Depressive Disorders in the Elderly: A Review

Depressive Disorders, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 197-257

  Chiu, Edmond ^a   Ames, David ^a,b   Draper, Brian ^c   Snowdon, John ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^d University of Sydney   (Australia)

Author keywords

Associations between social factors and late life depression onset; Cognitive impairment and structural abnormality association; Depression and anxiety in dementia caregivers; Depressive disorders in elderly; DSM IV and ICD 10 (World Health Organization, 1992); ECT for depression in dementia; Efficacy and treatment effectiveness; Geriatric Mental State (GMS) schedule; Old Age Depression Interest Group (OADIG) in United Kingdom

Indexed keywords

EID: 78049506448     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470745892.ch5     Document Type: Chapter

References (421)

1. Abas, M. A., Sahakian, B. J., and Levy, R. (1990) Neuropsychological deficits and CT scan changes in elderly depressives. Psychological Medicine, 20, 507-520.
2. Abraham, I. L., Neundorfer, M. M., and Currie, L. J. (1992) Effects of group interventions on cognition and depression in nursing home residents. Nursing Research, 41, 196-202.
3. Abrams, R. (1997) Electroconvulsive Therapy, 3rd edition, New York: Oxford University Press.
4. ABS (1998) Mental Health and Wellbeing: Profile of Adults, Australia 1997, Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics.
5. Agbayewa, M. O. (1990) Outcome of depression in a geriatric medical day hospital following psychiatric consultation. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5(1), 33-39.
6. Alexopoulos, G. S., Young, R. C., and Shindledecker, R. D. (1992) Brain computed tomography findings in geriatric depression and primary degenerative dementia. Biological Psychiatry, 31, 591-599.
7. Alexopoulos, G., Katz, I. R., Bruce, M. L., et al. (2005) Remission in depressed geriatric primary care patients: a report from the PROSPECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 718-724.
8. Almeida, O. P. (2008) Vascular depression: myth or reality? International Psychogeriatrics, 20, 645-652.
9. Ames, D. (1990) Depression among elderly residents of local authority residential homes: its nature and the efficacy of intervention. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 667-675.
10. Ames, D. (2005) Psychosis in affective disorders-depression, in A. Hassett, D. Ames and E. Chiu (Eds), Psychosis in the Elderly, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 149-161.
11. Ames, D., Ashby, D., Mann, A. H., et al. (1988) Psychiatric illness in elderly residents. Part III. Homes in one London borough: prognosis and review. Age and Ageing, 17, 249-256.
12. Andersen, G., Vestergaard, K., and Lauritzen, L. (1994) Effective treatment of poststroke depression with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Stroke, 25, 1099-1104.
13. Anderson, C. S., Hackett, M. L., and House, A. O. (2004) Interventions for preventing depression after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Article CD003689.
14. Andreescu, C., Lenze, E. J., Dew, M. A., et al. (2007) Effect of comorbid anxiety on treatment response and relapse risk in late-life depression: controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 344-349.
15. Anstey, K., and Brodaty, H. (1995) Antidepressants and the elderly: double-blind trials 1987-1992. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 265-279.
16. APA (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
17. Ashby, D., Ames, D.,Macdonald, A., et al. (1991) Psychiatric morbidity as predictor of mortality for residents of local authority homes for the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 567-575.
18. Baldwin, R. C. (1990) Age of onset of depression in the elderly. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 445-446.
19. Baldwin, R. C. (1992) The nature, prevalence and frequency of depressive delusions, in C. Katona and R. Levy (Eds), Delusions and Hallucinations in Old Age, London: Gaskell, pp. 97-114.
20. Baldwin, R., and Jolley, D. (1986) The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 574-583.
21. Baldwin, R. C., Benbow, S. M., Mariott, A., et al. (1993) Depression in old age: a reconsideration of cerebral disease in relation to outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 82-90.
22. Banerjee, S., and Dickinson, E. (1997) Evidence based health care in old age psychiatry. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 27, 283-292.
23. Banerjee, S., Shamash, K., Macdonald, A., et al. (1996) Randomised controlled trial of effect of intervention by psychogeriatric team on depression in frail elderly people at home. BritishMedical Journal, 313, 1058-1061.
24. Beck, D. A., and Koenig, H. G. (1996) Minor depression: A review of the literature. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 26, 177-209.
25. Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., Smit, J. H., et al. (1995a) Prediction and course of depression in the older population: results from a community-based study in the Netherlands. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 41-49.
26. Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., van Tilburg, T., et al. (1995b) Major and minor depression in later life: a study of prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 36, 65-75.
27. Beekman, A. T. F., Kriegsman, D. M. W., Deeg, D. J. H., et al. (1995c) The association of physical health and depressive symptoms in the older population: age and sex differences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 30, 32-32.
28. Beekman, A. T. F., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Deeg, D. J. H., et al. (1997) Depression and physical health in late life: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). Journal of Affective Disorders, 46, 219-231.
29. Ben-Arie, O., Welman, M., and Teggin, A. (1990) The depressed elderly living in the community: a follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 425-427.
30. Benbow, S. M. (1987) The use of electroconvulsive therapy in old age psychiatry. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2, 25-30.
31. Benbow, S. M. (1991). ECT in late life. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 401-406.
32. Bhalla, R. K., Butters,M. A., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2006) Persistence of neuropsychologic deficits in the remitted state of late-life depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 419-427.
33. Bhat, M. (2003) ECT and old age psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 455-456.
34. Binder, E. B., and Holsboer, F. (2006) Pharmacogenomics and antidepressant drugs. Annals of Medicine, 38, 82-94.
35. Blanchard, M. R., Waterreus, A., and Mann, A. H. (1995) The effect of primary care nurse interventions upon older people screened as depressed. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 289-298.
36. Bland, R. C., Newman, S. C., and Orn, H. (1988) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the elderly in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 57-63.
37. Blay, S. L., Andreoli, S. B., Fillenbaum, G. G., et al. (2007) Depression morbidity in later life: prevalence and correlates in a developing country. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 790-799.
38. Blazer, D. G. (1994). Epidemiology of late-life depression, in L. Schneider, C. Reynolds, B. Lebowitz and A. Friedhoff (Eds), Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 9-19.
39. Blazer, D., and Williams, C. D. (1980) Epidemiology of dysphoria and depression in an elderly population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 439-444.
40. Blazer, D., Bachar, J. R., and Hughes, D. C. (1987) Major depression with melancholia: a comparison of middle-aged and elderly adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 927-932.
41. Blazer, D., George, L., and Landerman, R. (1986) The phenomenology of late life depression, in P. E. Bebbington and J. Jacoby (Eds), Psychiatric Disorders in the Elderly, London: Mental Health Foundation, pp. 143-152.
42. Bonner, D., and Howard, R. (1995) Treatment-resistant depression in the elderly. International Psychogeriatrics, 7, 83-94.
43. Borson, S., and Fletcher, P. M. (1996) Mood disorders, in W. E. Reichman and P. R. Katz (Eds), Psychiatric Care in the Nursing Home, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
44. Borson, S., and Raskind, M. (1986) Antidepressant-resistant depression in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34, 245-249.
45. Borson, S., McDonald, G. J., Gayle, T., et al. (1992) Improvement in mood, physical symptoms, and function with nortriptyline for depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Psychosomatics, 33, 190-201.
46. Bosboom, P. R., and Deijen, J. B. (2006) Age-related cognitive effects of ECT and ECT-induced mood improvement in depressive patients. Depression and Anxiety, 23, 93-101.
47. Brilman, E., and Ormel, J. (2001) Life events, difficulties and onset of depressive episodes in later life. Psychological Medicine, 31, 859-869.
48. Broadhead,W. E., Blazer, D. G., George, L. K., et al. (1990) Depression, disability days, and days lost from work in a prospective epidemiological survey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 2524-2528.
49. Brodaty, H., Peters, K., Boyce, P., et al. (1991) Age and depression. Journal of AffectiveDisorders, 23, 137-149.
50. Brodaty, H., Harris, L., Peters, K., et al. (1993a) Prognosis of depression in the elderly: a comparison with younger patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 589-596.
51. Brodaty, H., Harris, L., Wilhelm, K., et al. (1993b) Lessons from a mood disorders unit. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 254-263.
52. Brodaty, H., Luscombe, G., Parker, G., et al. (1997) Increased rate of psychosis and psychomotor change in depression with age. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1205-1213.
53. Brodaty, H., Hickie, I., Mason, C., et al. (2000) A prospective follow-up study of ECT outcome in older depressed patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60, 101-111.
