Neonatal Infections: A Global Perspective

Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 24-51

  Darmstadt, Gary L ^a   Zaidi, Anita K M ^b   Stoll, Barbara J ^c  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^c DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78549264728     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6400-8.00002-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (406)

1. Black R.E., Morris S.S., Bryce J. Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?. Lancet 2003, 361:2226-2234.
2. Bryce J., et al. Reducing child mortality: can public health deliver?. Lancet 2003, 362:159-164.
3. Lawn J.E., Cousens S., Zupan J. 4 million neonatal deaths. When? Where? Why?. Lancet 2005, 365:891-900.
4. Kerber K.J., et al. Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health: from slogan to service delivery. Lancet 2007, 370:1358-1369.
5. Lawn J.E., et al. Two million intrapartum-related stillbirths and neonatal deaths. Where, why, and what can be done. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2009, 28:28.
6. Bhutta Z.A., et al. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 2008, 371:417-440.
7. Baqui A.H., et al. Rates, timing and causes of neonatal deaths in rural India: implications for neonatal health programmes. Bull. World Health Organ. 2006, 84:706-713.
8. Adam T., et al. Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies for maternal and neonatal health in developing countries. BMJ 2005, 331:1107.
9. Bhutta Z.A., et al. Management of newborn infections in primary care settings. A review of the evidence and implications for policy. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2009, 28(Suppl. 5):S22-S30.
10. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions. How many newborn babies can we save. Lancet 2005, 365:977-988.
11. Darmstadt G.L., Black R.E., Santosham M. Research priorities and postpartum care strategies for the prevention and optimal management of neonatal infections in less developed countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2000, 19:739-750.
12. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Saving newborn lives in Asia and Africa: cost and impact of phased scale-up of interventions within the continuum of care. Health Policy Plan. 2008, 23:101-117.
13. Thaver D., Zaidi A.K. Burden of neonatal infections in developing countries: a review of evidence from community-based studies. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2009, 28(Suppl. 1):S3-S9.
14. Lawn J.E., Wilczynska-Ketende K., Cousens S.N. Estimating the causes of 4 million neonatal deaths in the year 2000. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2006, 35:706-718.
15. Bhutta Z.A., et al. Alma-Ata: Rebirth and Revision 6 Interventions to address maternal, newborn, and child survival. What difference can integrated primary health care strategies make. Lancet 2008, 372:972-989.
16. Adejuyigbe E.A., et al. Septicaemia in high risk neonates at a teaching hospital in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. East Afr. Med. J. 2001, 78:540-543.
17. Adhikari M., Coovadia Y.M., Singh D. A 4-year study of neonatal meningitis: clinical and microbiological findings. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1995, 41:81-85.
18. Aiken C.G. The causes of perinatal mortality in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 1992, 38:263-281.
19. Airede A.I. Neonatal septicaemia in an African city of high altitude. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1992, 38:189-191.
20. Airede A.I. Neonatal bacterial meningitis in the middle belt of Nigeria. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 1993, 35:424-430.
21. Al-Zwaini E.J. Neonatal septicaemia in the neonatal care unit, Al-Anbar governorate, Iraq. East. Mediterr. Health J. 2002, 8:509-514.
22. Ali Z. Neonatal meningitis: a 3-year retrospective study at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital, Trinidad, West Indies. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1995, 41:109-111.
23. Ali Z. Neonatal bacterial septicaemia at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital, Trinidad. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 2004, 24:41-44.
24. Anyebuno M., Newman M. Common causes of neonatal bacteraemia in Accra, Ghana. East Afr. Med. J. 1995, 72:805-808.
25. Aurangzeb B., Hameed A. Neonatal sepsis in hospital-born babies: bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak. 2003, 13:629-632.
26. Bang A.T., et al. Burden of morbidities and the unmet need for health care in rural neonates-a prospective observational study in Gadchiroli, India. Indian Pediatr. 2001, 38:952-965.
27. Bang A.T., et al. Effect of home-based neonatal care and management of sepsis on neonatal mortality: field trial in rural India. Lancet 1999, 354:1955-1961.
28. Bang A.T., et al. Is home-based diagnosis and treatment of neonatal sepsis feasible and effective? Seven years of intervention in the Gadchiroli field trial (1996 to 2003). J. Perinatol. 2005, 25(Suppl. 1):S62-S71.
29. Bell Y., et al. Neonatal sepsis in Jamaican neonates. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 2005, 25:293-296.
30. Berkley J.A., et al. Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352:39-47.
31. Bhutta Z.A., et al. Neonatal sepsis in Pakistan: presentation and pathogens. Acta. Paediatr. Scand. 1991, 80:596-601.
32. Bhutta Z.A., Yusuf K. Neonatal sepsis in Karachi: factors determining outcome and mortality. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1997, 43:65-70.
33. Boo N.Y., Chor C.Y. Six year trend of neonatal septicaemia in a large Malaysian maternity hospital. J. Paediatr. Child Health 1994, 30:23-27.
34. Campagne G., et al. Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in Niamey, Niger, 1981-96. Bull. World Health Organ. 1999, 77:499-508.
35. Chacko B., Sohi I. Early onset neonatal sepsis. Indian J. Pediatr. 2005, 72:23-26.
36. Chotpitayasunondh T. Bacterial meningitis in children: etiology and clinical features, an 11-year review of 618 cases. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1994, 25:107-115.
37. Chugh K., et al. Bacteriological profile of neonatal septicemia. Indian J. Pediatr. 1988, 55:961-965.
38. Coovadia Y.M., et al. Hospital-acquired neonatal bacterial meningitis: the impacts of cefotaxime usage on mortality and of amikacin usage on incidence. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1989, 9:233-239.
39. Daoud A.S., et al. The changing face of neonatal septicaemia. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1995, 15:93-96.
40. Daoud A.S., et al. Neonatal meningitis in northern Jordan. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1996, 42:267-270.
41. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Population-based incidence and etiology of community-acquired neonatal bacteremia in Mirzapur, Bangladesh: an observational study. J. Infect. Dis. 2009, 200:906-915.
42. Das P.K., et al. Clinical and bacteriological profile of neonatal infections in metropolitan city based medical college nursery. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 1999, 97:3-5.
43. Das P.K., et al. Early neonatal morbidity and mortality in a city based medical college nursery. Indian J. Public Health 1998, 42:9-14.
44. Dawodu A., al Umran K., Twum-Danso K. A case control study of neonatal sepsis: experience from Saudi Arabia. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1997, 43:84-88.
45. Dawodu A.H., Effiong C.E. Neonatal morbidity and mortality among Nigerian infants in a special-care baby unit. East Afr. Med. J. 1983, 60:39-45.
46. Elzouki A.Y., Vesikari T. First international conference on infections in children in Arab countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1985, 4:527-531.
47. English M., et al. Signs of illness in Kenyan infants aged less than 60 days. Bull. World Health Organ. 2004, 82:323-329.
48. Etuk S.J., et al. Perinatal outcome in pregnancies booked for antenatal care but delivered outside health facilities in Calabar, Nigeria. Acta Trop. 2000, 75:29-33.
49. Gebremariam A. Neonatal meningitis in Addis Ababa: a 10-year review. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1998, 18:279-283.
