifici, L.; Camerini, B.; Vesci, L.; Castorina, M.; Cicuzza, S.; Tredici, G.; Marmiroli, P.; Nicolini, G.; Galbiati, S.; Calvani, M.; Carminati, P.; Cavaletti, G. Paclitaxel and Cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity: a protective role of acetyl-L-carnitine. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9(15), 5756-5767.
115. Sussman, M. A.; Battenberg, E.; Bloom, F. E.; Fowler, V. M. Identification of two nerve growth factor-induced polypeptides in PC12 cells. J. Mol. Neurosci. 1990, 2, 163-174.
116. Turner, B. M.; O'Neill, L. P. Histone acetylation in chromatin and chromosomes. Semin. Cell. Biol. 1995, 6, 229-236.
117. Madiraju, P.; Pande, S. V.; Prentki, M.; Madiraju, S. R. M. Mitochondrial acetylcarnitine provides acetyl groups for nuclear histone acetylation. Epigenetics 2009, 4(6), 399-403.
118. Bremer, J. Carnitine metabolism and functions. Physiol. Rev. 1983, 63, 1420-1480.
119. Bieber, L. L. Carnitine. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1988, 57, 261-283.
120. Calabrese, V.; Cornelius, C.; Mancuso, C.; Lentile, R.; Stella, A. M.; Butterfield, D. A. Redox homeostasis and cellular stress response in aging and neurodegeneration. Methods Mol. Biol. 2010, 610, 285-308.
121. Mustoe, G. E. Eocene Ginkgo leaf fossils from the Pacific Northwest. Can. J. Bot. 2002, 80, 1078-1087.
122. Smith, P. F.; Maclennan, K.; Darlington, C. L. The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo biloba leaf: a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF). J. Ethnopharmacol. 1996,50(3), 131-139.
123. Gulec, M.; Iraz, M.; Yilmaz, H. R.; Ozyurt, H.; Temel, I. The effects of ginkgo biloba extract on tissue adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol. Ind. Health 2006, 22(3), 125-130.
124. Huang, X.; Whitworth, C. A.; Rybak, L. P. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats. Otol. Neurotol. 2007, 28(6), 828-833.
125. Oztürk, G.; Anlar, O.; Erdoǧan, E.; Kösem, M.; Ozbek, H.; Türker, A. The effect of Ginkgo extract EGb761 in cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 196(1), 169-175.
126. Jarema, M. Herbal drug treatment. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 2008, 29(1), 93-104.
127. Albers, J.; Chaudhry, V.; Cavaletti, G.; Donehower, R. Interventions for preventing neuropathy caused by cisplatin and related compounds. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007, 24(1), CD005228.
128. Pirovano, C.; Balzarini, A.; Böhm, S.; Oriana, S.; Spatti, G. B.; Zunino, F. Peripheral neurotoxicity following high-dose cisplatin with glutathione: clinical and neurophysiological assessment. Tumori 1992, 78(4), 253-257.
129. Cascinu, S.; Cordella, L.; Del Ferro, E.; Fronzoni, M.; Catalano, G. Neuroprotective effect of reduced glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 1995, 13(1), 26-32.
130. Takimoto, N.; Sugawara, S.; Iida, A.; Sakakibara, T.; Mori, K.; Sugiura, M.; Yamamoto, M.; Tanaka, M.; Hayakawa, T.; Yamamura, K.; Adachi, M. Prevention of oxaliplatin-related neurotoxicity by glutathione infusions. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2008, 35(13), 2373-2376.
131. Lecomte, T.; Landi, B.; Beaune, P.; Laurent-Puig, P.; Loriot, M. A. Glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism (Ile105Val) predicts cumulative neuropathy in patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12(10), 3050-3055.
132. Pace, A.; Giannarelli, D.; Galiè, E.; Savarese, A.; Carpano, S.; Della Giulia, M.; Pozzi, A.; Silvani, A.; Gaviani, P.; Scaioli, V.; Jandolo, B.; Bove, L.; Cognetti, F. Vitamin E neuroprotection for cisplatin neuropathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2010, 74(9), 762-766.
133. Maestri, A.; De Pasquale Ceratti, A.; Cundari, S.; Zanna, C.; Cortesi, E.; Crinò, L. A pilot study on the effect of acetyl-L-carnitine in paclitaxel- and cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Tumori 2005,91(2), 135-138.
134. Bianchi, G.; Vitali, G.; Caraceni, A.; Ravaglia, S.; Capri, G.; Cundari, S.; Zanna, C.; Gianni, L. Symptomatic and neurophysiological responses of paclitaxel- or cisplatin-induced neuropathy to oral acetyl-L-carnitine. Eur. J. Cancer 2005, 41(12), 1746-1750.