54. Brodaty, H., Berle, D., Hickie, I., et al. (2001) Side effects of ECT are mainly depressive phenomena and are independent of age. Journal of Affective Disorders, 66, 237-245.
55. Brodaty, H., Cullen, B., Thompson, C., et al. (2005). Age and gender in the phenomenology of depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 589-596.
56. Brodaty,H.,Withall, A.,Altendorf, A., et al. (2007) Rates of depression at 3 and 15 months poststroke and their relationship with cognitive decline: the Sydney stroke study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 477-486.
57. Brown, R. P., Sweeney, J., Loutsch, R., et al. (1984) Involutional melancholia revisited. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 24-28.
58. Bump, G. M.,Reynolds III, C. F., Smith,G., et al. (1997) Accelerating response in geriatric depression: a pilot study combining sleep deprivation and paroxetine. Depression and Anxiety, 6, 113-118.
59. Burke, W. J., Rubin, E. H., Zorumski, C. F., et al. (1987) The safety of ECT in geriatric psychiatry. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 516-521.
60. Burns, A., Jacoby, R., and Levy, R. (1990) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 72-94.
61. Burrows, A. B., Salzman, C., Satlin, A., et al. (2002) A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine in nursing home residents with non-major depression. Depression and Anxiety, 15, 102-110.
62. Burvill, P. W., Hall, W. D., Stampfer, H. G., et al. (1989) A comparison of early-onset and late-onset depressive illness in the elderly. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 673-679.
63. Burvill, P. W., Hall, W. D., Stampfer, H. G., et al. (1991) The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 64-71.
64. Butters, M. A.,Whyte, E.M., Nebes, R. D., et al. (2004) The nature and determinants of neuropsychological functioning in late-life depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 587-595.
65. Caine, E. D., Lyness, J. M., King, D. A., et al. (1994). Clinical and etiological heterogeneity of mood disorders in elderly patients, in C. Schneider, C. Reynolds, B. Lebowitz and A. Friedhoff (Eds), Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 21-53.
66. Callahan, C. M., Hendrie, H. C., Dittus, R. S., et al. (1994) Improving treatment of late-life depression in primary care: a randomised clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 42, 839-846.
67. Callahan, C. M., Hendrie, H. C., and Tierney, W. M. (1996) The recognition and treatment of latelife depression: a view from primary care. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 26, 155-171.
68. Cassacchia, M., Bolino, F., Marola,W., et al. (1994) Controlled multi-centre study of teniloxazine in mild depression of the elderly. New Trends in Experimental and Clinical Psychiatry, 10, 187-192.
69. Cattan, R.A., Barry, P. P., Mead, G., et al. (1990) Electroconvulsive therapy in octogenarians. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 38, 753-758.
70. Cervilla, J. A., and Prince, M. J. (1997) Cognitive impairment and social distress pathways to depression in the elderly: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 995-1000.
71. Chemerinski, E., and Robinson, R. (2000) The neuropsychiatry of stroke. Psychosomatics, 41, 5-14.
72. Ciechanowski, P., Wagner, E., Chmaling, K., et al. (2004) Community-integrated home-based depression treatment in older adults. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, 291, 1569-1577.
73. Clinical Research Centre Division of Psychiatry (1984) The Northwick Park ECT trial: predictors of response to real and simulated ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 227-237.
74. Cohen, A., Houck, P. R., Szanto, K., et al. (2006) Social inequalities in response to antidepressant treatment in older adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 50-56.
75. Cole,M.G. (1983) Age, age of onset, and course of primary depressive illness in the elderly. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 102-104.
76. Cole, M. G. (1985) The course of elderly depressed outpatients. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 217-220.
77. Cole, M. G., and Bellavance, F. (1997a) Depression in elderly medical inpatients: a meta-analysis of outcomes. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 157, 1055-1060.
78. Cole, M. G., and Bellavance, F. (1997b) The prognosis of depression in old age. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 4-14.
79. Cole,M.G., Bellavance, F., and Mansour,A. (1999) Prognosis of depression in elderly community and primary care populations: a systematic review andmeta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1182-1189.
80. Cole, M. G., Elie, L. M.,McCusker, J., et al. (2001). Feasibility and effectiveness of treatments for post-stroke depression in elderly inpatients: systematic review. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 14, 37-41.
81. Cole, M. G., McCusker, J., Ciampi, A., et al. (2006) The prognosis of major and minor depression in older medical inpatients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 966-975.
82. Copeland, J. R. M., Gurland, B. J., Dewey, M. E., et al. (1987) Is there more dementia, depression and neurosis in New York? A comparative study of the elderly in New York and London using the computer diagnosis AGECAT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 466-473.
83. Copeland, J. R., Davidson, P. A., Dewey, M. E., et al. (1992) Alzheimer's disease, other dementias, depression and pseudodementia: prevalence, incidence and three-year outcome in Liverpool. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 230-239.
84. Cuijpers, P. (1998) Psychological outreach programmes for the depressed elderly: a meta-analysis of effects and dropout. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 41-48.
85. DCEB, Manchester University (1981) How to read clinical journals, III. To learn the clinical course and prognosis of disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 124, 869-872.
86. De Alarcon, R. D. (1964) Hypochondriasis and depression in the aged. Gerontology Clinics, 6, 266-277.
87. de Carle, A. J., and Kohn, R. (2000) Electroconvulsive therapy and falls in the elderly. Journal of Electroconvulsive Therapy, 16, 252-257.
88. Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J. et al. (2004) Prevalence, severity and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in theWorld Health OrganizationWorld Mental Health Surveys. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 2581-2590.
89. Devanand, D. P., and Krueger, R. B. (1994) Electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 7, 359-364.
90. Devanand, D. P., Juszczak, N., Nobler, M. S., et al. (2004) An open treatment trial of venlafaxine for elderly patients with dysthymic disorder. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 17, 219-224.
91. Devanand, D. P.,Nobler,M. S., Cheng, J., et al. (2005) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine treatment for elderly patients with dysthymic disorder. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 59-68.
92. Dew, M. A.,Whyte, E.M., Lenze, E. J., et al. (2007) Recovery from major depression in older adults receiving augmentation of antidepressant pharmacotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 892-899.
93. Dimopoulos,N., Piperi,C., Salonicioti, A., et al. (2006) Elevation of plasma concentration of adhesion molecules in late-life depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 965-971.
94. Dombrovski, A. Y., Blakesley-Ball, R. E., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2006) Speed of improvement in sleep disturbance and anxiety compared with core mood symptoms during acute treatment of depression in old age. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 550-554.
95. Dombrovski, A. Y., and Mulsant, B. H. (2007) ECT: the preferred treatment for severe depression in late life. International Psychogeriatrics, 19, 10-14.
96. Dombrovski, A. Y., Mulsant, B. H., Haskett, R. F., et al. (2005) Predictors of remission after electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar major depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1043-1049.
97. Downes, J. J., Davis, A. D. M., and Copeland, J. R. M. (1988) Organisation of depressive symptoms in the elderly population; hierarchal patterns and Guttman scales. Psychology and Ageing, 3, 367-374.
98. Draper, B. (2000) The effectiveness of the treatment of depression in the physically ill elderly. Aging and Mental Health, 4, 9-20.
99. Draper, B., and Anstey, K. (1996) Psychosocial stressors, physical illness and the spectrum of depression in elderly inpatients. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 567-572.
100. Draper, B., and Berman, K. (2008) Tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: issues relevant to the elderly. Drugs and Aging.
101. Draper, B., and Low, L. F. (2004) What is the effectiveness of old age mental health services? Copenhagen: Health Education Network, WHO Europe; http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/main/WHO/Progs/HEN/Syntheses/mentalservice/20040720 2.
102. Draper, B., and Luscombe, G. (1998) Quantification of factors contributing to length of stay in an acute psychogeriatrics ward. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 1-7.
103. Draper, B., Pfaff, J., Pirkis, J., et al. (2008) The long-term effects of childhood abuse on the quality of life and health of older people: results from the DEPS-GP Project. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 56, 262-271.
104. Driscoll, H. C., Basinski, J., Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2005) Late-onset major depression: clinical and treatment-response variability. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 661-667.
105. DUAG (Danish University Antidepressant Group) (1986) Citalopram: clinical effect profile in comparison with clomipramine: a controlled multicenter study. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 90, 131-138.
106. DUAG (Danish University Antidepressant Group) (1990) Paroxetine: a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor showing better tolerance, but weaker antidepressant effect than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 18, 238-299.