50. Ghiorghis B. Neonatal sepsis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a review of 151 bacteremic neonates. Ethiop. Med. J. 1997, 35:169-176.
51. Greenberg D., et al. A prospective study of neonatal sepsis and meningitis in southern Israel. Pediatr. Infect Dis. J. 1997, 16:768-773.
52. Gupta P., et al. Clinical profile of Klebsiella septicemia in neonates. Indian J. Pediatr. 1993, 60:565-572.
53. Haffejee I.E., et al. Neonatal group B streptococcal infections in Indian (Asian) babies in South Africa. J. Infect. 1991, 22:225-231.
54. Haque K.N., Chagia A.H., Shaheed M.M. Half a decade of neonatal sepsis, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J. Trop. Pediatr 1990, 36:20-23.
55. Kago I., et al. Neonatal septicemia and meningitis caused by gram-negative bacilli in Yaonde: clinical, bacteriological and prognostic aspects. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 1991, 84(5 Pt 5):573-581.
56. Karthikeyan G., Premkumar K. Neonatal sepsis: Staphylococcus aureus as the predominant pathogen. Indian J. Pediatr. 2001, 68:715-717.
57. Karunasekera K.A., Jayawardena D.R., Chandra N.P. The use of commercially prepared 10% dextrose reduces the incidence of neonatal septicaemia. Ceylon Med. J. 1997, 42:207-208.
58. Kaushik S.L., et al. Neonatal sepsis in hospital born babies. J. Commun. Dis. 1998, 30:147-152.
59. Khatua S.P., et al. Neonatal septicemia. Indian J. Pediatr. 1986, 53:509-514.
60. Koutouby A., Habibullah J. Neonatal sepsis in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1995, 41:177-180.
61. Kuruvilla A. Neonatal septicaemia in Kuwait. J. Kuwait Med. Assoc. 1980, 14:225-231.
62. Kuruvilla K.A., et al. Bacterial profile of sepsis in a neonatal unit in south India. Indian Pediatr. 1998, 35:851-858.
63. Leibovitz E., et al. Sepsis at a neonatal intensive care unit: a four-year retrospective study (1989-1992). Isr. J. Med. Sci. 1997, 33:734-738.
64. Lim N.L., et al. Bacteraemic infections in a neonatal intensive care unit-a nine-month survey. Med. J. Malaysia 1995, 50:59-63.
65. Longe A.C., Omene J.A., Okolo A.A. Neonatal meningitis in Nigerian infants. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1984, 73:477-481.
66. Mansour E., et al. Morbidity and mortality of low-birth-weight infants in Egypt. East. Mediterr. Health J. 2005, 11:723-731.
67. Modi N., Kirubakaran C. Reasons for admission, causes of death and costs of admission to a tertiary referral neonatal unit in India. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1995, 41:99-102.
68. Mokuolu A.O., Jiya N., Adesiyun O.O. Neonatal septicaemia in Ilorin: bacterial pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Afr. J. Med. Sci. 2002, 31:127-130.
69. Mondal G.P., et al. Neonatal septicaemia among inborn and outborn babies in a referral hospital. Indian J. Pediatr. 1991, 58:529-533.
70. Moreno M.T., et al. Neonatal sepsis and meningitis in a developing Latin American country. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1994, 13:516-520.
71. Muhe L., et al. Etiology of pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis in infants younger than three months of age in Ethiopia. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1999, 18(Suppl. 10):S56-S61.
72. Namdeo U.K., et al. Bacteriological profile of neonatal septicemia. Indian Pediatr. 1987, 24:53-56.
73. Nathoo K.J., Mason P.R., Chimbira T.H. Neonatal septicaemia in Harare Hospital: aetiology and risk factors. The Puerperal Sepsis Study Group. Cent. Afr. J. Med. 1990, 36:150-156.
74. Nathoo K.J., et al. Neonatal meningitis in Harare, Zimbabwe: a 2-year review. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1991, 11:11-15.
75. Nel E. Neonatal meningitis: mortality, cerebrospinal fluid, and microbiological findings. J. Trop. Pediatr. 2000, 46:237-239.
76. Ohlsson A., Bailey T., Takieddine F. Changing etiology and outcome of neonatal septicemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1986, 75:540-544.
77. Ohlsson A., Serenius F. Neonatal septicemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1981, 70:825-829.
78. Okolo A.A., Omene J.A. Changing pattern of neonatal septicaemia in an African city. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1985, 5:123-126.
79. Owa J.A., Olusanya O. Neonatal bacteraemia in Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesha, Nigeria. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1988, 8:80-84.
80. Prasertsom W., et al. Early versus late onset neonatal septicemia at Children's Hospital. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 1990, 73:106-110.
81. Rajab A., De Louvois J. Survey of infection in babies at the Khoula Hospital, Oman. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1990, 10:39-43.
82. Robillard P.Y., et al. Neonatal bacterial septicemia in a tropical area: four-year experience in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Acta Paediatr. 1993, 82:687-689.
83. Robillard P.Y., et al. Evaluation of neonatal sepsis screening in a tropical area, part I: major risk factors for bacterial carriage at birth in Guadeloupe. West Indian Med. J. 2000, 49:312-315.
84. Rodriguez C.J., et al. Neonatal sepsis: epidemiologic indicators and relation to birth weight and length of hospitalization time. An. Esp. Pediatr. 1998, 48:401-408.
85. Saxena S., et al. Bacterial infections among home delivered neonates: clinical picture and bacteriological profile. Indian Pediatr. 1980, 17:17-24.
86. Sharma P.P., et al. Bacteriological profile of neonatal septicemia. Indian Pediatr. 1987, 24:1011-1017.
87. Sinha N., Deb A., Mukherjee A.K. Septicemia in neonates and early infancy. Indian J. Pediatr. 1986, 53:249-256.
88. Tafari N., Ljungh-Wadstrom A. Consequences of amniotic fluid infections: early neonatal septicaemia 1979, 55-67. Ciba Foundation Symposium, Amsterdam.
89. Tallur S.S., et al. Clinico-bacteriological study of neonatal septicemia in Hubli. Indian J. Pediatr. 2000, 67:169-174.
90. Wong N.A., Hunt L.P., Marlow N. Risk factors for developing neonatal septicaemia at a Malaysian hospital. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1997, 43:54-58.
91. Yardi D., Gaikwad S., Deodhar L. Incidence, mortality and bacteriological profile of septicemia in pediatric patients. Indian J. Pediatr. 1984, 51:173-176.
92. Hyde T.B., et al. Trends in incidence and antimicrobial resistance of early-onset sepsis: population-based surveillance in San Francisco and Atlanta. Pediatrics 2002, 110:690-695.
93. Schuchat A., et al. Risk factors and opportunities for prevention of early-onset neonatal sepsis: a multicenter case-control study. Pediatrics 2000, 105(1 Pt 1):21-26.
94. The State of the World's Children 2009 2009, UNICEF, New York.
95. Bennett R., et al. Changes in the incidence and spectrum of neonatal septicemia during a fifteen-year period. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 1985, 74:687-690.
96. Gladstone I.M., et al. A ten-year review of neonatal sepsis and comparison with the previous fifty-year experience. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1990, 9:819-825.
