Social inequalities in response to antidepressant treatment in older adults

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 50-56

  Cohen, Alex ^a   Houck, Patricia R ^c   Szanto, Katalin ^c   Dew, Mary Amanda ^c   Gilman, Stephen E ^b   Reynolds III, Charles F ^c  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; NORTRIPTYLINE; PAROXETINE;

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HAMILTON SCALE; HUMAN; INCOME; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REMISSION; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICAL MODEL; SUICIDAL IDEATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; CENSUSES; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HUMANS; INCOME; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREJUDICE; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOTHERAPY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SOCIAL CLASS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 29844451608     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: 15383636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.1.50     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. MacIntyre S, Ellaway A. Neighborhoods and health: an overview. In: Kawachi I, Berkman LF, eds. Neighborhoods and Health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 2003:20-42.
2. Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, Cohen S, Folkman S, Kahn RL, Syme SL. Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient. Am Psychol. 1994;49:15-24.
3. Adler NE, Ostrove JM. Socioeconomic status and health: what we know and what we don't. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:3-15.
4. Isaacs SL, Schroeder SA. Class: the ignored determinant of the nation's health. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1137-1142.
5. Gortmaker SL, Wise PH. The first injustice: socioeconomic disparities, health services technology, and infant mortality. Annu Rev Sociol. 1997;23:147-170.
6. Breeze E, Fletcher AE, Leon DA, Marmot MG, Clarke RJ, Shipley MJ. Do socioeconomic disadvantages persist into old age? self-reported morbidity in a 29-year follow-up of the Whitehall Study. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:277-283.
7. Marmot M, Bobak M, Smith GD. Explanations for social inequalities in health. In: Amick BC III, Levine S, Tarlov AR, Walsh DC, eds. Society and Health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 1995:172-210.
8. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen HU, Kendler KS. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:8-19.
9. Marmot M. The influence of income on health: views of an epidemiologist. Health Aff (Millwood). 2002;21:31-46.
10. Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, Fortmann SP. Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:816-820.
11. Marmot M, Ryff CD, Bumpass LL, Shipley M, Marks NF. Social inequalities in health: next questions and converging evidence. Soc Sci Med. 1997;44:901-910.
12. Adler NE, Snibbe AC. The role of psychosocial processes in explaining the gradient between socioeconomic status and health. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2003;12:119-123.
13. Williams RB. The role of psychosocial factors in human disease: lessons from animal models. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1997;640:100-102.
14. Siegrist J, Marmot M. Health inequalities and the psychosocial environment - two scientific challenges. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:1463-1473.
15. McEwen BS, Seeman T. Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress: elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:30-47.
16. US Department of Health and Human Services. Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity. Rockville, Md: Office of the Surgeon General, Public Health Service, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2001.
17. Mechanic D. Policy challenges in addressing racial disparities and improving population health. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;24:335-338.
18. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE, Wang PS; National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289:3095-3105.
19. Roberts RE, Lee ES. Occupation and the prevalence of major depression, alcohol, and drug abuse in the United States. Environ Res. 1993;61:266-278.
20. Wilson KC, Chen R, Taylor S, McCracken CF, Copeland JR. Socio-economic deprivation and the prevalence and prediction of depression in older community residents: the MRC-ALPHA Study. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:549-553.
21. Lorant V, Deliege D, Eaton W, Robert A, Philippot P, Ansseau M. Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157:98-112.
22. Rickels K. Drug use in outpatient treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 1968;124(suppl):20-31.
23. Ostler K, Thompson C, Kinmonth ALK, Peveler RC, Stevens L, Stevens A. Influence of socio-economic deprivation on the prevalence and outcome of depression in primary care: the Hampshire Depression Project. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:12-17.
24. Rickels K, Jenkins BW, Zamostien B, Raab E, Kanther M. Pharmacotherapy in neurotic depression: differential population responses. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1967;145:475-485.