107. Dunham, N. C., and Sager, M. A. (1994) Functional status symptoms of depression and the outcomes of hospitalisation in community-dwelling elderly patients. Archives of Family Medicine, 3, 676-681.
108. Elkin, I., Shea, M. T., Watkins, J. T., et al. (1989) NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaboration Research Program: I. General effectiveness of treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 971-982.
109. Emmerson, J. P., Burvill, P. W., Finlay-Jones, R., et al. (1989) Life events, life difficulties and confiding relationships in the depressed elderly. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 787-792.
110. Evans, M. E. (1993) Depression in elderly physically ill inpatients: a twelve month prospective study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 587-592.
111. Evans, M., Hammond, M., Wilson, K., et al. (1997) Placebo-controlled treatment trial of depression in elderly physically ill patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 817-824.
112. Evans, D. L., Charney, D. S., Lewis, L., et al. (2005) Mood disorders in the medically ill: scientific review and recommendations. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 175-189.
113. Fava, G. A., and Sonino, N. (1996) Depression associated with medical illness. Treatment considerations. CNS Drugs, 5, 175-189.
114. Fenton, F. R., Cole, M. G., Engelsmann, F., et al. (1997) Depression in older medical inpatients: one year course and outcome. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 389-394.
115. Fink, M., and Taylor, M. A. (2007) Electroconvulsive therapy. Evidence and challenges. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298, 330-332.
116. Fitzsimmons, S. (2001) Easy rider wheel chair biking. A nurse recreation therapy clinical trial for the treatment of depression. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 5, 14-23.
117. Flint, A. J., and Rifat, S. L. (1994) A prospective study of lithium augmentation in antidepressantresistant geriatric depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 353-356.
118. Flint, A. J., and Rifat, S. L. (1996) The effect of sequential antidepressant treatment on geriatric depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 36, 95-105.
119. Flint, A., and Rifat, S. (1997) Effect of demographic and clinical variables on time to antidepressant response in geriatric depression. Depression and Anxiety, 5, 103-107.
120. Flint, A., and Rifat, S. (1998a) The treatment of psychotic depression in later life: a comparison of pharmacotherapy and ECT. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 23-28.
121. Flint, A., and Rifat, S. (1998b) Two-year outcome of psychotic depression in late life. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 178-183.
122. Folkerts, H. W., Michael, N., Tolle, R., et al. (1997) Electroconvulsive therapy vs. paroxetine in treatment-resistant depression-a randomized study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 96, 334-342.
123. Forsell, Y., and Winblad, B. (1998) Major depression in a population of demented and nondemented older people: prevalence and correlates. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 46, 27-30.
124. Forsell, E., Jorm, A. F., andWinblad,B. (1994) Outcome of depression in demented and non-demented elderly: observations from a three-year follow-up in a community-based study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 5-10.
125. Fraser, R. M., and Glass, I. B. (1980) Unilateral and bilateral ECT in elderly patients: a comparative study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 62, 13-31.
126. Fredman, L., Schoenbach, V. J., Kaplan, B. H., et al. (1989) The association between depressive symptoms and mortality among older patients in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area-Piedmont Health Survey. Journal of Gerontology, 44, 149-156.
127. Freyne, A., and Wrigley, M. (1995) Prognosis of depression in the elderly. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 12, 6-11.
128. Friedman, B., Conwell, Y., and Delavan, R. L. (2007) Correlates of late-life major depression: a comparison of urban and rural primary care patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 28-41.
129. Fröjdh, K., Håkansson, A., Karlsson, I., et al. (2003) Deceased, disabled or depressed-a populationbased 6-year follow-up study of elderly people with depression. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 557-562.
130. Gallo, J. J., Rabins, P. V., Lyketsos, C. G., et al. (1997) Depression without sadness: functional outcomes of nondysphoric depression in later life. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 45, 570-578.
131. Ganguli, M., Dodge, H. H., and Mulsant, B. H. (2002) Rates and predictors of mortality in an aging, rural community-based cohort: the role of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 1046-1052.
132. Gaspar, D., and Samarasinghe, L. A. (1982) ECT in psychogeriatric practice-a study of risk factors, indications and outcome. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23, 170-175.
133. George, L. K. (1994) Social factors and depression in late life, in L. S. Schnider, C. F. Reynolds, D. Lebowitz and A. J. Friedhoff (Eds), Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 131-153.
134. George, L. K., Blazer, D. G., Hughes, D. C., et al. (1989) Social support and the outcome of major depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 478-485.
135. Georgotas, A. (1983) Affective disorders in the elderly: diagnostic and research considerations. Age Ageing, 12, 1-10.
136. Gildengers, A. G., Ariel, G., Houck, P. R., et al. (2005) Trajectories of treatment response in late-life depression: psychosocial and clinical correlates. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25, s8-13.
137. Gill, D., and Hatcher, S. (1999)Asystematic reviewof the treatment of depression with antidepressant drugs in patients who also have a physical illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47, 131-143.
138. Godber, C., Rosenvinge, H.,Wilkinson, D., et al. (1987) Depression in old age: prognosis after ECT. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2, 19-24.
139. Goff, D. C., and Jenike, M. A. (1986) Treatment-resistant depression in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 34, 63-70.
140. Goldberg, D. P. (1996) A dimensional model for common mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 44-49.
141. Goldberg, D. P., and Huxley, P. (1992) Common Mental Disorders: A Biosocial Model, London: Routledge.
142. Good, W. R., Vlachonikolis, I., Griffiths, P., et al. (1987) The structure of depressive symptoms in the elderly. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 463-470.
143. Gordon,W. F. (1981) Elderly depressives: treatment and follow-up. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 110-113.
144. Grant, I., Patterson, T. L., and Yager, J. (1988) Social supports in relation to physical health and symptoms of depression in the elderly. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 145, 1254-1258.
145. Green, B. H., Copeland, J. R. M., Dewey, M. E., et al. (1992) Risk factors for depression in elderly people: a prospective study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 213-217.
146. Greenwald, B. S., and Kramer-Ginsberg, E. (1988) Age at onset in geriatric depression: relationship to clinical variables. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 61-68.
147. Greenwald, B. S., Kramer-Ginsberg, E., Marin, D. B., et al. (1989) Dementia with coexisting major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1472-1478.
148. Grunblatt, E., Loffler, C., Zehetmayer, S., et al. (2006). Association study of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and depression in 75-year-old nondemented subjects from the Vienna Transdanube Aging (VITA) study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1373-1378.
149. Gurland, B. J. (1976) The comparative frequency of depression in various adult age groups. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 283-292.
150. Gurland, B. J., Wiler, D. E., and Berkman, C. (1988) Depression and disability in the elderly: reciprocal relations and changes with age. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 3, 163-179.
151. Gurland, B. J., Copeland, J., Kuriansky, J., et al. (1983) The Mind and Mood of Aging, London: Croom Helm.
152. Hackett, M. L., Anderson, C. A., and House, A. O. (2005) Management of depression after stroke. A systematic review of pharmacological therapies. Stroke, 36, 1098-1103.
153. Hanser, S. B., and Thompson, L. W. (1994) Effects of a music therapy strategy on depressed older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 49, 265-269.
154. Hay, D. P. (1989) Electroconvulsive therapy in the medically ill elderly. Convulsive Therapy, 5, 8-16.
155. Henderson, A. S. (1994) Does ageing protect against depression? Society of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 29, 107-109.
156. Henderson, A. S., Jorm, A. F.,Mackinnon, A., et al. (1993).The prevalence of depressive disorders and the distribution of depressive symptoms in later life: a survey using Draft ICT-10 and DSM-III-R. Psychological Medicine, 23, 719-729.
157. Henderson, A. S., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P., et al. (1997) The course of depression in the elderly: a longitudinal community-based study in Australia. Psychological Medicine, 27, 119-129.
158. Henderson, A. S., Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P., et al. (1998) Symptoms of depression and anxiety during adult life: evidence for a decline in prevalence with age. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1321-1328.
159. Heshe, J., Roeder, E., and Theilgaard, A. (1978) Unilateral and bilateral ECT. A psychiatric and psychological study of therapeutic effect and side effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Suppl.275.
160. Hettema, J. M., Kuhn, J.W., Prescott, C. A., et al. (2006) The impact of generalized anxiety disorder and stressful life events on risk for major depressive episodes. Psychological Medicine, 36, 789-795.
161. Hickie, I., Scott, E., Mitchell, P., et al. (1995) Subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging: clinical correlates and prognostic significance in patients with severe depression. Biological Psychiatry, 37, 151-160.
