Minor depression: A review of the literature

International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 177-209

  Beck, David A ^a,b   Koenig, Harold G ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

atypical; community; Depression; elderly; medical illness; minor

Indexed keywords

ABSENTEEISM; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; DISABILITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DIVORCE; GERONTOPSYCHIATRY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; MEDICAL LITERATURE; PUBLICATION; STATISTICS;

EID: 0029789921     PISSN: 00912174     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/AC30-P715-Y4TD-J7D2     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E. Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Archi ves of General Psychiatry 1978;35:773-782.
2. Kathol RG, Petty F. Relationship of depression to medical illness: a critical review. Journal of Affective Disorders 1981;3:111-121.
3. Broadhead WE, Blazer DG, George LK, Tse CK. Depression, disability days, and days lost from work in a prospective epidemiologic survey. Journal of the American Medical Association 1990;264:2524-2528.
4. Bruce ML, Kim K, Leaf PJ, Jacobs S. Depressive episodes and dysphoria resulting from conjugal bereavement in a prospective community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990:147:608-611.
5. Johnson J, Weissman MM, Klerman GL. Service utilization and social morbidity associated with depressive symptoms in the community. Journal of the American Medical Association 1992;267:1478-1483.
6. Judd LL, Rapaport MH, Paulus MP, Brown JL. Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: a new mood disorder? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994; 55:4(suppl): 18-28.
7. Skodol AE, Schwartz S, Dohrenwend BP, Levav I, Shrout PE. Minor depression in a cohort of young adults in Israel. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994 ;51:542-551.
8. Jaffee A, Fromm J, Galambos N. Minor depression and functional impairment. Archives of Family Medicine 1994;3:1081-1086.
9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd rev. ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
11. Katon W, Roy-Byme PP. Antidepressants in the medically ill: diagnosis and treatment in primary care. Clinical Chemistry 1988;34:829-836.
12. Kathol RG, Noyes R, Williams J, Mutgi A, Carroll B, Perry P. Diagnosing depression in patients with medical illness. Psychosomatics 1990;31:434-440.
13. Shapiro S, Skinner EA, Kessler LG, Von Korff M, German PS, Tischler GL, Leaf PJ, Benham L, Cottier L, Regier DA. Utilization of health and mental health services: three epidemiologic catchment area sites. Archives of General Psychiatry 1984; 41:971-978.
14. Regier DA, Hirschfeld MA, Goodwin FK, Burke JD, Lazar JB, Judd LL. The NIMH Depression Awareness, Recognition, and Treatment Program: structure, aims, and scientific basis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988;145:1351-1357.
15. Widmer RB, Cadoret RJ. Depression in primary care. Changes in pattern of patient visits and complaints during a developing depression. The Journal of Family Practice 1978;7:293-302.
16. Widmer RB, Cadoret RJ. Depression in family practice: changes in patterns of patient visits and complaints during subsequent developing depression. The Journal of Family Practice 1979;9:1017-1021.
17. Widmer RB, Cadoret RJ. Depression, the great imitator in family practice. The Journal of Family Practice 1983;17:485-505.
18. Blazer D, Hughes DC, George LK. The epidemiology of depression in an elderly community population. The Gerontologist 1987;27:281-287.
19. Blazer DG. Depression in the elderly. Hospital Practice 1994;29:37-44.
20. McCullough PK. Geriatric depression: atypical presentations, hidden meanings. Geriatrics 1991;46:72-76.
21. Kathol RG, Mutgi A, Williams J, Clamon G, Noyés R. Diagnosis of major depression in cancer patients according to four sets of criteria. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990;147:1021-1024.
22. Chochinov HM, Wilson KG, Enns M, Lander S. Prevalence of depression in the terminally ill: effects of diagnostic criteria and symptom threshold judgements. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994;151:537-540.
23. Endicott J. Measurement of depression in patients with cancer. Cancer 1984; 53:2243-2248.
24. Snaith RP. The concepts of mild depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150:387-393.
25. Bebbington P, Katz R, McGuffin P, Tennant C, Hurry J. The risk of minor depression before age 65: results from a community survey. Psychological Medicine 1989; 19:393-400.
26. Horwath E, Johnson J, Klerman GL, Weissman MM. Depressive symptoms as relative and attributable risk factors for first-onset major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992;49:817-823.
27. Romanoski AJ, Folstein MF, Nestadt G, Chahal R, Merchant A, Brown CH, Gruenberg EM, McHugh PR. The epidemiology of psychiatrist-ascertained depression and DSM-III depressive disorders: results from the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey Clinical Reappraisal. Psychological Medicine 1992;22: 630-655.
28. Spitzer RL, Endicott J. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. New York: NY State Psychiatric Institute, 1979.
29. Schwab JJ, Travel ND, Warheit GJ. Relationships between physical and mental illness. Psychosomatics 1978;19:458-463.
30. Vernon SW, Roberts RE. Use of the SADS-RDC in a tri-ethnic community survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982;39:47-52.
31. Robins L, Heizer J, Croughan J, Ratcliff KS. National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry 1981 ;38:381-389.
32. Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N. Measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. Instruction manual for the PSE. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