25. Downing RW, Rickels K. Predictors of response to amitriptyline and placebo in three outpatient treatment settings. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1973;156:109-129.
26. Keitner GI, Ryan CE, Miller IW, Norman WH. Recovery and major depression: factors associated with twelve-month outcome. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:93-99.
27. Hirschfeld RM, Russell JM, Delgado PL, Fawcett J, Friedman RA, Harrison WM, Koran LM, Miller IW, Thase ME, Howland RH, Connolly MA, Miceli RJ. Predictors of response to acute treatment of chronic and double depression with sertraline or imipramine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:669-675.
28. Ronalds C, Creed F, Stone K, Webb S, Tomenson B. Outcome of anxiety and depressive disorders in primary care. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;171:427-433.
29. Spillmann M, Borus JS, Davidson KG, Worthington JJ III, Tedlow JR, Fava M. Sociodemographic predictors of response to antidepressant treatment. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1997;27:129-136.
30. Perlis RH, Alpert J, Nierenberg AA, Mischoulon D, Yeung A, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M. Clinical and sociodemographic predictors of response to augmentation, or dose increase among depressed outpatients resistant to fluoxetine 20 mg/day. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;108:432-438.
31. Croughan JL, Secunda SK, Katz MM, Robins E, Mendels J, Swann A, Harris-Larkin B. Sociodemographic and prior clinical course characteristics associated with treatment response in depressed patients. J Psychiatr Res. 1988;22:227-237.
32. Adler NE, Newman K. Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies: inequality in education, income, and occupation exacerbates the gaps between the health "haves" and "have-nots." Health Aff (Millwood). 2002;21:60-76.
33. Reynolds CF III, Frank E, Perel JM, Imber SD, Cornes C, Miller MD, Mazumdar S, Houck PR, Dew MA, Stack JA, Pollock BG, Kupfer DJ. Nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy as maintenance therapies for recurrent major depression: a randomized controlled trial in patients older than 59 years. JAMA. 1999;281:39-45.
34. Szanto K, Mulsant BH, Houck P, Dew MA, Reynolds CF III. Occurrence and course of suicidality during short-term treatment of late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:610-617.
35. US Census Bureau. State and County QuickFacts: Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Available at: http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42003lk. html. Accessed March 16, 2004.
36. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56-62.
37. Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, et al. Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder: remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:851-855.
38. US Census Bureau. Census 2000 Basics. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 2002.
39. Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Soobader MJ, Subramanian SV, Carson R. Choosing area based socioeconomic measures to monitor social inequalities in low birth weight and childhood lead poisoning: the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project (US). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:186-199.
40. Krieger N, Zierler S, Hogan JW, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Lemieux K, Gjelsvik A. Geocoding and measurement of neighborhood socioeconomic position: a US perspective. In: Kawachi I, Berkman LF, eds. Neighborhoods and Health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 2003:147-178.
41. Perez-Smith A, Spirito A, Boergers J. Neighborhood predictors of hopelessness among adolescent suicide attempters: preliminary investigation. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2002;32:139-145.
42. Cesaroni G, Farchi S, Davoli M, Forastiere F, Perucci CA. Individual and area-based indicators of socioeconomic status and childhood asthma. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:619-624.
43. Schwartz KL, Crossley-May H, Vigneau FD, Brown K, Banerjee M. Race, socioeconomic status and stage at diagnosis for five common malignancies. Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14:761-766.
44. Huang SS, Finkelstein JA, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, Platt R. Communitylevel predictors of pneumococcal carriage and resistance in young children. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:645-654.
45. Boardman JD. Stress and physical health: the role of neighborhoods as mediating and moderating mechanisms. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:2473-2483.
46. Robert SA, Strombom I, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM, McElroy JA, Newcomb PA, Remington PL. Socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer: distinguishing individual- and community-level effects. Epidemiology. 2004;15:442-450.