162. Hickie, I., Mason, C., Parker, G., et al. (1996) Prediction of ECT response: validation of a refined sign-based (CORE) system for defining melancholia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 68-74.
163. Hickie, I. B., Naismith, S. L., Ward, P. B., et al. (2007) Serotonin transporter gene status predicts caudate nucleus but not amygdala or hippocampal volumes in older people with major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 98, 137-142.
164. Hinrichsen, G. A. (1992) Recovery and relapse from major depressive disorder in the elderly. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1575-1579.
165. Holley, C.,Murrell, S. A., and Mast, B. J. (2006). Psychosocial and vascular risk factors for depression in the elderly. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 84-90.
166. Holtzheimer, P. E., and Nemeroff, C. B. (2006) Advances in the treatment of depression. NeuroRx, 3, 42-56.
167. Hordern, A., Holt, N. F., Burt, C. G., et al. (1963) Amitriptyline in depressive states: phenomenology and prognostic considerations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 815-825.
168. Husain, M. M., Rush, A. J., Sackeim, H. A., et al. (2005) Age-related characteristics of depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 852-860.
169. Hussian, R. A., and Lawrence, P. S. (1981) Social reinforcement of activity and problem-solving training in the treatment of depressed institutionalized elderly patients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5, 57-69.
170. Huuhka, M., Korpisammal, L., Haataja, R., et al. (2004) One-year outcome of elderly inpatients with major depressive disorder treated with ECT and antidepressants. Journal of Electroconvulsive Therapy, 20, 179-185.
171. Hwang, J. P., Yang, C. G., Hong, C. J., et al. (2006) Association of APOE genetic polymorphism with cognitive function and suicide history in geriatric depression. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorder, 22, 334-338.
172. Incalzi, R. A., Gemma, A., Capparella, O., et al. (1991) Effects of hospitalization on affective status of elderly patients. International Psychogeriatrics, 3, 67-74.
173. Iosifescu, D. V., Renshaw, P. F., Lyoo, I., et al. (2006) Brain white-matter hyperintensities and treatment outcome in major depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 180-185.
174. Jang, Y., Haley, W. E., Small, B. J., et al. (2002) The role of mastery and social resources in the associations between disability and depression in later life. Gerontologist, 42, 807-813.
175. Janicak, P., Davis, J., Gibbons, R., et al. (1985) Efficacy of ECT: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 297-302.
176. Jenkins, R., Bennington, P., Burgha, T., et al. (1997) The National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of Great Britain-Strategy and methods. Psychological Medicine, 27, 765-774.
177. Jones, R. N., Marcantonio, E. R., and Rabinowitz, T. (2003) Prevalence and correlates of recognized depression in U.S. nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 1404-1409.
178. Jorge, R. E., Robinson, R. G., Arndt, S., et al. (2003) Mortality and poststroke depression: a placebocontrolled trial of antidepressants. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1823-1829.
179. Karlinsky, H., and Shulman, K. I. (1984) The clinical use of electroconvulsive therapy in old age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 32, 183-186.
180. Karp, J. F., Scott, J., Houck, P., et al. (2005) Pain predicts longer time to remission during treatment of recurrent depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 591-597.
181. Katon, W. J., Fan, M.-Y., Lin, E. H. B., et al. (2006) Depressive symptom deterioration in a large primary care-based elderly cohort. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 246-254.
182. Katz, I. R. (1993) Drug treatment of depression in the frail elderly: Discussion of the NIH Consensus Development Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 29, 101-108.
183. Katz, I. R., Simpson, G. M., Curlik, S.M., et al. (1990) Pharmacologic treatment of major depression for elderly patients in residential care settings. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 41-47.
184. Kay, D., Roth, M., and Hopkins, B. (1955). Affective disorders in the senium: their association with organic cerebral degeneration. Journal of Mental Science, 101, 302-316.
185. Kay, D. W. K., Henderson, A. S., Scott, R., et al. (1985) The prevalence of dementia and depression among the elderly living in the Hobart community: the effect of the diagnostic criteria on the prevalence rates. Psychological Medicine, 15, 771-788.
186. Kellner, C. H., Fink, M., Knapp, R., et al. (2005) Relief of expressed suicidal intent by ECT: a consortium for research in ECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 977-982.
187. Kennedy, G. J., Kelman, H. R., and Thomas, C. (1991) Persistence and remission of depressive symptoms in late life. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 174-178.
188. Keonig, H. G. (1997) Differences in psychosocial and health correlates of major and minor depression in medically ill older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45, 1487-1495.
189. Kernohan, W. J., Chambers, J. L., Wilson, W. T., et al. (1967) Effects of nortriptyline on the mental and social adjustment of geriatric patients in a mental hospital. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 15, 196-202.
190. Kho, K. H., van Vreeswijk, M. F., Simpson, S., et al. (2003) A meta-analysis of electroconvulsive therapy efficacy in depression. Journal of Electroconvulsive Therapy, 19, 139-147.
191. Kivelä, S. L. (1995) Long term prognosis of major depression in old age: a comparison with prognosis of dysthymic disorder. International Psychogeriatrics, 7, 69-82.
192. Kivelä, S. L., and Pahkala, K. (1988a) Clinician-rated symptoms and signs of depression in aged Finns. International Journal of the Society of Psychiatry, 34, 274-284.
193. Kivelä, S. L., and Pahkala, K. (1988b) Factor structure of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression among depressed elderly Finns. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 196, 389-399.
194. Kivelä, S. L., and Pahkala, K. (1988c) Symptoms of depression among old people in Finland. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie, 21, 257-263.
195. Kivelä, S. L., and Pahkala, K. (1989) Delusional depression in the elderly: a community study. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie, 22, 236-241.
196. Kivelä, S. L., Pahkala, K., and Laipbala, P. (1991) A one year prognosis of dysthymic disorder and major depression in old age. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 81-87.
197. Kivelä, S. L., Kongas-Savario, P., Laippala, P., et al. (1996) Social and psychosocial factors predicting depression in old age: a longitudinal study. International Psychogeriatrics, 8, 635-644.
198. Klysner, R., Bent-Hansen, J., Hansen, H. L., et al. (2002) Efficacy of citalopram in the prevention of recurrent depression in elderly patients: placebo-controlled study of maintenance therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 29-35.
199. Knauper, B., and Wittchen, H.-U. (1994) Diagnosing major depression in the elderly: evidence for response bias in standardized diagnostic interviews. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 28, 147-164.
200. Koder, D., Brodaty, H., and Anstey, K. (1996) Cognitive therapy for depression in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 97-107.
201. Koenig, H. G. (1997) Differences in psychosocial and health correlates of major and minor depression in medically ill older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, December, 45(12), 1487-1495.
202. Koenig, H. G., and Breitner, J. C. S. (1990) Use of antidepressants in medically ill older patients. Psychosomatics, 31, 22-32.
203. Koenig, H. G., Goli, V., Shelp, F., et al. (1989) Antidepressant use in elderly medical inpatients: lessons from an attempted clinical trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 4, 498-505.
204. Koenig, H. G., Goli, V., Shelp, F., et al. (1992) Major depression in hospitalised medically ill older men: documentation, management and outcome. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 25-34.
205. Kramer, B. A. (1987) Electroconvulsive therapy use in geriatric depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 233-235.
206. Krishnan, K. R. R. (1991) Organic bases of depression in the elderly. Annals of Review in Medicine, 42, 261-266.
207. Krishnan, K. R. R., Goli, V., Ellinwood, F. H., et al. (1988) Leukeoncephalopathy in patient diagnosed as major depressive. Biological Psychiatry, 23, 519-522.
208. Krishnan, K. R., McDonald, W. M., Doriaiswamy, P. M., et al. (1993) Neuroanatomical substrates of depression in the elderly. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 243, 41-46.
209. Krishnan, K. R., Hays, J. C., Tupler, L. A., et al. (1995) Clinical and phenomenological comparisons of late-onset and early-onset depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 152, 497-501.
210. Krishnan, M. S., O'Brien, J. T., Firbank, M. J., et al. (2006) Relationship between periventricular and deep white matter lesions and depressive symptoms in older people: the LADIS study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 983-989.
211. Kumar, A., Koss, E., Metzler, D., et al. (1988) Behavioral symptomatology in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 2, 363-365.
212. Lavretsky, H., Park, S., Siddarth, P., et al. (2006) Methylphenidate-enhanced antidepressant response to citalopram in the elderly: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 181-185.
213. Lebowitz, B. D., Martinez, R. A., Niederehe, G., et al. (1995) NIMH/MacArthur Foundation Workshop Report. Treatment of depression in late life. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 31, 185-202.
