Prevention of diarrhoea in young children in developing countries

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 163-174

  Huttly, S R A ^a   Morris, S S ^a   Pisani, V ^b  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RETINOL;

BREAST FEEDING; CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DIARRHEA; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; SANITATION;

AGE FACTORS; BIOLOGY; BIRTH WEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; BREAST FEEDING--BENEFICIAL EFFECTS; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DIARRHEA--PREVENTION AND CONTROL; DISEASES; FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION--BENEFICIAL EFFECTS; HEALTH; HEALTH SERVICES; HYGIENE; INFANT; INFANT NUTRITION; LITERATURE REVIEW; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; NUTRITION; NUTRITION PROGRAMS; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION; POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; VITAMIN A--BENEFICIAL EFFECTS; VITAMINS; WEANING; YOUTH;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; DIARRHEA; DIARRHEA, INFANTILE; FEMALE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; PRIMARY PREVENTION;

EID: 0030962877     PISSN: 00429686     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Bern C et al. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal disease: a ten-year update. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1992, 70: 705-714.
2. Feachem RG, Hogan RC, Merson MH. Diarrhoeal disease control: reviews of potential interventions. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1983, 61: 637-640.
3. Feachem RG. Preventing diarrhoea: what are the policy options. Health policy and planning, 1986, 1: 109-117.
4. Phillips MA, Feachem RGA, Mills A. Options for diarrhoeal diseases control: the cost and cost-effectiveness of selected interventions for the prevention of diarrhoea. London, Evaluation and Planning Centre for Health Care, 1987.
5. Marlines J, Phillips M, Feachem RG. Diarrheal diseases. In: Jamison DT et al., eds. Disease control priorities in developing countries. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993.
6. Feachem RG, Koblinsky M. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of breast-feeding. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1984, 62: 271-291.
7. Huffman SL, Combest C. Role of breast-feeding in the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. Journal of diarrhoeal diseases research, 1990, 8: 68-81.
8. Jason JM, Nieburg P, Marks JS. Mortality and infectious disease associated with infant-feeding practices in developing countries. Pediatrics, 1984, 4 (suppl.): 702-727.
9. Research on improving infant feeding practices to prevent diarrhoea or reduce its severity: Memorandum from a JHU/WHO meeting. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1989, 67: 27-33.
10. de Zoysa I, Rea M, Marlines J. Why promote breastfeeding in diarrhoeal disease control programmes? Health policy and planning, 1991, 6: 371-379.
11. Victora CG et al. Evidence for protection by breast-feeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil. Lancet, 1987, 21: 319-322.
12. Victora CG et al. Infant feeding and deaths due to diarrhea: a case-control study. American journal of epidemiology, 1989, 129: 1032-1041.
13. Victora CG et al. Deaths due to dysentery, acute and persistent diarrhoea among Brazilian infants. Acta paediatrica, 1992 (suppl. 381): 7-11.
14. Briend A, Wojtyniak B, Rowland MGM. Breast feeding, nutritional state, and child survival in rural Bangladesh. British medical journal, 1988, 296: 879-881.
15. Molbak K et al. Prolonged breastfeeding, diarrhoeal disease, and survival of children in Guinea-Bissau. British medical journal, 1994, 308: 1403-1406.
16. Shamebo D et al. The Butajira Rural Health Project in Ethiopia: a nested case-referent (control) study of under-5 mortality and its health and behavioural determinants. Annals of tropical paediatrics, 1994, 14: 201-209.
17. Sachdev HPS et al. Does breastfeeding influence mortality in children hospitalized with diarrhoea? Journal of tropical pediatrics, 1991, 37: 275-279.
18. Lepage P, Munyakazi C, Hennart P. Breastfeeding and hospital mortality in children in Rwanda. Lancet, 1981, 1: 409-411.
19. Faruque A et al. Community-based evaluation of the effect of breast-feeding on the risk of microbiologically confirmed or clinically presumptive shigellosis in Bangladeshi children. Pediatrics, 1992, 90: 406-411.
20. Glass RI, Stoll BJ. The protective effect of human milk against diarrhea: a review of studies from Bangladesh. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica, 1989 (suppl. 351): 131-136.
21. Osisanya JOS et al. Acute diarrhoeal disease in Nigeria: detection of enteropathogens in a rural sub-Saharan population. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1988, 82: 773-777.
22. Clemens JD et al. Breast feeding and the risk of severe cholera in rural Bangladeshi children. American journal of epidemiology, 1990, 131: 400-411.
