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10 Whittle HC, Aaby P, Samb B, Jensen H, Bennett J, Simondon F. Effect of subclinical infection on maintaining immunity against measles in vaccinated children in West Africa. Lancet 1999; 353:98-102. Measles is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Aaby and Whittle have contributed significantly to our understanding of immune responses to measles (both vaccination and natural infection), and this paper highlights the importance of exposure to natural infection in the maintenance of measles immunity.
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15 Marchant A, Goetghebuer T, Ota MO, Wolfe I, Ceesay SJ, De Groote D, et al. Newborns develop a Th1-type immune response to Mycobactarium bovis baccilus Calmette-Guerin vaccination. J Immunol 1999; 163:2249-2255. This paper demonstrates for the first time that human newborns, contrary to extrapolations from murine data, make strong Th1 responses to BCG vaccination that are still detectable at 1 year of age, suggesting immunological memory is also induced. This study also demonstrates that BCG may be a useful Th1-inducing adjuvant in newborns.
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This study also demonstrates that interferon-γ induction by measles antigen after vaccination in infants is similar to that seen in adults. However, of significance, given its central role in Th-cell differentiation, is that interleukin-12 upregulation of this response was reduced in infants
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17 Gans HA, Maldonado Y, Yasukawa LL, Beeler J, Audet S, Rinki MM, et al. IL-12, IFN-γ and T cell proliferation to measles in immunized infants. J Immunol 1999; 162:5569-5575. This study also demonstrates that interferon-γ induction by measles antigen after vaccination in infants is similar to that seen in adults. However, of significance, given its central role in Th-cell differentiation, is that interleukin-12 upregulation of this response was reduced in infants.
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18 Jaye A, Magnusen AF, Sadiq AD, Corrah T, Whittle HC. Ex vivo analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to measles antigens during infection and after vaccination in Gambian children. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1969-1977. In this study, CTL responses to measles fusion protein, haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein antigens during natural measles infection were compared with those induced by vaccination. Measles vaccination at age 9 months induced CTL responses of a similar magnitude to those induced by natural infection. This data supports the development of subunit vaccines based on these proteins that may be more effective earlier in life.
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24 Siegrist CA, Barrios C, Martinez X, Brandt C, Berney M, Cordova M, et al. Influence of maternal antibodies on vaccine responses: inhibition of antibody but not T cell responses allows successful early prime-boost strategies in mice. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:4138-4148. The presence of maternal antibodies hinders the induction of protective immune responses in young infants. As this study shows, however, there are strategies under development that can effectively circumvent this problem.
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40 Martinez X, Brandt C, Saddalah F, Tougne C, Barrios C, Wild F, et al. DNA immunization circumvents deficient induction of helper type 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in neonates and during early life. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:8726-8731.
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41 Martinez X, Li X, Kovarik J, Klein M, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA. Combining DNA and protein vaccines for early life immunization against respiratory syncytial virus in mice. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:3390-3400. This report demonstrates the power of DNA vaccination to induce cell-mediated immunity in neonates, especially when a combination of vaccination stragies is adopted.
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