214. Lee, H., and Lawlor, B. A. (1997) The outcome of elderly patients presenting with depressive symptoms. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 14, 8-12.
215. Lee, D. Y., Choo, I., Jhoo, J. H., et al. (2006) Frontal dysfunction underlies depressive syndrome in Alzheimer disease: a FDG-PET study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 625-628.
216. Lenze, E. J., Rogers, J. C., Martire, L. M., et al. (2001) The association of late-life depression and anxiety with physical disability. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 113-135.
217. Lenze, E. J.,Mulsant, B.H., Dew, M. A., et al. (2003) Good treatment outcomes in late-life depression with comorbid anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 77, 247-254.
218. Lindeman, S., Hämäläinen, J., Isometsä, E., et al. (2000) The 12-month prevalence and risk factors for major depressive episode in Finland: representative sample of 5993 adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 178-184.
219. Lindesay, J., Briggs, K., and Murphy, E. (1989) The Guy's/Age Concern Survey. Prevalence rates of cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety in an urban elderly community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 317-329.
220. Lipsey, J. R., Robinson, R. G., Pearlson, G. D., et al. (1984) Nortriptyline treatment of post-stroke depression: a double-blind study. Lancet, 1, 297-300.
221. Livingston, G., Hawkins, A., Graham, N., et al. (1990) The Gospel Oak Study: prevalence rates of dementia, depression and activity limitation among elderly residents in inner London. Psychological Medicine, 20, 137-146.
222. Livingston, G., Watkin, V., Milne, B., et al. (1997) The natural history of depression and the anxiety disorders in older people: the Islington community study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 46, 255-262.
223. Llewellyn-Jones, R. H.,Baikie, K. A., Smithers, H., et al. (1999) Multifaceted shared care intervention for late life depression in residential care: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 319, 676-682.
224. Lobo, A., Saz, P., Marcos, G., Dia, J. L., et al. (1995) The prevalence of dementia and depression in the elderly community in a Southern European population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 497-506.
225. Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Sweet, R. A., et al. (2006) Lewy bodies in the amygdala increase risk for major depression in subjects with Alzheimer disease. Neurology, 67, 660-665.
226. Lustman, P. J., Griffith, L. S., Freedland, K. E., et al. (1998) Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 129, 613-621.
227. Lyness, J. M., Cox, C., Curry, J., et al. (1995) Older age and the under-reporting of depressive symptoms. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 216-221.
228. Lyness, J. M., King, D. A., Cox, C., et al. (1999) The importance of subsyndromal depression in older primary care patients: prevalence and associated functional disability. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47, 647-652.
229. Lyness, J. M., Caine, E. D., King, D., et al. (2002) Depressive disorders and symptoms in older primary care patients. One-year outcomes. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 275-282.
230. Lyness, J. M., Heo, M., Datto, C. J., et al. (2006) Outcomes of minor and subsyndromal depression among elderly patients in primary care settings. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144, 528-530.
231. Lyness, J. M., Kim, J. H., Tang, W., et al. (2007) The clinical significance of subsyndromal depression in older primary care patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 214-223.
232. McCall, W. V., Farah, B. A., Reboussin, D., et al. (1995) Comparison of the efficacy of titrated, moderate-dose and fixed, high-dose right unilateral ECT in elderly patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 3, 317-324.
233. McCall,W. V., Cohen,W., Reboussin, B., et al. (1999) Pretreatment differences in specific symptoms and quality of life among depressed inpatients who do and do not receive electroconvulsive therapy: a hypothesis regarding why the elderly are more likely to receive ECT. Journal of Electroconvulsive Therapy, 15, 193-201.
234. McCurren, C., Dowe, D., Rattle, D., et al. (1999) Depression among nursing home elders: testing an intervention strategy. Applied Nursing Research, 12, 185-195.
235. MacFall, J.R., Taylor,W.D., Rex, D. E., et al. (2006) Lobar distribution of lesion volumes in late-life depression: the Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN). Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 1500-1507.
236. McGorry, P., Copolov, D. L., and Singh, B. (1989) The validity of the assessment of psychopathology in the psychoses. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 469-482.
237. McNeil, K., LeBlanc, E., and Joyce, M. (1991) The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in the moderately depressed elderly. Psychology and Aging, 3, 487-488.
238. Magai, C., Kennedy, G., Cohen, C. I., et al. (2000) A controlled clinical trial of sertraline in the treatment of depression in nursing home residents with late-stage Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 66-74.
239. Magni, G., Plazzolo, O., and Bianchin, G. (1988) The course of depression in elderly outpatients. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 21-24.
240. Meats, P., Timol, M., and Jolley, D. (1991) Prognosis of depression in the elderly. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 659-663.
241. Merriam, A. E., Aronson, M. K., Gaston, P., et al. (1988) The psychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 7-12.
242. Meyers, B. S., and Greenberg, R. (1986) Late-life delusional depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 11, 133-137.
243. Meyers, B. S., Kalayam, B., and Mei-Tal, V. (1984) Late-onset delusional depression: a distinct clinical entity? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 45, 347-349.
244. Mielke, D. H., Winstead, D. K., Goethe, J. W., et al. (1984) Multiple-monitored electroconvulsive therapy: safety and efficacy in elderly depressed patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 32, 180-182.
245. Mitchell, P. (1997) Drug interactions of clinical significance with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Drug Safety, 17, 390-406.
246. Moller, H. J., Muller, H., and Volz, H. P. (1996) How to assess the onset of antidepressant effect: comparison of global ratings and findings based on depression scales. Pharmacopsychiatry, 29, 57-62.
247. Montgomery, S. A. (2002) Late-life depression: rationalizing pharmacological treatment options. Gerontology, 48, 392-400.
248. Morris, P. D. (1991) Which elderly depressives will respond to ECT? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 159-163.
249. Morse, J. Q., Pilkonis, P. A., and Houck, P. R. (2005) Impact of cluster C personality disorders on outcomes of acute and maintenance treatment in late-life depression. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 808-814.
250. Mossey, J. M., Knott, K. A., Higgins, M., et al. (1996) Effectiveness of a psychosocial intervention, interpersonal counseling, for subdysthymic depression in medically ill elderly. Journal of Gerontology and Biological Medical Science, 51, M172-178.
251. Mottram, P., Wilson, K., and Strobl, J. (2006) Antidepressants for depressed elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Article CD003491.
252. Mueller, T. I., Kohn, R., Leventhal, N., et al. (2004) The course of depression in elderly patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 22-29.
253. Mulsant, B. H.,Houck, P. R., and Gildengers,A.G. (2006) What is the optimal duration of a short-term antidepressant trial when treating geriatric depression? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26, 113-120.
254. Murphy, E. (1983) The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 111-119.
255. Murphy, E. (1986) Social factors in late life depression, in E. Murphy (Ed.), Affective Disorders in the Elderly, Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingston, pp. 78-96.
256. Murphy, E. (1996) Author's retrospective. Social origins of depression in old age. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11, 500-502.
257. Murphy Jr, G. M., Hollander, S. B., Rodrigues, H. E., et al. (2004) Effects of the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism on mirtazapine and paroxetine efficacy and adverse events in geriatric major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1163-1169.
258. Nair, N. P. V., Amin, M., and Holm, P. (1995) Moclobemide and nortriptyline in elderly depressed patients. A randomized, multi-centre trial against placebo. Journal of Affective Disorders, 33, 1-9.
259. Nelson, J. C., and Bowers, M. B. (1978) Delusional unipolar depression: description and drug response. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 1321-1328.
260. Nelson, J. P., and Rosenberg, D. R. (1991) ECT treatment of demented elderly patients with major depression: a retrospective study of efficacy and safety. Convulsive Therapy, 7, 157-165.
261. Nelson, J. C., Conwell, Y., Kim, K., et al. (1989) Age at onset in late-life delusional depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 785-786.
262. Newman, S. C. (1999) Prevalence of depression in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a population sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 52, 169-176.
263. Norton, M. C., Skoog, I., Toone, L., et al. (2006) Three-year incidence of first-onset depressive syndrome in a population sample of older adults: the Cache County Study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 237-245.
264. Nyth, A. L., and Gottfries, C. G. (1990) The clinical efficacy of citalopram in treatment of emotional disturbances in dementia disorders. A Nordic multi-centre study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 894-901.
265. Nyth, A. L., Gottfries, C. G., Lyby, K., et al. (1992) A controlled multicenter clinical study of citalopram and placebo in elderly depressed patients with and without concomitant dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 86, 138-145.