97. Zaidi A.K., et al. Pathogens associated with sepsis in newborns and young infants in developing countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2009, 28(1 Suppl. 1):S10-S18.
98. WHO Young Infants Study Group The bacterial etiology of serious infections in young infants in developing countries-results of a multicenter study. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1999, (Suppl. 18):S17-S22.
99. WHO Young Infants Study Group Clinical prediction of serious bacterial infections in young infants in developing countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1999, (Suppl. 18):S23-S31.
100. WHO Young Infants Study Group Conclusions from the WHO multicenter study of serious infections in young infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1999, (Suppl. 18):S32-S34.
101. Gatchalian S.R., et al. Bacterial and viral etiology of serious infections in very young Filipino infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1999, (Suppl. 18):S50-S55.
102. Lehmann D., et al. The bacterial and viral etiology of severe infection in children aged less than three months in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1999, (Suppl. 18):S42-S49.
103. Lehmann D., et al. High rates of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in young Papua New Guinean infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1999, (Suppl. 18):S62-S69.
104. E.K. Mulholland, et al., Etiology of serious infections in young Gambian infants, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (Suppl 18) S35-S41.
105. Moore M.R., Schrag S.J., Schuchat A. Effects of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of group-B-streptococcal disease on the incidence and ecology of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Lancet 2003, 3:201-213.
106. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Revised Guidelines from CDC. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2002, 51:1-22.
107. Stoll B.J., Schuchat A. Maternal carriage of group B streptococci in developing countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1998, 17:499-503.
108. Blumberg H.M., et al. Invasive group B streptococcal disease: the emergence of serotype V. J. Infect. Dis. 1996, 173:365-373.
109. Collins T.S., et al. Group B streptococcal colonization in a developing country: its association with sexually transmitted disease and socioeconomic factors. Am. J. Trop. Med. 1998, 59:633-636.
110. Suara R.O., et al. Carriage of group B streptococci in pregnant Gambian mothers and their infants. J. Infect. Dis. 1994, 70:1316-1319.
111. Regan J.A., et al. Colonization with group B streptococci in pregnancy and adverse outcome. VIP Study Group. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996, 174:1354-1360.
112. Thaver D., Ali S.A., Zaidi A.K. Antimicrobial resistance among neonatal pathogens in developing countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2009, 28(Suppl. 1):S19-S21.
113. Management of the child with a serious infection or severe malnutrition Guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries 2000, World Health Organization, Geneva.
114. Zaidi A.K., et al. Hospital-acquired neonatal infections in developing countries. Lancet 2005, 365:1175-1188.
115. Chan P.C., et al. Control of an outbreak of pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2007, 28:423-429.
116. Zingg W., Posfay-Barbe K.M., Pittet D. Healthcare-associated infections in neonates. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2008, 21:228-234.
117. Brown S.M., et al. Use of an alcohol-based hand rub and quality improvement interventions to improve hand hygiene in a Russian neonatal intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2003, 24:172-179.
118. Ng P.C., et al. Combined use of alcohol hand rub and gloves reduces the incidence of late onset infection in very low birthweight infants. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal. Neonatal. Ed. 2004, 89:F336-F440.
119. Goldenberg R.L., et al. Use of vaginally administered chlorhexidine during labor to improve pregnancy outcomes. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006, 107:1139-1146.
120. McClure E.M., et al. The use of chlorhexidine to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in low-resource settings. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2007, 97:89-94.
121. Mullany L.C., Darmstadt G.L., Tielsch J.M. Safety and impact of chlorhexidine antisepsis interventions for improving neonatal health in developing countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2006, 25:665-675.
122. Taha T.E., et al. Effect of cleansing the birth canal with antiseptic solution on maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in Malawi: clinical trial. BMJ 1997, 315:216-219.
123. Bakr A.F., Karkour T. Effect of predelivery vaginal antisepsis on maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in Egypt. J. Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005, 14:496-501.
124. Cutland C.L., et al. Chlorhexidine maternal-vaginal and neonate body wipes in sepsis and vertical transmission of pathogenic bacteria in South Africa: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2009, 19:19.
125. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Topically applied sunflower seed oil prevents invasive bacterial infections in preterm infants in Egypt: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2004, 23:719-725.
126. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Effect of topical treatment with skin barrier-enhancing emollients on nosocomial infections in preterm infants in Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 365:1039-1045.
127. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Effect of skin barrier therapy on neonatal mortality rates in preterm infants in Bangladesh: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. Pediatrics 2008, 121:522-529.
128. Rhinehart E., Goldmann D.A., O'Rourke E.J. Adaptation of the Centers for Disease Control guidelines for the prevention of nosocomial infection in a pediatric intensive care unit in Jakarta, Indonesia. Am. J. Med. 1991, 91:213S-220S.
129. Zaidi M., Angulo M., Sifuentes-Osornio J. Disinfection and sterilization practices in Mexico. J. Hosp. Infect. 1995, 31:25-32.
130. Berg D.E., et al. Control of nosocomial infections in an intensive care unit in Guatemala City. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995, 21:588-593.
131. Webster J., Pritchard M.A. Gowning by attendants and visitors in newborn nurseries for prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003, (3). CD003670.
132. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Infection control practices reduce nosocomial infections and mortality in preterm infants in Bangladesh. J. Perinatol. 2005, 25:331-335.
133. Misra S., et al. Clinical and bacteriological profile of neonatal pneumonia. Indian J. Med. Res. 1991, 93:366-370.
134. Patwari A.K., et al. Aetiology of pneumonia in hospitalized children. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1996, 42:15-19.
135. Monto A.S., Lehmann Acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children: prospects for prevention. Vaccine 1998, 16:1582-1588.
136. Ploin D., et al. Influenza burden in children newborn to eleven months of age in a pediatric emergency department during the peak of an influenza epidemic. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2003, 22:S218-S222.
137. Zaman K., et al. Acute respiratory infections in children: a community-based longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1997, 43:133-137.
138. Garenne M., Ronsmans C., Campbell H. The magnitude of mortality from acute respiratory infections in children under 5 years in developing countries. World Health Stat. Q. 1992, 45:180-191.
139. Bang A.T., et al. Pneumonia in neonates: can it be managed in the community?. Arch. Dis. Child. 1993, 68:550-556.
140. Victora C.G., et al. Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: improving nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70:309-320.
141. Arifeen S., et al. Exclusive breastfeeding reduces acute respiratory infection and diarrhea deaths among infants in Dhaka slums. Pediatrics 2001, 108:e67.
142. Datta N., et al. Application of case management to the control of acute respiratory infections in low-birth-weight infants: a feasibility study. Bull. World Health Organ. 1987, 65:77-82.
143. Young Infants Clinical Signs Study Group Clinical signs that predict severe illness in children under age 2 months: a multicentre study. Lancet 2008, 371:135-142.
144. Bern C., et al. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal disease: a ten-year update. Bull. World Health Organ. 1992, 70:705-714.
145. Snyder J.D., Merson M.H. The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease: a review of active surveillance data. Bull. World Health Organ. 1982, 60:605-613.