23. Ruiz-Palacios GM et al. Protection of breast-fed infants against Campylobacter diarrhea by antibodies in human milk. Journal of pediatrics, 1990, 116: 707-713.
24. Long KZ et al. Proportional hazards analysis of diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and breast feeding in a cohort of urban Mexican children. American journal of epidemiology, 1994, 139: 193-205.
25. Clemens JD et al. Breast feeding as a determinant of severity in shigellosis. American journal of epidemiology, 1986, 123: 710-720.
26. Mahmood DA, Feachem RG, Huttly SRA. Infant feeding and risk of severe diarrhoea in Basrah city, Iraq: a case-control study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1989, 67: 701-706.
27. Marlines JC. The interrelationships between feeding mode, malnutrition and diarrhoeal morbidity in early infancy among the urban poor in southern Brazil. PhD thesis, University of London, 1988.
28. Lulseged S. Predictors of moderate to severe dehydration in acute diarrhoeal disease: a case-control study. Ethiopian medical journal, 1992, 30: 69-78.
29. Sazawal S, Bhan MK, Bhandari N. Type of milk feeding during acute diarrhoea and the risk of persistent diarrhoea: a case-control study. Acta paediatrica, 1992 (suppl. 381): 93-97.
30. Baqui AH et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of acute and persistent diarrhoea in rural Bangladeshi children. Acta paediatrica, 1992 (suppl. 381): 15-21.
31. Lanata CF et al. Feeding during acute diarrhea as a risk factor for persistent diarrhea. Acta paediatrica, 1992 (suppl. 381): 98-103.
32. Grummer-Strawn LM. Does prolonged breast-feeding impair child growth? A critical review. Pediatrics, 1993, 91: 766-771.
33. Del Fante P et al. HIV, breast-feeding and under-5 mortality: modelling the impact of policy decisions for or against breast-feeding. Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 1993, 96: 203-211.
34. Ashworth A, Feachem RG. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: weaning education. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1985, 63: 1115-1127.
35. Esrey SA, Feachem RG. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of food hygiene. Unpublished document WHO/CDD/89.30 (available upon request from Division of Child Health and Development, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland).
36. Rowland MGM, Barrell RAE, Whitehead RG. Bacterial contamination of traditional Gambian weaning foods. Lancet, 1978, 1: 136-138.
37. Black RE et al. Contamination of weaning foods and transmission of enterotoxigenic Eschehchia coli diarrhoea in young children in rural Bangladesh. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1982, 76: 259-264.
38. Black RE et al. Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. American journal of epidemiology, 1989, 129: 785-799.
39. Henry FJ et al. Bacterial contamination of weaning foods and drinking water in rural Bangladesh. Epidemiology and infection, 1990, 104: 79-85.
40. Motarjemi Y et al. Contaminated weaning food: a major risk factor for diarrhoea and associated malnutrition. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1993, 71: 79-92.
41. Phillips I et al. Methods and hygiene of infant feeding in an urban area of Uganda. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 1969, 15: 167-171.
42. Mensah PPA et al. Fermentation of cereals for reduction of bacterial contamination of weaning foods in Ghana. Lancet, 1990, 336: 140-143.
43. Monte CMG. Improving weaning food hygiene practices in a slum area of Fortaleza, north-east Brazil: a new approach. PhD thesis, University of London, 1993.
44. Stephenson DM et al. Weaning food viscosity and energy density: their effects on ad libitum consumption and energy intakes in Jamaican children. American journal of clinical nutrition, 1994, 60: 465-469.
45. Programme for Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases. Ninth Programme Report 1992-1993. Unpublished document WHO/CDD/94.46, 1994 (available upon request from Division of Child Health and Development, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland).
46. Esrey SA, Feachem RG, Hughes JM. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1985, 63: 757-772.
47. Esrey SA et al. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, scnistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1991, 69: 609-621.
48. Huttly SRA et al. The lmo State (Nigeria) drinking water supply and sanitation project II: Impact on dracunculiasis, diarrhoea and nutritional status. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1990, 84: 316-321.
49. Aziz KMA et al. Reduction in diarrhoeal diseases in children in rural Bangladesh by environmental and behavioural modifications. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1990, 84: 433-438.
50. Daniels DL et al. A case-control study of the impact on diarrhoea morbidity of improved sanitation in Lesotho. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1990, 68: 455-463.
51. Mertens TE et al. Childhood diarrhoea in Sri Lanka: a case-control study of the impact of improved water sources. Tropical medicine and parasitology, 1990, 41: 98-104.