266. OADIG (1993) How long should the elderly take antidepressants? A double-blind placebo-controlled study of continuation/prophylaxis therapy with dothiepin. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 175-182.
267. O'Brien, J., Ames, D., Chiu, E., et al. (1998) Severe deep white matter lesions and outcome in elderly patients with major depressive disorder: follow-up study. British Medical Journal, 317, 982-984.
268. O'Brien, J. T., Firbank, M. J., Krishnan, R. K., et al. (2006) White matter hyperintensities rather than lucunar infarcts are associated with depressive symptoms in older people: the LADIS study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 834-841.
269. O'Connor, D. W. (2006) Do older Australians truly have low rates of anxiety and depression? A critique of the 1997 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 623-631.
270. O'Connor, D. W., Politt, P. A., and Roth, M. (1990) Coexisting depression and dementia in a community survey of the elderly. International Psychogeriatrics, 2, 45-53.
271. O'Connor, D., Blessed, G., Cooper, B., et al. (1996) Cross-national interrater reliability of dementia diagnosis in the elderly and factors associated with disagreement. Neurology, 47, 1194-1199.
272. O'Leary, D., Gill, D., Gregory, S., et al. (1994) The effectiveness of real versus simulated electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 567-571.
273. Olfson, M., Marcus, S., Sackheim, H. A., et al. (1998) Use of ECT for the inpatient treatment of recurrent major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 22-29.
274. Osborn, D. P., Fletcher, A. E., Smeeth, L., et al. (2003) Factors associated with depression in a representative sample of 14 217 people aged 75 and over in the United Kingdom: results from the MRC trial of assessment and management of older people in the community. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 623-630.
275. Oxman, T. E., Barrett, J. E., Barrett, J., et al. (1990) Symptomatology of late-life minor depression among primary care patients. Psychosomatics, 31, 174-180.
276. Pahkala,K.,Kesti, E.,Kongas-Saviaro, P., et al. (1995) Prevalence of depression in an aged population in Finland. Society of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 30, 99-106.
277. Palmer, B. W., Jeste, D. V., and Sheikh, J. I. (1997) Anxiety disorders in the elderly: DSM-IV and other barriers to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 46, 183-190.
278. Palsson, S. P., Östling, S., and Skoog, I. (2001) The incidence of first-onset depression in a population followed from the age of 70 to 85. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1159-1168.
279. Parker, G. (2002) Differential effectiveness of newer and older antidepressants appears mediated by an age effect on the phenotypic expression of depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 168-170.
280. Parmalee, P., Katz, I., and Lawton, M. P. (1993) Anxiety and its association with depression among institutionalized elderly. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1, 65-78.
281. Parnetti, L., Sommacal, S., Morselli, L. A. M., et al. (1993) Multi-centre controlled randomised double-blind placebo study of minaprine in elderly patients suffering from prolonged depressive reaction. Drug Investment, 6, 181-188.
282. Payne, J. L., Sheppard, J. M. E., Steinberg, M., et al. (2002) Incidence, prevalence and outcomes of depression in residents of a long-term care facility with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 247-253.
283. Pearlson, G. D., Rabins, P. V., Kim, W. S., et al. (1989) Structural brain CT changes and cognitive deficits in elderly depressives with and without reversible dementia ('pseudodementia'). Psychological Medicine, 19, 573-584.
284. Pelicier, Y., and Schaeffer, P. (1993) Multicenter double-blind study comparing the efficacy and tolerance of paroxetine and clomipramine in reactive depression in the elderly patient. Encephale, 19, 257-261.
285. Perlis, R. H., Mischoulon, D., Smoller, J. W., et al. (2003) Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and adverse effects with fluoxetine treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 897-883.
286. Pettinati, H. M., Mathisen, K. S., Rosenberg, J., et al. (1986) Meta-analytic approach to reconciling discrepancies in efficacy between bilateral and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Convulsive Therapy, 2, 7-17.
287. Philibert, R. A., Richards, L., Lynch, C. F., et al. (1995) Effect of ECT on mortality and clinical outcome in geriatric unipolar depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 56, 390-394.
288. Pinquart, M., and Sorensen, S. (2001) How effective are psychotherapeutic and other psychosocial interventions with older adults? Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 7, 207-243.
289. Pinquart, M., Duberstein, P. R., and Lyness, J. M. (2006) Treatments for late-life depressive conditions: a meta-analytic comparison of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1493-1501.
290. Pollock, B. G., Ferrell, R. E.,Mulsant, B. H., et al. (2000) Allelic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter affects onset of paroxetine treatment response in late-life depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 587-590.
291. Pomerantz, A. S., deNesnera, A., and West, A. N. (1992) Resolution of depressive symptoms in medical inpatients after discharge. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 22, 281-289.
292. Post, F. (1962) The significance of affective symptoms in old age, in Maudsley Monographs 10, London: Oxford University Press.
293. Post, F. (1972) The management and nature of depressive illness in late life: a follow-through study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 393-404.
294. Price, T. R. P., and McAllister, T. W. (1989) Safety and efficacy of ECT in depressed patients with dementia: a review of clinical experience. Convulsive Therapy, 5, 61-74.
295. Prince, M. J., Harwood, R. H., Blizard, R. A., et al. (1997) Impairment, disability and handicap as risk factors for depression in old age. The Gospel Oak Project V. Psychological Medicine, 27, 311-321.
296. Prince, M. J., Harwood, R. H., Blizard, R. A., et al. (1998) A prospective population-based cohort study of the effects of disablement and social milieu on the onset and maintenance of late-life depression. The Gospel Oak Project VII. Psychological Medicine, 28, 337-350.
297. Prince, M. J., Beekman, A. T., Deeg, D. J., et al. (1999) Depression symptoms in late life assessed using the EURO-D scale. Effect of age, gender and marital status in 14 European centres. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 339-345.
298. Prudic, J., Sackheim, H. A., and Devanand, D. P. (1990) Medication resistance and clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Research, 31, 287-296.
299. Prudic, J., Haskett, R. F., Mulsant, B., et al. (1996) Resistance to antidepressant medications and short-term clinical response to ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 985-992.
300. Rabindranath, K. S.,Butler, J. A.,Macleod, A., et al. (2005). Physical measures for treating depression in dialysis patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Art. No: CD004541.
301. Rabins, P. V., Pearlson, G. D., Aylward, E., et al. (1991) Cortical magnetic resonance imaging changes in elderly inpatients with major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 617-620.
302. Rao, N. (2007) The clinical pharmacokinetics of escitalpram. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 46, 281-290.
303. Rao, V., and Lyketsos, C. G. (2001) The benefits and risks of ECT for patients with primary dementia who also suffer from depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 919-920.
304. Rapoport, M. J., Mamdani, M., and Herrmann, N. (2006) Electroconvulsive therapy in older adults: 13-year trends. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 616-619.
305. Rapp, S. R., Parisi, S. A., andWallace, C. E. (1991) Comorbid psychiatric disorders in elderly medical patients: a one year prospective study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39, 124-131.
306. Raskind, M. A. (1998) The clinical interface of depression and dementia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 9-12.
307. Rasmussen, A., Lunde, M., Poulsen, D. L., et al. (2003) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of sertraline in the prevention of depression in stroke patients. Psychosomatics, 44, 216-221.
308. Reding, M., Haycox, J., and Blass, J. (1985). Depression in patients referred to a dementia clinic. Archives in Neuroscience, 42, 894-896.
309. Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., et al. (1993) One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States and sociodemographic characteristics: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88, 35-47.
310. Reifler, B. V., Larson, E., and Hanley, R. (1982) Coexistence of cognitive impairment and depression in geriatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 623-626.
311. Reynolds III, C. F., Frank, E., Perel, J. M., et al. (1994) Treatment of consecutive episodes of major depression in the elderly. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1740-1743.
312. Reynolds III, C. F., Dew, M. A., Frank, E., et al. (1998) Effects of age at onset of first lifetime episode of recurrent major depression on treatment response and illness course in elderly patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 795-799.
313. Reynolds III, C. F., Frank, E., Perel, J.M., et al. (1999) Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression: a randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 39-45.
314. Reynolds III, C. F., Smith, G. S., Dew, M. A., et al. (2005) Accelerating symptom-reduction in late-life depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sleep deprivation. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 353-359.
315. Reynolds III, C. F., Dew, M. A., Pollock, B. G., et al. (2006) Maintenance treatment of major depression in old age. New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 1130-1138.
316. Rigler, S. K., Studenski, S., Duncan, P. W. (1998) Pharmacologic treatment of geriatric depression: key issues in interpreting the evidence. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 46, 106-110.