146. Golding J., Emmett P.M., Rogers I.S. Gastroenteritis, diarrhoea and breast feeding. Early Hum. Dev. 1997, 49(Suppl. l):S83-S103.
147. Huttly S.R., Morris S.S., Pisani V. Prevention of diarrhoea in young children in developing countries. Bull. World Health Organ. 1997, 75:163-174.
148. Huilan S., et al. Etiology of acute diarrhoea among children in developing countries: a multicentre study in five countries. Bull. World Health Organ. 1991, 89:s49-s55.
149. Black R.E., et al. Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1989, 129:785-799.
150. Mahmud A., et al. Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan, VII. diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. Suppl. 1993, 390:79-85.
151. Aye D.T., et al. Neonatal diarrhea at a maternity hospital in Rangoon. Am. J. Public Health 1991, 81:480-481.
152. Espinoza F., et al. Rotavirus infections in young Nicaraguan children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1997, 16:564-571.
153. Parashar U.D., et al. Rotavirus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1998, 4:1-10.
154. Haffejee I.E. The epidemiology of rotavirus infections: a global perspective. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1995, 20:275-286.
155. Bhan M.K., et al. Protection conferred by neonatal rotavirus infection against subsequent diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 1993, 168:282-287.
156. Bishop R.F., et al. Clinical immunity after neonatal rotavirus infection: a prospective longitudinal study in young children. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983, 309:72-76.
157. Fischer T.K., et al. Protective immunity after natural rotavirus infection: a community cohort study of newborn children in Guinea-Bissau, west Africa. J. Infect. Dis. 2002, 186:593-597.
158. Cicirello H.G., et al. High prevalence of rotavirus infection among neonates born at hospitals in Delhi, India: predisposition of newborns for infection with unusual rotavirus. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1994, 13:720-724.
159. Vethanayagam R.R., et al. Possible role of neonatal infection with the asymptomatic reassortant rotavirus (RV) strain I321 in the decrease in hospital admissions for RV diarrhea, Bangalore, India, 1988-1999. J. Infect. Dis. 2004, 189:2282-2289.
160. Ramani S., et al. Rotavirus infection in the neonatal nurseries of a tertiary care hospital in India. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2008, 27:719-723.
161. Bhatia S. Patterns and causes of neonatal and postneonatal mortality in rural Bangladesh. Stud. Fam. Plann. 1989, 20:136-146.
162. De Francisco A., et al. The pattern of infant and childhood mortality in Upper River Division, The Gambia. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1993, 13:345-352.
163. Garg S.K., et al. Neonatal mortality in Meerut district. Indian J. Med. Sci. 1993, 47:222-225.
164. Islam M.S., et al. Infant mortality in rural Bangladesh: an analysis of causes during neonatal and postneonatal periods. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1982, 28:294-298.
165. Kandeh B.S. Causes of infant and early childhood deaths in Sierra Leone. Soc. Sci. Med. 1986, 23:297-303.
166. Khan S.R., et al. Early child health in Lahore, Pakistan, X: mortality. Acta Paediatr. 1993, 390(Suppl):109-177.
167. Knobel R.H., Yang W.S., Ho M.S. Urban-rural and regional differences in infant mortality in Taiwan. Soc. Sci. Med. 1994, 39:815-822.
168. Kumar V., Datta N., Saini S.S. Infant mortality in a rural community development block in Haryana. Indian J. Pediatr. 1982, 49:795-802.
169. Singhal P.K., et al. Neonatal morbidity and mortality in ICDS urban slums. Indian Pediatr. 1990, 27:485-488.
170. Sivagnanasundram C., Sivarajah N., Wijayaratnam A. Infant deaths in a health unit area of Northern Sri Lanka. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1985, 88:401-406.
171. Mullany L.C., et al. Incidence and risk factors for newborn umbilical cord infections on Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2009, 28:503-509.
172. Cushing A.H. Omphalitis: a review. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 1985, 4:282-285.
173. Mullany L.C., et al. Topical applications of chlorhexidine to the umbilical cord for prevention of omphalitis and neonatal mortality in southern Nepal: a community-based, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2006, 367:910-918.
174. Mullany L.C., et al. Development of clinical sign based algorithms for community based assessment of omphalitis. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal. Neonatal. Ed. 2006, 91:F99-F104.
175. Mullany L.C., et al. Risk of mortality subsequent to umbilical cord infection among newborns of southern Nepal: cord infection and mortality. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2009, 28:17-20.
176. Sawin R.S., et al. Early recognition of neonatal abdominal wall necrotizing fasciitis. Am. J. Surg. 1994, 167:481-484.
177. Samuel M., et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: a serious complication of omphalitis in neonates. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1994, 29:1414-1416.
178. Mullany L.C., et al. Risk factors for umbilical cord infection among newborns of southern Nepal. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 165:203-211.
179. Airede A.I. Pathogens in neonatal omphalitis. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1992, 38:129-131.
180. Bhardwaj N., Hasan S.B. High perinatal and neonatal mortality in rural India. J. R. Soc. Health. 1993, vol 113:60-63.
181. Faridi M.M., Rattan A., Ahmad S.H. Omphalitis neonatorum. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 1993, 91:283-285.
182. Güvenç H., et al. Neonatal omphalitis is still common in eastern Turkey. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1991, 23:613-616.
183. Güvenç H., et al. Omphalitis in term and preterm appropriate for gestational age and small for gestational age infants. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1997, 43:368-372.
184. Chamnanvanakij S., et al. A randomized study of 3 umbilical cord care regimens at home in Thai neonates: comparison of time to umbilical cord separation, parental satisfaction and bacterial colonization. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2005, 88:967-972.
185. Sawardekar K.P. Changing spectrum of neonatal omphalitis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2004, 23:22-26.
186. Rush J., Chalmers I., Enkin M. Care of the new mother and baby. Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth 1989, 1333-1346. Oxford University Press, New York. I. Chalmers, M. Enkin, M.J. Keirse (Eds.).
187. Baley J.E., Fanaroff A.A. Neonatal infections, I: infection related to nursery care practices. Effective Care of the Newborn Infant 1992, 454-476. Oxford University Press, New York. J.C. Sinclair, M.B. Bracken (Eds.).
188. Mullany L.C., Darmstadt G.L., Tielsch J.M. Role of antimicrobial applications to the umbilical cord in neonates to prevent bacterial colonization and infection: a review of the evidence. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2003, 22:996-1002.
189. Balsara Z.P., et al. Impact of clean delivery kit use on clean delivery practices in Beni Suef Governorate. Egypt J. Perinatol. 2009, 29:673-679.
190. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Impact of clean delivery kit use on newborn umbilical cord and maternal puerperal infections in Egypt. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2009, 27:746-754.
191. Jokhio A.H., Winter H.R., Cheng K.K. An intervention involving traditional birth attendants and perinatal and maternal mortality in Pakistan. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352:2091-2099.
192. Mosha F., et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a clean delivery kit intervention in preventing cord infection and puerperal sepsis among neonates and their mothers in rural Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Tanzan. Health Res. Bull. 2005, 7:185-188.
193. Tsu V. Nepal Clean Home Delivery Kit: Evaluation of the Health Impact 2000, PATH, Seattle, WA.
194. Winani S., et al. Use of a clean delivery kit and factors associated with cord infection and puerperal sepsis in Mwanza, Tanzania. J. Midwifery Womens Health 2007, 52:37-43.