52. Esrey SA. Water, waste and well-being: a multicountry study. American journal of epidemiology, 1996, 143: 608-623.
53. Gorter AC et al. Water supply, sanitation and diarrhoeal disease in Nicaragua: results from a case-control study. International journal of epidemiology, 1991, 20: 527-533.
54. Victora CG et al. Water supply, sanitation and housing in relation to the risk of infant mortality from diarrhoea. International journal of epidemiology, 1988, 17: 651-654.
55. Butz et al. Environmental factors in the relationship between breastfeeding and infant mortality: the role of water and sanitation in Malaysia. American journal of epidemiology, 1984, 119: 516-525.
56. Habicht J-P, Da Vanzo J, Butz WP. Mother s milk and sewage: their interactive effects on infant mortality. Pediatrics, 1988, 81: 456-461.
57. VanDerslice J, Popkin B, Briscoe J. Drinkingwater quality, sanitation and breast-feeding: their interactive effects on infant health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1994, 72: 589-601.
58. Esrey SA, Habicht J-P. Maternal literacy modifies the effect of toilets and piped water on infant survival in Malaysia. American journal of epidemiology, 1988, 127: 1079-1087.
59. Huttly SRA. Water, sanitation and health in developing countries. In: Golding AMB et al., eds. Water and public health. London, Smith Gordan, 1994: 251-258.
60. Briscoe J. A role for water supply and sanitation in the child survival revolution. Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, 1987, 21: 93-105.
61. Okun DA. The value of water supply and sanitation in development: an assessment. American journal of public health, 1988, 78: 1463-1467.
62. World Bank. World development report: development and the environment. New York, Oxford University Press, 1992: 112.
63. Feachem RG. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: promotion of personal and domestic hygiene. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1984, 62: 467-476.
64. Pjsani V. Improving personal and domestic hygiene: does it reduce diarrhoeal disease? MSc dissertation, London School of Hygiene ana Tropical Medicine, 1994.
65. Improving water and sanitation hygiene behaviours for the reduction of diarrhoeal disease: the report of an informal consultation. Unpublished document. WHO/CWS/90.7/WHO/CDD/93.5, 1993 (available upon request from Division of Child Health and Development, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland).
66. Boot MT, Cairncross AM. Actions speak: the study of hygiene behaviour in water supply and sanitation projects. The Hague, IRC Water and Sanitation Centre, 1993.
67. Feachem RG. Vitamin A deficiency and diarrhoea: a review of interrelationships and their implications for the control of xerophthalmia and diarrhoea. Tropical diseases bulletin, 1987, 84: R1-R16.
68. Sommer A et al. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality: a randomized controlled community trial. Lancet, 1986, 1: 1169-1173.
69. Fawzi WW et al. Dietary vitamin A intake and the risk of mortality among children. American journal of clinical nutrition, 1994, 59: 401-408.
70. Beaton GH et al. Effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Toronto, University of Toronto, 1992.
71. Fawzi WW et al. Vitamin A supplementation and child mortality: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1993, 269: 898-903.
72. Stansfield SK et al. Vitamin A supplementation and increased prevalence of childhood diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections. Lancet, 1993, 341: 578-582.
73. Abdeljaber MH et al. The impact of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity: a randomized community intervention trial. American journal of public health, 1991, 81(12): 1654-1656.
74. Bloem MW et al. Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand. American journal of epidemiology, 1990, 131: 332-339.
75. Arthur P et al. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity in northern Ghana. Lancet, 1992, 339: 361-362.
76. Barclay AJG, Foster A, Sommer A. Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial. British medical journal, 1987, 294: 294-296.
77. Hussey GD, Klein M. A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles. New England journal of medicine, 1990, 323(3): 160-164.
78. Coutsoudis A, Broughton M, Coovadia HM. Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. American journal of clinical nutrition, 1991, 54: 890-895.
79. Ogaro FO et al. Effect of vitamin A on diarrhoeal and respiratory complications of measles. Tropical and geographical medicine, 1993, 45(6): 283-286.
80. Ashworth A, Feachem RG. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: prevention of low birth weight. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1985, 63: 165-184.
81. Victors CG et al. Birthweight and infant mortality: a longitudinal study of 5914 Brazilian children. International journal of epidemiology, 1987, 16: 239-245.
82. Victora CG et al. Influence of birth weight on mortality from infectious diseases: a case-control study Pediatrics, 1988, 81: 807-811.
83. Post CLA et al. [Prognostic factors for hospital deaths caused by diarrhoea or pneumonia in 1-year-olds: a case-control study]. Revista de saude publica, 1992, 26: 369-378 (in Portuguese).