317. Rihmer, Z., Satori, M., and Pestality, P. (2000) Selegiline-citalopram combination in patients with Parkinson's disease and major depression. Journal of Psychiatry Clinical Practice, 4, 123-125.
318. Roberts, R. E., Kaplan, G. A., Shema, S. J., et al. (1997) Does growing old increase the risk for depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1384-1390.
319. Robinson, L. A., Berman, J. S., and Neimeyer, R. A. (1990) Psychotherapy for the treatment of depression: a comprehensive review of controlled outcome research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 30-49.
320. Rocca, P., Calvarese, P., Faggiano, F., et al. (2005) Citalopram versus sertraline in late-life nonmajor clinically significant depression: a 1-year follow-up clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 360-369.
321. Romanoski, A. J., Folstein, M. F., Nestadt, G., et al. (1992) The epidemiology of psychiatristascertained depression and DSM-III depressive disorders. Psychological Medicine, 22, 629-655.
322. Roose, S. P., Glassman, A. H., Attia, E., et al. (1994) Comparative efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclics in the treatment of melancholia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1735-1739.
323. Roose, S. P., Sackheim, H. A., Krishnan, K. R., et al. (2004) Antidepressant pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression in the very old: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2050-2059.
324. Rosen, J., Mulsant, B. H., and Nebes, R. D. (1992) A pilot study of interictal cognitive changes in elderly patients during ECT. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 407-410.
325. Rosen, J., Rogers, J. C., Marin, R. S., et al. (1997) Control-relevant intervention in the treatment of minor and major depression in a long-term care facility. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 247-257.
326. Roth, M. (1955) The natural history of mental disorders in old age. Journal of Mental Science, 101, 281-301.
327. Roth, M., Mountjoy, C. Q., Amrein, R., et al. (1996) Moclobemide in elderly patients with cognitive decline and depression. An international double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 149-157.
328. Rovner, B. W., and Katz, I. R. (1993) Psychiatric disorders in the nursing home: a selected review of studies related to clinical care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 75-87.
329. Rovner, B. W., Broadhead, J., Spencer, M., et al. (1989) Depression and Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 350-353.
330. Rovner, B. W., German, P. S., Brant, L. J., et al. (1991) Depression and mortality in nursing homes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 265, 993-996.
331. Rovner, B.W., Casten, R. J., Hegel, M. T., et al. (2007) Preventing depression in age-related macular degeneration. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 886-892.
332. Rowe, S. K., and Rapaport, M. H. (2006) Classification and treatment of sub-threshold depression. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19, 9-13.
333. Rozzini, R., Frisoni, G. B., Ferrucci, L., et al. (1997) Co-occurrence of disadvantage conditions in elderly subjects with depressive symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 46, 247-254.
334. Rybarczyk, B., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Rodman, J., et al. (1992) Applying cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy to the chronically-ill elderly: treatment issues and case illustration. International Psychogeriatrics, 4, 127-140.
335. Sackheim, H. A., Roose, S. P., and Burt, T. (2005) Optimal length of antidepressant trials in late-life depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25, S34-S37.
336. Sackheim, H. A., Prohovnik, I., Moeller, J. R., et al. (1990) Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders, I: comparison of major depressive and normal controls at rest. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 60-70.
337. Sackheim, H. A., Prudic, J., Devanand, D. P., et al. (1993) Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, 328, 839-846.
338. Salloway, S., Boyle, P. A., Correia, S., et al. (2002) The relationship of MRI subcortical hyperintensities to treatment response in a trial of sertraline in geriatric depressed outpatients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 107-111.
339. Schatzberg, A., and Cantillon, M. (2002) Antidepressant early response and remission with venlafaxine or fluoxetine in depressed geriatric patients. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 3, S191.
340. Schifano, F., Garbin, A.,Renesto,V., et al. (1990)Adouble-blind comparison of mianserin and maprotiline in depressed medically ill elderly people. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 81, 289-294.
341. Schneider, L. S., and Olin, J. T. (1995) Efficacy of acute treatment for geriatric depression. International Psychogeriatrics, 7, 7-25.
342. Schneider, L. S., Small, G. W., Hamilton, S. H., et al. (1997) Estrogen replacement and response to fluoxetine in a multicenter geriatric depression trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 97-106.
343. Schoevers, R. A., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., et al. (2003) The natural history of late-life depression: results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL). Journal of Affective Disorders, 76, 5-14.
344. Schuckit, M. A., Miller, P. L., and Berman, J. (1980) The three year course of psychiatric problems in a geriatric population. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 27-32.
345. Scogin, F., and McElreath, L. (1994) Efficacy of psychosocial treatments for geriatric depression: a quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 69-74.
346. Seidel, G., Smith, C., Hafner, R. J., et al. (1992) A psychogeriatric community outreach service: description and evaluation. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 347-350.
347. Serra, M., Gasto, C., Navarro, V., et al. (2006) Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in elderly psychotic unipolar depression. Medicina Clinica, 126, 491-492.
348. Shah, A., Odutoye, K., and De, T. (2001) Depression in acutely medically ill elderly inpatients: a pilot study of early identification and intervention by formal psychogeriatric consultation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 62, 233-240.
349. Sheline, Y. I., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M. A., et al. (1999) Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 5034-5043.
350. Sheline, Y. I., Barch, D. M., Carcia, K., et al. (2006) Cognitive function in late life depression: relationships to depression severity, cerebrovascular risk factors and processing speed. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 58-65.
351. Simpson, S. W., Jackson, A., Baldwin, R. C., et al. (1997) Subcortical hyperintensities in latelife depression: acute response to treatment and neuropsychological impairment. International Psychogeriatrics, 9, 257-275.
352. Simpson, S., Baldwin, R. C., Jackson, A., et al. (1998) Is subcortical disease associated with a poor response to antidepressants? Neurological, neuropsychological, and neuroradiological findings in late-life depression. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1015-1026.
353. Singh, N. A., Clements, K. M., and Fiatarone, M. A. (1997) A randomized controlled trial of progressive resistance training in depressed elders. Journal of Gerontology, 51, M27-M35.
354. Singh, N. A., Clements, K. M., and Singh, M. A. (2001) The efficacy of exercise as a long-term antidepressant in elderly subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Gerontology, 56, M497-M504.
355. Singh, N. A., Stavrinos, T. M., Scarbek, Y., et al. (2005) A randomized controlled trial of high versus lowintensity weight training versus general practitioner care for clinical depression in older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 60, M768-M776.
356. Smalbrugge, M., Jongenelis, L., Pot, A. M., et al. (2006) Incidence and outcome of depressive symptoms in nursing home patients in the Netherlands. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 1069-1076.
357. Small, G.W., Birkett, M.,Meyers, B. S., et al. (1996) Impact of physical illness on quality of life and antidepressant response in geriatric major depression. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 1220-1225.
358. Smith, D., Dempster, C., Glanville, J., et al. (2002) Efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other antidepressants: a meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 396-404.
359. Sneed, J. R., Roose, S. P., Keilp, J. G., et al. (2007) Response inhibition predicts poor antidepressant treatment response in very old depressed patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 553-563.
360. Snowdon, J. (1990) The prevalence of depression in old age. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 5, 141-144.
361. Snowdon, J. (1994) The epidemiology of affective disorders in old age, in E. Chiu and D. Ames (Eds), Functional Psychiatric Disorders of the Elderly, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 95-110.
362. Snowdon, J. (2001) Is depression more prevalent in old age? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 782-787.
363. Snowdon, J. (2003) Age variation in the prevalence of depression: are study findings meaningful? in P. Sachdev (Ed.), The Ageing Brain. The Neurobiology and Neuropsychiatry of Ageing, Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, pp. 283-298.
364. Snowdon, J., and Fleming, R. (2008) Recognising depression in residential facilities: an Australian challenge. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 295-300.
365. Sobin, C., Sackheim, H. A., Prudic, J., et al. (1995) Predictors of retrograde amnesia following ECT. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 995-1001.
366. Spitzer,R. L., and Endicott, J. (1978) Research Diagnostic Criteria for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders, 3rd edition, New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
367. Starkstein, S. E., Jorge, R., Mizrahi, R., et al. (2005) The construct of minor and major depression in Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2086-2093.
368. Steffens, D. C., Byrum, C. E., McQuoid, D. R., et al. (2000a) Hippocampal volume in geriatric depression. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 301-309.
369. Steffens, D. C., Skoog, I., Norton M.C., et al. (2000b) Prevalence of depression and its treatment in an elderly population: the Cache County Study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 601-607.