195. WHO Care of the Umbilical Cord 1998, World Health Organization, Geneva.
196. Garner P., et al. Avoiding neonatal death: an intervention study of umbilical cord care. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1994, 40:24-28.
197. Mullany L.C., et al. Impact of umbilical cord cleansing with 4.0% chlorhexidine on time to cord separation among newborns in southern Nepal: a cluster-randomized, community-based trial. Pediatrics 2006, 118:1864-1871.
198. Stroh G., et al. Measurement of mortality from neonatal tetanus in Burma. Bull. World Health Organ. 1987, 65:309-316.
199. Bank W.U.W. State of the World's Vaccines and Immunization 2002, World Health Organization, Geneva.
200. UNICEF The Progress of Nations 2000 2000, UNICEF, New York.
201. WHO Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination by 2005: Strategies for Achieving and Maintaining Elimination 2000, World Health Organization, Geneva.
202. Rochat R., Akhter H.H. Tetanus and pregnancy-related mortality in Bangladesh. Lancet 1999, 354:565.
203. WHO The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update 2008, World Health Organization, Geneva.
204. Nsanze H., et al. Ophthalmia neonatorum in the United Arab Emirates. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1996, 16:27-32.
205. Pandey K.K., et al. Clinico-bacteriological study of neonatal conjunctivitis. Indian J. Pediatr. 1990, 57:527-531.
206. Verma M., Chhatwal J., Varughese P.V. Neonatal conjunctivitis: a profile. Indian Pediatr. 1994, 31:1357-1361.
207. Fransen L., et al. Ophthalmia neonatorum in Nairobi, Kenya: the roles of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. J. Infect. Dis. 1986, 153:862-869.
208. Galega F., Heymann D., Nasah B. Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum: the case for prophylaxis in tropical Africa. Bull. World Health Organ. 1984, 62:95-98.
209. Laga M., Meheus A., Piot P. Epidemiology and control of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. Bull. World Health Organ. 1989, 67:471-477.
210. Laga M., et al. Epidemiology of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya. Lancet 1986, 2:1145-1148.
211. Laga M., et al. Prophylaxis of gonococcal and chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum: a comparison of silver nitrate and tetracycline. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, 318:653-657.
212. Sergiwa A., et al. Ophthalmia neonatorum in Bangkok: the significance of Chlamydia trachomatis. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1993, 13:233-236.
213. Amini E., Ghasemi M., Daneshjou K. A five-year study in Iran of ophthalmia neonatorum: prevalence and etiology. Med. Sci. Monit. 2008, 14:CR90-CR96.
214. Chang K., Cheng V., Kwong N. Neonatal haemorrhagic conjunctivitis: a specific sign of chlamydial infection. Hong Kong Med. J. 2006, 12:27-32.
215. Di Bartolomeo S., et al. [Neonatal conjunctivitis in a hospital at Gran Buenos Aires: last 5 years up-date]. Rev. Argent. Microbiol. 2005, 37:139-141.
216. Hanenberg R., et al. Impact of Thailand's HIV-control programme as indicated by the decline of sexually transmitted diseases. Lancet 1994, 344:243-246.
217. Nelson K., et al. Changes in sexual behavior and decline in HIV infection among young men in Thailand. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996, 335:297-303.
218. Credé K.S.F. Die Verhütung der Augenentzündung der Neugeborenen. Arch. Gynekol. 1881, 17:50-53.
219. Hammerschlag M.R., et al. Efficacy of neonatal ocular prophylaxis for the prevention of chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989, 320:768-772.
220. Zanoni D., Isenberg S., Apt L. A comparison of silver nitrate with erythromycin for prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum. Clin. Pediatr. 1992, 31:295-298.
221. 2000 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases 2000, American Academy of Pediatrics, Chicago. twenty fifth ed.
222. Isenberg S.J., Apt L., Wood M. A controlled trial of povidone-iodine as prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 332:562-566.
223. Isenberg S., et al. A double application approach to ophthalmia neonatorum prophylaxis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2003, 87:1449-1452.
224. Benevento W., et al. The sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and herpes simplex type II to disinfection with povidone-iodine. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1990, 109:329-333.
225. Ali Z., et al. Prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum comparison of Betadine, erythromycin and no prophylaxis. J. Trop. Pediatr. 2007, 53:388-392.
226. WHO/UNAIDS Report on the AIDS Epidemic 2008, World Health Organization & UNAIDS, Geneva.
227. UNICEF The State of the World's Children 2009, UNICEF, New York.
228. UNICEF Africa's Orphaned Generations 2003, UNICEF, New York.
229. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 40:458-465.
230. Anderson B.L., Cu-Uvin S. Pregnancy and optimal care of HIV-infected patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009, 48:449-455.
231. Mofenson L.M. Advances in the prevention of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 2003, 14:295-308.
232. Navér L., et al. Children born to HIV-1-infected women in Sweden in 1982-2003: trends in epidemiology and vertical transmission. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 2006, 42:484-489.
233. De Cock K.M., et al. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 2000, 283:1175-1182.
234. WHO/UNICEF The Interaction Task Team (IATT) on Prevention of HIV Infection in Pregnant Women, Mothers and Their Children. Guidance on Global Scale-up of the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV: Towards Universal Access for Women, Infants and Young Children and Eliminating HIV and AIDS among Children 2007, World Health Organization, Geneva.
235. United Nations General Assembly Final declaration of commitment on HIV/AIDS (A/s-26/L.2) 2001, United Nations, New York.
236. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Lancet 2000, 355:451-455.
237. Jones G., et al. How many child deaths can we prevent this year?. Lancet 2003, 362:65-71.
238. Coovadia H. Current issues in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 2009, 4:319-324.
239. Horvath T., et al. Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, 21. CD006734.
240. Kuhn L., Reitz C., Abrams E.J. Breastfeeding and AIDS in the developing world. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2009, 21:83-93.
241. WHO. Rapid Advice: Infant Feeding in the Context of HIV, Last accessed June 20. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/paediatric/advice/en/index.html.
242. Connor E.M., et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331:1173-1180.
243. Paintsil E., Andiman W.A. Update on successes and challenges regarding mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2009, 21:94-101.
244. Spensley A., et al. Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in resource-limited settings: the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation experience. Am. J. Public Health 2009, 99:631-637.
245. WHO HIV/AIDS Programme. Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating Pregnant Women and Preventing HIV Infection in Infants: Towards Universal Access 2006, World Health Organization, Geneva.
246. The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-a meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies. The International Perinatal HIV Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340:977-987.
247. Read J.S., Newell M.K. Efficacy and safety of cesarean delivery for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005, 19. CD005479.
248. Read J.S. Cesarean section delivery to prevent vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: associated risks and other considerations. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2000, 918:115-121.
249. Bryce J., et al. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 2005, 365:1147-1152.
250. Menu E., et al. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: developing integration of healthcare programmes with clinical, social and basic research studies. Report of the International Workshop held at Chobe Marina Lodge, Kasane, Botswana, 21-25 January 2003. Acta Paediatr. 2003, 92:1343-1348.