84. Mertens TE, Cousens SC, Feachem RG. Evidence of a prolonged association between low birthweight and paediatric diarrhoea in Sri Lanka. Transactions of thc Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1987, 81: 196.
85. Barros FC et al. Comparison of the causes and consequences of prematurity and intrauterine growth retardation: a longitudinal study in southern Brazil. Pediatrics, 1992, 90: 238-244.
86. Kramer M. Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1987, 65: 663-737.
87. Black RE et al. Handwashing to prevent diarrhoea in day-care centers. American journal of epidemiology 1981, 113: 445-451.
88. Alam N et al. Mothers' personal and domestic hygiene and diarrhoea incidence in young children in rural Bangladesh. International journal of epidemiology, 1989, 18: 242-247.
89. Han AM, Hlaing T. Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by hand washing. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1989, 83: 128-131.
90. Haggerty PA. Community-based hygiene education to reduce diarrhoeal disease in rural Zaire: a prospective, longitudinal study. PhD Thesis, University of London, 1991.
91. Khan MU. Interruption of shigellosis by hand washing. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1982, 76: 164-168.
92. Pinfold JV. A hygiene intervention designed to reduce the incidence of diarrhoeal disease in rural northeast Thailand. Final report. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, England.
93. Sircar BK et al. Effect of handwashing on the incidence of diarrhoea in a Calcutta slum. Journal of diarrhoeal diseases research, 1987, 5: 112-114.
94. Ahmed NU et al. A longitudinal study of the impact of behavioural change intervention on cleanliness, diarrhoeal morbidity and growth of children in rural Bangladesh. Social science and medicine, 1993, 37: 159-171.
95. Wilson JM et al. Hand-washing reduces diarrhoea episodes: a study in Lombok, Indonesia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1991, 85: 819-821.
96. Torun B. Environmental and educational interventions against diarrhea in Guatemala. In: Chen LC, Scrimshaw NS, eds. Diarrhea and malnutrition: interactions, mechanisms, and interventions. New York, Plenum Press, 1982: 235-266.
97. Daulaire NMP et al. Childhood mortality after a high dose of vitamin A in a high-risk population. British medical journal, 1992, 304: 207-210.
98. West KP Jr, Pokhrel RP, Katz J. Efficacy of vitamin A in reducing preschool child mortality in Nepal. Lancet, 1991, 338: 67-71.
99. Rahmathullah L et al. Reduced mortality among children in southern India receiving a small weekly dose of vitamin A. New England journal of medicine, 1990, 323: 929-935.
100. Herrera MG et al. Vitamin A supplementation and child survival. Lancet, 1992, 340: 267-271.
101. Ghana VAST Study Team. Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions, and child mortality. Lancet, 1993, 342: 7-12.
102. Barreto ML et al. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory tract infections in young children in Brazil. Lancet, 1994, 334: 228-231.
103. Rahmathullah L et al. Diarrhea, respiratory infections, and growth are not affected by a weekly lowdose vitamin A supplement: a masked, controlled field trial in children in southern India. American journal of clinical nutrition, 1991, 54: 568-577.
104. Dibley MJ, Sadjimin T, Kjolhede C, Impact of high dose vitamin A supplementation on incidence and duration of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections in preschool Indonesian children. In: Toward Comprehensive Programs to Reduce Vitamin A Deficiency. XV International Vitamin A Consultative Group Meeting, Washington, DC. Washington, DC, The Nutrition Foundation, Inc., 1993: 88.
105. Cheng Lie et al. Impact of large-dose vitamin A supplementation on childhood diarrhoea, respiratory disease and growth. European Journal of clinical nutrition, 1993, 47: 88-96.
106. Victors CG. Pneumonia, diarrhea and growth in the first 4 years of life: a longitudinal study of 5914 urban Brazilian children. American journal of clinical nutrition, 1990, 52: 391-396.
107. Ittiravivongs A et al. Effect of low birth weight on severe childhood diarrhea. Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 1991, 22: 557-562.
108. Victora CG et al. Breast-feeding, nutritional status, and other prognostic factors for dehydration among young children with diarrhoea in Brazil. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1992, 70: 467-475.
109. Downes B et al. Outcome of low birth weight infants in a West African village. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 1991, 37: 106-110.
110. Das BK et al. Comparative outcome of low birth weight babies. Indian pediatrics, 1993, 30: 15-21.
111. Bukenya GB, Barnes T, Nwokolo N. Low birthweight and acute childhood diarrhoea: evidence of their association in an urban settlement of Papua New Guinea. Annals of tropical paediatrics, 1991, 11: 357-362.