47. Klassen AC, Curriero FC, Hong JH, Williams C, Kulldorff M, Meissner HI, Alberg A, Ensminger M. The role of area-level influences on prostate cancer grade and stage at diagnosis. Prev Med. 2004;39:441-448.
48. Singh GK, Miller BA, Hankey BF, Edwards BK. Persistent area socioeconomic disparities in US incidence of cervical cancer, mortality, stage, and survival, 1975-2000. Cancer. 2004;101:1051-1057.
49. Gildengers A, Houck P, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Maxumdar S, Miller MD, Dew MA, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Reynolds CF III. Course and rate of antidepressant response in the very old. J Affect Disord. 2002;69:177-184.
50. Harris T. Recent developments in understanding the psychosocial aspects of depression. Br Med Bull. 2001;57:17-32.
51. Kessler RC. Marital disruption and depression in a community sample. J Health Soc Behav. 1993;34:237-251.
52. Miller MD, Paradis CF, Houck PR, Mazumdar S, Stack JA, Rifai AH, Mulsant B, Reynolds CF III. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale. Psychiatry Res. 1992;41:237-248.
53. Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 1972;34:187-220.
54. Zeger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics. 1986;42:121-130.
55. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2003.
56. Miranda J, Chung JY, Green BL, Krupnick J, Siddique J, Revicki DA, Belin T. Treating depression in predominantly low-income young minority women. JAMA. 2003;290:57-65.
57. Navarro V. Race or class versus race and class: mortality differentials in the United States. Lancet. 1990;336:1238-1240.
58. Geronimus AT, Bound J, Neidert LJ. On the validity of using census geocode characteristics to proxy individual socioeconomic characteristics. J Am Stat Assoc. 1996;91:529-537.
59. Geronimus AT, Bound J. Use of census-based aggregate variables to proxy for socioeconomic group: evidence from national samples. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:475-486.
60. Soobader M, LeClere FB, Hadden W, Maury B. Using aggregate geographic data to proxy individual socioeconomic status: does size matter? Am J Public Health. 2001;91:632-636.
61. Pickett KE, Pearl M. Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: a critical review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55:111-122.
62. Ostir GV, Eschbach K, Markides KS, Goodwin JS. Neighbourhood composition and depressive symptoms among older Mexican Americans. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:987-992.
63. Krieger N, Waterman PD, Chen JT, Soobader MJ, Subramanian SV. Monitoring socioeconomic inequalities in sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, and violence: geocoding and choice of area-based socioeconomic measures - the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project (US). Public Health Rep. 2003;118:240-260.
64. Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Soobader MJ, Subramanian SV, Carson R. Geocoding and monitoring of US socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and cancer incidence: does the choice of area-based measure and geographic level matter? the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:471-482.
65. Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Rehkopf DH, Subramanian SV. Race/ ethnicity, gender, and monitoring socioeconomic gradients in health: a comparison of area-based socioeconomic measures - the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:1655-1671.
66. Krieger N, Gordon D. Re: "Use of census-based aggregate variables to proxy for socioeconomic group: evidence from national samples [comment]. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:892-896.
67. Sociodemographic questionnaire. John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health Web site. Available at: http://www.macses.ucsf.edu/Research/Social%20Environment/notebook/measure.html. Accessed November 4, 2004.
68. Kawachi I. Social capital and community effects on population and individual health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896:120-130.
69. Kawachi I, Berkman LF, eds. Neighborhoods and Health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc; 2003.
70. Dohrenwend BP. The role of adversity and stress in psychopathology: some evidence and its implications for theory and research. J Health Soc Behav. 2000;41:1-19.
71. Harris T, Brown GW, Robinson R. Befriending as an intervention for chronic depression among women in an inner city, I: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;174:219-224.
72. Weich S, Lewis G, Jenkins SP. Income inequality and the prevalence of common mental disorders in Britain. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178:222-227.