251. Bennett J.V., Rogers M.F. Child survival and perinatal infections with human immunodeficiency virus. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1991, 145:1242-1247.
252. Filteau S. The HIV-exposed, uninfected African child. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2009, 14:276-287.
253. WHO Women and Health: Today's Evidence, Tomorrow's Agenda 2009, World Health Organization, Geneva.
254. Figueroa-Damián R., Arredondo-García J.L. Neonatal outcome of children born to women with tuberculosis. Arch. Med. Res. 2001, 32:66-69.
255. Jana N., et al. Perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 1994, 44:119-124.
256. Smith K.C. Congenital tuberculosis: a rare manifestation of a common infection. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2002, 15:269-274.
257. Starke J.R. Tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to the mother, fetus, and neonate. Clin. Perinatol. 1997, 24:107-127.
258. Mazade M.A., et al. Congenital tuberculosis presenting as sepsis syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2001, 20:439-442.
259. Lawn S.D., Churchyard G. Epidemiology of HIV-associated tuberculosis. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 2009, 4:325-333.
260. Abdool Karim S.S., et al. HIV infection and tuberculosis in South Africa: an urgent need to escalate the public health response. Lancet 2009, 374:921-933.
261. Adhikari M., Pillay T., Pillay D. Tuberculosis in the newborn: an emerging disease. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1997, 16:1108-1112.
262. Pillay T., et al. Severe, rapidly progressive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease in newborns with coinfections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2001, 20:404-410.
263. Adhikari M. Tuberculosis and tuberculosis/HIV co-infection in pregnancy. Semin. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 2009, 14:234-240.
264. WHO WHO Global Malaria Programme. World Malaria Report 2008 2008, World Health Organization, Geneva.
265. Steketee R.W., et al. The problem of malaria and malaria control in pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1996, 55:2-7.
266. Shulman C.E., Dorman E.K. Importance and prevention of malaria in pregnancy. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2003, 97:30-35.
267. Brabin B.J. An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa. Bull. World Health Organ. 1983, 61:1005-1016.
268. McGregor I.A. Epidemiology, malaria, and pregnancy. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1984, 33:517-525.
269. Nosten F., et al. Malaria during pregnancy in an area of unstable endemicity. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1991, 85:424-429.
270. Duffy P.E. Plasmodium in the placenta: parasites, parity, protection, prevention and possibly preeclampsia. Parasitology 2007, 134(Pt 13):1877-1881.
271. Gilles H.M., et al. Malaria, anaemia and pregnancy. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1969, 63:245-263.
272. Egwunyenga O.A., Ajayi J.A., Duhlinska-Popova D.D. Malaria in pregnancy in Nigerians: seasonality and relationship to splenomegaly and anaemia. Indian J. Malariol. 1997, 34:17-24.
273. Matteelli A., et al. The placenta and malaria. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1997, 91:803-810.
274. McGregor I.A., Wilson M.E., Billewicz W.Z. Malaria infection of the placenta in The Gambia, West Africa: its incidence and relationship to stillbirth, birthweight and placental weight. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1983, 77:232-244.
275. Okoko B.J., Enwere G., Ota M.O. The epidemiology and consequences of maternal malaria: a review of immunological basis. Acta Trop. 2003, 87:193-205.
276. Okoko B.J., et al. Influence of placental malaria infection on fetal outcome in the Gambia: twenty years after Ian Mcgregor. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2002, 20:4-11.
277. Galbraith R.M., et al. The human maternal-foetal relationship in malaria, II: histological, ultrastructural and immunopathological studies of the placenta. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1980, 74:61-72.
278. Steketee R.W., et al. The effect of malaria and malaria prevention in pregnancy on offspring birthweight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth retardation in rural Malawi. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1996, 55:33-41.
279. Bouvier P., et al. Seasonality, malaria, and impact of prophylaxis in a West African village, II: effect on birthweight. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1997, 56:384-389.
280. Nosten F., et al. Effects of Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy. Lancet 1999, 354:546-549.
281. Kramer M.S. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and metaanalysis. Bull. World Health Organ. 1987, 65:663-737.
282. Luxemburger C., et al. Effects of malaria during pregnancy on infant mortality in an area of low malaria transmission. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001, 154:459-465.
283. Chizzolini C., et al. Isotypic analysis, antigen specificity, and inhibitory function of maternally transmitted Plasmodium falciparum-specific antibodies in Gabonese newborns. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1991, 45:57-64.
284. Nguyen-Dinh P., et al. Rapid spontaneous postpartum clearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia in African women. Lancet 1988, 2:751-752.
285. Ibhanesebhor S.E. Clinical characteristics of neonatal malaria. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1995, 41:330-333.
286. Brabin B.J., et al. Monitoring and evaluation of malaria in pregnancy-developing a rational basis for control. Malar. J. 2008, 7(7 Suppl. 1):S6.
287. WHO/AFRO A Strategic Framework for Malaria Prevention and Control during Pregnancy in the African Region 2004, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville.
288. Wolfe M.S., Cordero J.F. Safety of chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. BMJ 1985, 290:1466-1467.
289. UNICEF The Progress of the Nations 1997 1997, UNICEF, New York.
290. ter Kuile F.O., van Eijk A.M., Filler S.J. Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review. JAMA 2007, 297:2603-2616.
291. Newman R.D., et al. Safety, efficacy and determinants of effectiveness of antimalarial drugs during pregnancy: implications for prevention programmes in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic sub-Saharan Africa. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2003, 8:488-506.
292. Nosten F., et al. Editorial: Maternal malaria: time for action. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2003, 8:485-487.
293. Nosten F., et al. Antimalarial drugs in pregnancy: a review. Curr. Drug Saf. 2006, 1:1-15.
294. Garner P., Gulmezoglu A.M. Prevention versus treatment for malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2000, 2. CD000169.
295. Cot M., et al. Effect of chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during pregnancy on birth weight: results of a randomized trial. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1992, 46:21-27.
296. Garner P., Gulmezoglu A.M. Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006, 18. CD000169.
297. Shulman C.E., et al. Intermittent sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine to prevent severe anaemia secondary to malaria in pregnancy: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 1999, 353:632-636.
298. Schultz L.J., et al. Evaluation of maternal practices, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of alternative antimalarial regimens for use in pregnancy: chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1996, 55(Suppl. 1):87-94.
299. Steketee R.W., et al. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001, 64(Suppl. 1-2):28-35.
300. Goodman C.A., Coleman P.G., Mills A.J. The cost-effectiveness of antenatal malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001, 64(Suppl. 1-2):45-56.
301. WHO Expert Committee on Malaria WHO Technical Report Series Number 892 2000, World Health Organization, Geneva.
302. Steketee R.W. Malaria prevention in pregnancy: when will the prevention programme respond to the science. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2002, 20:1-3.
303. Heymann D.L., et al. Antenatal chloroquine chemoprophylaxis in Malawi: chloroquine resistance, compliance, protective efficacy and cost. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1990, 84:496-498.