370. Steffens, D. C., Conway, C. R., Dombeck, C., et al. (2001) Severity of subcortical gray matter hyperintensity predicts ECT response in geriatric depression. Journal of Electroconvulsive Therapy, 17, 45-49.
371. Steffens, D. C., Otey, E., Alexopoulos, G. S., et al. (2006) Perspectives on depression, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 130-138.
372. Steuer, J. L., Mintz, J., Hammen, C. L., et al. (1984) Cognitive-behavioural and psychodynamic group psychotherapy in the treatment of geriatric depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 180-189.
373. Steunenberg, B., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., et al. (2006) Personality and the onset of depression in late life. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92, 243-251.
374. Stoppe,A., Louza, M., Rosa, M., et al. (2006) Fixed high-dose electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly with depression: a double-blind, randomized comparison of efficacy and tolerability between unilateral and bilateral electrode placemen. Journal of Electroconvulsive Therapy, 22, 92-99.
375. Stordal, E., Bjartveit Krüger, M.,Dahl, M., et al. (2001) Depression in relation to age and gender in the general population: the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104, 210-216.
376. Stoudemire, A., Hill, C. D., Morris, R. et al. (1991) Cognitive outcome following tricyclic and electroconvulsive treatment of major depression in the elderly. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1336-1340.
377. Stoudemire, A., Hill, C. D., Morris, R., et al. (1993) Long-term affective and cognitive outcome in depressed older adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 896-900.
378. Swartz, M. S., and Blazer, D. G. (1986) The distribution of affective disorders in old age, in E. Murphy (Ed.), Affective Disorders in the Elderly, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 13-39.
379. Tan, R. S. H., Barlow, R. J., Abel, C., et al. (1994) The effect of low dose lofepramine in depressed elderly patients in general medical wards. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 37, 321-324.
380. Taylor, W. D., Steffens, D. C., and Krishnan, K. R. (2006) Psychiatric disease in the twenty-first century: the case for subcortical ischemic depression. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1299-1303.
381. Taylor, W. D., MacFall, J. R., Payne, M. E., et al. (2004) Late-life depression and microstructural abnormalities in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex white matter. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1293-1296.
382. Taylor,W. D., Steffens, D. C., Payne, M. E., et al. (2005) Influence of serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphisms on hippocampal volumes in late-life depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 537-544.
383. Teresi, J., Abrams, R., Holmes, D., et al. (2001) Prevalence of depression and depression recognition in nursing homes. Society of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 613-620.
384. Teri, L., Logsdon, R. G., Uomoto, J., et al. (1997) Behavioral treatment of depression in dementia patients: a controlled clinical trial. Journal of Gerontology, 52B, 159-166.
385. Tew, J. D., Mulsant, B. H., Haskett, R., et al. (1999) Acute efficacy of ECT in the treatment of major depression in the old-old. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1865-70.
386. Tew, J. D.,Mulsant, B. H., Houck, P. R., et al. (2006) Impact of prior treatment exposure on response to antidepressant treatment in late life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 957-965.
387. Tew, J. D.,Mulsant, B. H., Haskett, R. F., et al. (2007) Relapse during continuation pharmacotherapy after acute response to ECT: a comparison of usual care versus protocolised treatment. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 19, 1-4.
388. Thase, M. E., Entsuah, R., Cantillon, M., et al. (2005) Relative antidepressant efficacy of venlafaxine and SSRIs: sex-age interactions. Journal of Women's Health, 14, 609-616.
389. Thomas, A. J., and O'Brien, T. (2008) Depression and cognition in older adults. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 8-13.
390. Thompson, S., Herrmann, N., Rapoport, M. J., et al. (2007) Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for treatment of depression in Alzheimer's disease: a metaanalysis. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 248-255.
391. Trollor, J. N., Anderson, T. M., Sachdev, P. S., et al. (2007) Age shall not weary them: mental health in the middle-aged and the elderly. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 581-589.
392. Tsai, Y. F., Chung, J. W. Y., Wong, T. K. S., et al. (2005). Comparison of the prevalence and risk factors for depressive symptoms among elderly nursing home residents in Taiwan and Hong Kong. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 315-321.
393. Tuma, T. A. (1996) Effect of age on the outcome of hospital treated depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 76-81.
394. Unützer, J., Katon, W., Callahan, C. M., et al. (2002) Collaborative care management of late life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 2836-2845.
395. Valvanne, J., Juva, K., Erkinjuntti, T., et al. (1996) Major depression in the elderly: a population study in Helsinki. International Psychogeriatrics, 8, 437-443.
396. Van der Wurff, F. B., Stek, M. L., Hoogendijk, W. L., et al. (2003a). Electroconvulsive therapy for the depressed elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Article CD003593.
397. Van der Wurff, F. B., Stek, M. L., Hoogendijk, W. L., et al. (2003b). The efficacy and safety of ECT in depressed older adults, a literature review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 894-904.
398. van Marwijk, H., Hermans, J., and Springer, M. P. (1998) The prognosis of depressive disorder in elderly primary care patients. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 16, 107-111.
399. Vink, D., Aartsen, M. J., and Schoevers, R. A. (2008) Risk factors for anxiety and depression in the elderly: a review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 106, 29-44.
400. Volicer, L., Rheaume, Y., and Cyr, D. (1994) Treatment of depression in advanced Alzheimer's disease using sertraline. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 7, 227-229.
401. Wallace, A. E., Kofoed, L. L., and West, A. N. (1995) Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate in older, depressed, medically ill patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 929-931.
402. Weintraub, D., Morales, K. H., Moberg, P. J., et al. (2005) Antidepressant studies in Parkinson's disease: a review and meta-analysis. Movement Disorders, 20, 1161-1169.
403. Wells, K. B., Stewart, A., and Hays, R. D. (1989) The functioning and well-being of depressed patients: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, 262, 914-919.
404. World Health Organization (1992) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
405. Whyte, E. M., Basinski, J., Farhi, P., et al. (2004) Geriatric depression treatment nonresponders to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1634-1641.
406. Wijkstra, J., Lijmer, J., Balk, F. J., et al. (2006) Pharmacological treatment for unipolar psychotic depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 410-415.
407. Wilkinson, P. (2007) Psychological treatments in the management of severe late-life depression: at least as important as ECT. International Psychogeriatrics, 19, 14-18.
408. Wilkinson, A. M., Anderson, D. N., and Peters, S. (1993) Age and the effects of ECT. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 8, 401-406.
409. Williams Jr, J.W., Barrett, J., Oxman, T., et al. (2000) Treatment of dysthymia and minor depression in primary care: a randomized controlled trial in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 1519-1526.
410. Wilson, K., and Mottram, P. (2004) A comparison of side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in older depressed patients: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 754-762.
411. Wilson, K., Mottram, P., Sivanranthan, A., et al. (2001) Antidepressants versus placebo for the depressed elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Article CD000561.
412. Wilson, K., Mottram, P. G., Ashworth, L., et al. (2003) Older community residents with depression: long-term treatment with sertraline in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 492-497.
413. Winokur, G., Morrison, J., Clancy, J., et al. (1973) The Iowa 500: familial and clinical findings favour two kinds of depressive illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 14, 99-107.
414. Wragg, R. E., and Jeste, D. V. (1989) Overview of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. American J.ournal of Psychiatry, 146, 577-586.
415. Yang, Q., Huang, X., Hong, N., et al. (2007) White matter microstructural abnormalities in late-life depression. International Psychogeriatrics, 19, 757-766.
416. Yastrubetskaya, O., Chiu, E., and O'Connell, S. (1997) Is good clinical research practice for clinical trials good clinical practice? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 227-231.
417. Youssef, F. (1990).The impact of group reminiscence counseling on a depressed elderly population. Nurse Practice, 15, 35-38.
418. Zerhusen, J. D., Boyle, K., Rose, T., et al. (1991) Out of the darkness: group cognitive therapy for the depressed elderly. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 29, 16-21.
419. Zielinski, R. J., Roose, S. P., Devanand, D. P., et al. (1993) Cardiovascular complications of ECT in depressed patients with cardiac disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 904-909.
420. Zubenko, G. S., Sullivan, P., Nelson, J. P., et al. (1990) Brain imaging abnormalities in mental disorders of late life. Archives of Neuroscience, 47, 1107-1111.
421. Zubenko, G. S., Mulsant, B. H., Rifai, A. H., et al. (1994) Impact of acute psychiatric inpatient treatment on major depression in late life and prediction of response. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 987-994.