304. Alonso P.L., et al. The effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet 1991, 337:1499-1502.
305. Nevill C.G., et al. Insecticide-treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1996, 1:139-146.
306. Binka F.N., et al. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1996, 1:147-154.
307. Gamble C., Ekwaru J.P., ter Kuile F.O. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006, 19. CD003755.
308. Marchant T., et al. Socially marketed insecticide-treated nets improve malaria and anaemia in pregnancy in southern Tanzania. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2002, 7:149-158.
309. Hanson K., et al. Household ownership and use of insecticide treated nets among target groups after implementation of a national voucher programme in the United Republic of Tanzania: plausibility study using three annual cross sectional household surveys. BMJ 2009, 339:b2434.
310. Kleinschmidt I., et al. Marked increase in child survival after four years of intensive malaria control. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 80:882-888.
311. Brahmbhatt H., et al. The effects of placental malaria on mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 2003, 17:2539-2541.
312. Ladner J., et al. Malaria, HIV and pregnancy. AIDS 2003, 17:275-276.
313. van Eijk A.M., et al. HIV increases the risk of malaria in women of all gravidities in Kisumu, Kenya. AIDS 2003, 17:595-603.
314. Briand V., Badaut C., Cot M. Placental malaria, maternal HIV infection and infant morbidity. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 2009, 29:71-83.
315. Ticconi C., et al. Effect of maternal HIV and malaria infection on pregnancy and perinatal outcome in Zimbabwe. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 2003, 34:289-294.
316. Improving Birth Outcomes: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World 2003, Institute of Medicine, The National Academy Press, Washington, DC. J.R. Bale, B.J. Stoll, A.O. Lucas (Eds.).
317. The State of the World's Newborns A Report from Saving Newborn Lives 2001, Save the Children, Washington, DC.
318. The World's Women 1995 Trends and Statistics. Social Statistics and Indicators 1995, United Nations, New York.
319. Tomasevski K. Women and Human Rights 1993, Zed Books, Atlantic Highlands, NJ.
320. Mother-baby package Implementing safe motherhood in countries 1994, World Health Organization, Division of Family Health, Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood Programme, Geneva.
321. Maternal and Perinatal Infections A Practical Guide: Report of a WHO Consultation 1991, World Health Organization, Geneva, WHO/MCH/91.10.
322. Maternal Care for the Reduction of Perinatal and Neonatal Mortality 1986, World Health Organization, Geneva.
323. Fischer G.W., Ottolini M.G., Mond J.J. Prospects for vaccines during pregnancy and in the newborn period. Clin. Perinatol. 1997, 24:231-249.
324. Vicari M., Dodet B., Englund J. Protection of newborns through maternal immunization. Vaccine 2003, 21:3351.
325. H5N1 avian influenza: first steps towards development of a human vaccine. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 2005, 80:277-278.
326. Tamma P.D., et al. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009, 20:20.
327. Zaman K., et al. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359:1555-1564.
328. Baker C.J., et al. Immunization of pregnant women with a polysaccharide vaccine of group B streptococcus. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, 319:1180-1185.
329. Baker C.J., Edwards M.S. Group B streptococcal conjugate vaccines. Arch. Dis. Child. 2003, 88:375-378.
330. Baker C.J., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent group B streptococcal conjugate vaccine for serotypes II and III. J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 188:66-73.
331. Baker C.J., Rench M.A., McInnes P. Immunization of pregnant women with group B streptococcal type III capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2003, 21:3468-3472.
332. Lin F.Y., et al. Level of maternal antibody required to protect neonates against early-onset disease caused by group B streptococcus type Ia: a multicenter, seroepidemiology study. J. Infect. Dis. 2001, 184:1022-1028.
333. Mulholland K., et al. Maternal immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine in The Gambia. JAMA 1996, 275:1182-1188.
334. O'Dempsey T.J., et al. Immunization with a pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine during pregnancy. Vaccine 1996, 14:963-970.
335. Santosham M., et al. Safety and antibody persistence following Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines given before pregnancy in women of childbearing age and their infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2001, 20:931-940.
336. Shahid N.S., et al. Serum, breast milk, and infant antibody after maternal immunisation with pneumococcal vaccine. Lancet 1995, 346:1252-1257.
337. Englund J.A., et al. Haemophilus influenzae type b-specific antibody in infants after maternal immunization. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1997, 16:1122-1130.
338. Michon F., et al. Group B streptococcal type II and III conjugate vaccines: physicochemical properties that influence immunogenicity. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2006, 13:936-943.
339. Marchant A., Newport M. Prevention of infectious diseases by neonatal and early infantile immunization: prospects for the new millennium. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2000, 13:241-246.
340. Smith P.G. Case-control studies of the efficacy of BCG against tuberculosis. International Union Against Tuberculosis. XXVIth IUAT World Conference on Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 1987 1987, 73-79. Professional Postgraduate Services International, Singapore.
341. Colditz G.A., et al. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics 1995, 96:29-35.
342. Trunz B.B., Fine P., Dye C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness. Lancet 2006, 367:1173-1180.
343. Hesseling A.C., et al. Consensus statement on the revised World Health Organization recommendations for BCG vaccination in HIV-infected infants. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung. Dis. 2008, 12:1376-1379.
344. Delage G., Remy-Prince S., Montplaisir S. Combined active-passive immunization against the hepatitis B virus: five-year follow-up of children born to hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1993, 12:126-130.
345. Andre F.E., Zuckerman A.J. Review: protective efficacy of hepatitis B vaccines in neonates. J. Med. Virol. 1994, 44:144-151.
346. WHO World Health Organization Expanded Programme on Immunization: global advisory group. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 1992, 3:11-16.
347. WHO State of the World's Vaccines and Immunization 2009, World Health Organization, Geneva. third ed.
348. WHO The Prevention and Management of Puerperal Infections 1992, World Health Organization, Geneva.
349. WHO The Global Elimination of Neonatal Tetanus: Progress to Date. Bull. WHO 1994, 72:155-164.
350. WHO/UNICEF Maternal care for the reduction of perinatal and neonatal mortality. A Joint WHO/UNICEF Statement 1986, World Health Organization, Geneva.
351. Gerbase A.C., Rowley J.T., Mertens T.E. Global epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases. Lancet 1998, 351(Suppl. 3):2-4.
352. Moodley P., Sturm A.W. Sexually transmitted infections, adverse pregnancy outcome and neonatal infection. Semin. Neonatol. 2000, 5:255-269.
353. Walker D.G., Walker G.J. Forgotten but not gone: the continuing scourge of congenital syphilis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2002, 2:432-436.
354. Kuate Defo B. Epidemiology and control of infant and early childhood malaria: a competing risks analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1995, 24:204-217.
355. Stoll B.J. The global impact of neonatal infection. Clin. Perinatol. 1997, 24:1-21.
356. Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Opportunities for Africa's Newborns: Practical Data, Policy and Programmatic Support for Newborn Care in Africa 2006, Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, Cape Town, South Africa.
357. Baqui A.H., et al. Effect of community-based newborn-care intervention package implemented through two service-delivery strategies in Sylhet district, Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008, 371:1936-1944.
358. Baqui A.H., et al. Effect of timing of first postnatal care home visit on neonatal mortality in Bangladesh: a observational cohort study. BMJ 2009, 339(339):b2826.
359. Kumar V., et al. Effect of community-based behaviour change management on neonatal mortality in Shivgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008, 372:1151-1162.
360. Hanson L.A., et al. Breast feeding: overview and breast milk immunology. Acta Paediatr. Jpn. 1994, 36:557-561.
361. Ashraf R.N., et al. Breast feeding and protection against neonatal sepsis in a high risk population. Arch. Dis. Child. 1991, 66:488-490.
362. Brown K.H., et al. Infant-feeding practices and their relationship with diarrheal and other diseases in Huascar (Lima), Peru. Pediatrics 1989, 83:31-40.
363. De Zoysa I., Rea M., Martines J. Why promote breastfeeding in diarrhoeal disease control programmes?. Health Policy Plan. 1991, 6:371-379.
364. Feachem R.G., Koblinsky M.A. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of breast-feeding. Bull. World Health Organ. 1984, 62:271-291.
365. Glezen W.P. Epidemiological perspective of breastfeeding and acute respiratory illnesses in infants. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1991, 310:235-240.
366. Narayanan I., et al. Randomised controlled trial of effect of raw and holder pasteurised human milk and of formula supplements on incidence of neonatal infection. Lancet 1984, 2:1111-1113.
367. Habicht J.P., DaVanzo J., Butz W.P. Does breastfeeding really save lives, or are apparent benefits due to biases?. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1986, 123:279-290.
368. Srivastava S.P., Sharma V.K., Jha S.P. Mortality patterns in breast versus artificially fed term babies in early infancy: a longitudinal study. Indian Pediatr. 1994, 31:1393-1396.
369. Victora C.G., et al. Infant feeding and deaths due to diarrhea: a case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1989, 129:1032-1041.
370. Victora C.G., et al. Evidence for protection by breast-feeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil. Lancet 1987, 2:319-322.
371. Bertolli J., et al. Estimating the timing of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in a breast-feeding population in Kinshasa, Zaire. J. Infect. Dis. 1996, 174:722-726.
372. Bobat R., et al. Breastfeeding by HIV-1-infected women and outcome in their infants: a cohort study from Durban, South Africa. AIDS 1997, 11:1627-1633.
373. Brahmbhatt H., Gray R.H. Child mortality associated with reasons for non-breastfeeding and weaning: is breastfeeding best for HIV-positive mothers?. AIDS 2003, 17:879-885.
374. Dunn D.T., et al. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding. Lancet 1992, 340:585-588.
375. Ekpini E.R., et al. Late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Lancet 1997, 349:1054-1059.
376. Fowler M.G., Newell M.L. Breast-feeding and HIV-1 transmission in resource-limited settings. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2002, 30:230-239.
377. Kourtis A.P., et al. Breast milk and HIV-1: vector of transmission or vehicle of protection?. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2003, 3:786-793.
378. Kreiss J. Breastfeeding and vertical transmission of HIV-1. Acta Paediatr. 1997, (Suppl. 421):113-117.
379. Tess B.H., et al. Breastfeeding, genetic, obstetric and other risk factors associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Sao Paulo Collaborative Study for Vertical Transmission of HIV-1. AIDS 1998, 12:513-520.
380. Van de Perre P. Postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: the breast-feeding dilemma. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1995, 173:483-487.
381. WHO/UNAIDS HIV and Infant Feeding: A Policy Statement Developed Collaboratively by UNAIDS, WHO, and UNICEF 1998, WHO/UNAIDS, Geneva.
382. Raghavan M., et al. Perinatal risk factors in neonatal infections. Indian J. Pediatr. 1992, 59:335-340.
383. Airede A.I. Prolonged rupture of membranes and neonatal outcome in a developing country. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1992, 12:283-288.
384. Asindi A.A., Omene J.A. Prolonged rupture of membrane and neonatal morbidity. East Afr. Med. J. 1980, 57:707-711.
385. Weber M.W., et al. Predictors of neonatal sepsis in developing countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2003, 22:711-717.
386. Baqui A.H., et al. Community-based validation of assessment of newborn illnesses by trained community health workers in Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2009, 5:5.
387. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Validation of community health workers' assessment of neonatal illness in rural Bangladesh. Bull. World Health Organ. 2009, 87:12-19.
388. Klein J.O. Bacterial sepsis and meningitis. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant 2000, 943-998. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. fifth ed. J.S. Remington, J.O. Klein (Eds.).
389. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Determination of extended-interval gentamicin dosing for neonatal patients in developing countries. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2007, 26:501-507.
390. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Extended-interval dosing of gentamicin for treatment of neonatal sepsis in developed and developing countries. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2008, 26:163-182.
391. Hossain M., et al. Simplified gentamicin dosing for treatment of sepsis in Bangladeshi neonates. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2009, 27:640-645.
392. Baqui A.H., et al. Effectiveness of home-based management of newborn infections by community health workers in rural Bangladesh. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2009, 28:304-310.
393. Darmstadt G.L., Batra M., Zaidi A.K. Oral antibiotics in the management of serious neonatal bacterial infections in developing country communities. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2009, 28(Suppl. 1):S31-S36.
394. Darmstadt G.L., Batra M., Zaidi A.K. Parenteral antibiotics for the treatment of serious neonatal bacterial infections in developing country settings. Pediatr. Infect Dis. J. 2009, 28(Suppl. 1):S37-S42.
395. Baqui A.H., et al. A population-based study of hospital admission incidence rate and bacterial aetiology of acute lower respiratory infections in children aged less than five years in Bangladesh. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2007, 25:179-188.
396. Bhutta Z.A., et al. Community-based interventions for improving perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in developing countries: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics 2005, 115(Suppl. 2):519-617.
397. Haws R.A., et al. Impact of packaged interventions on neonatal health: a review of the evidence. Health Policy Plan. 2007, 22:193-215.
398. Bang A.T., et al. Neonatal and infant mortality in the ten years (1993 to 2003) of the Gadchiroli field trial: effect of home-based neonatal care. J. Perinatol. 2005, 25(1 Suppl. 1):S92-S107.
399. Winch P.J., et al. Intervention models for the management of children with signs of pneumonia or malaria by community health workers. Health Policy Plan. 2005, 20:199-212.
400. Darmstadt G.L., et al. Household surveillance of severe neonatal illness by community health workers in Mirzapur, Bangladesh: coverage and compliance with referral. Health Policy Plan. 2010, 25:112-124.
401. Sazawal S., Black R.E. Effect of pneumonia case management on mortality in neonates, infants, and preschool children: a meta-analysis of community-based trials. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2003, 3:547-556.
402. WHO Integrated management of the sick child. Bull. World Health Organ. 1995, 73:735-740.
403. The World Bank World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health 1993, Oxford University Press, New York.
404. Bicego G.T., Boerma J.T. Maternal education and child survival: a comparative study of survey data from 17 countries. Soc. Sci. Med. 1993, 36:1207-1227.
405. van Ginneken J.K., Lob-Levyt J., Gove S. Potential interventions for preventing pneumonia among young children in developing countries: promoting maternal education. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1996, 1:283-294.
406. Victora C.G., et al. Maternal education in relation to early and late child health outcomes: findings from a Brazilian cohort study. Soc. Sci. Med. 1992, 34:899-905.