33. Wing JK, Sturt E. The PSE-ID-CATEO system; a supplementary manual. London: Institute of Psychiatry (mimeo), 1978.
34. Dohrenwend BP, Shrout PE, Egri G, Mendelsohn FS. Nonspecific psychological distress and other dimensions of psychopathology: measures for use in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980;37:1230-1236.
35. Romanoski AJ, Chahal R. The standardized psychiatric examination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1981.
36. Gachaw G, Hendrie HC, Brittain H, Hall KS, Weinberger M, Darnell JC. Depressive symptoms among elderly residents of public housing: a follow-up study. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1991;42:82-84.
37. Kay DWK, Beamish P, Roth M. Old age mental disorders in Newcastle upon Tyne. British Journal of Psychiatry 1964;! 10:146-158.
38. Blazer D, Williams CD. Epidemiology of dysphoria and depression in an elderly population. American Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 137:439-444.
39. Multidimensional functional assessment: the OARS methodology. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, 1978.
40. Fredman L, Schoenbach VJ, Kaplan BH, Blazer DG, James SA, Kleinbaum DG, Yankaskas B. The association between depressive symptoms and mortality among older participants in the Epidemiologie Catchment Area-Piedmont health survey. Journal of Gerontology 1989;44:S 149-S156.
41. Katon W. Depression: somatic symptoms and medical disorders in primary care. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1982;23:274-287.
42. Katon W, Kleinman A, Rosen G. Depression and somatization: a review. Part I. American Journal of Medicine 1982;72:127-135.
43. Coulehan JL, Schulberg HC, Block MR, Zettler-Segal M. Symptom patterns of depression in ambulatory medical and psychiatric patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1988;176:284-288.
44. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine 1979;9:139-145.
45. Hoeper EW, Nycz GR, Cleary PD, Regier DA, Goldberg ID. Estimated prevalence of RDC mental disorder in primary medical care. International Journal of Mental Health 1979;8:6-15.
46. Murphy E. Social origins of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982;141:135-142.
47. Norris JT, Gallagher D, Wilson A, Winograd CH. Assessment of depression in geriatric medical outpatients: the validity of two screening measures. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1987; 35:989-995.
48. Blacker CVR, Clare AW. The prevalence and treatment of depression in general practice. Psychophannacology 1988;95:S14-S17.
49. Katon W, Lin E, VonKorff M, Bush T, Walker E, Simon G, Robinson P. The predictors of persistence of depression in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders 1994;31:81-90.
50. Barrett JE, Barrett JA, Oxman TE, Gerber PD. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a primary care practice. Archives of General Psychiatry 1988;45:1100-1106.
51. Lipman RS, Covi L, Shapiro AK. The Hopkins Symptom Check List (HSCL): factors derived from the HSCL-90. Journal of Affective Disorders 1979;l:9-24.
52. Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: a self report depression scale for research in the general population. Journal of Applied Psychological Measures 1977;!: 385-401.
53. Wells KB, Stewart A, Hays RD, Burnam MA, Rogers W, Daniels M, Berry S, Greenfield S, Ware J. The function and well-being of depressed patients: results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1989:262:914-919.
54. Zimmerman M, Coryell W. The Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDD): a selfreport scale to diagnose major depressive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1987:55:55-59.
55. Surridge DHC, Erdahl DLW, Lawson JS, Donald MW, Monga TN, Bird CE, Letemendia FJJ. Psychiatric aspects of diabetes mellitus. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984;145:269-276.
56. Koenig HG, Breitner JCS. Use of antidepressants in medically ill older patients. Psychosomatics 1990;31:22-32.
57. Schwab JJ, Bialow MR, Clemmons RS, Holzer CE. The affective symptomatology of depression in medical inpatients. Psychosomatics 1966;7:214-217.
58. Moffic HS, Paykel ES. Depression in medical in-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1975:126:346-353.
59. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1961;4:561-571.
60. Rapp SR, Parisi SA, Walsh DA. Psychological dysfunction and physical health among elderly medical patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1988:56:851-855.
61. Cavanaugh S. The prevalence of cognitive and emotional dysfunction in a general medical population: using the MMSE, GHA, and BDI. General Hospital Psychiatry 1984:5:15-24.
62. Cavanaugh S, Clark DC, Gibbons RD. Diagnosing depression in the hospitalized medically ill. Psychosomatics 1983:24:809-815.
63. Emmons CA, Petting JH, Zinderman AB. A comparison of the symptoms of medical and psychiatric patients matched on the Beck Depression Inventory. General Hospital Psychiatry 1987:9:398-404.
64. Koenig HG, Meador KG, Shelp F, Goli V, Cohen HJ, Blazer DG. Major depressive disorder in hospitalized medically ill patients. An examination of young and elderly male veterans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1991:39:881-890.
65. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62.
66. Robinson RG, Price TR. Post-stroke depressive disorders. A follow-up study of 104 patients. Stroke 1982;13:635-641.
67. Robinson RG, Starr LB, Kubos KL, Price TR. A two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: findings during the initial evaluation. Stroke 1983; 14:736-741.
68. Eastwood MR, Rifat SL, Nobbs H, Ruderman J. Mood disorder following cerebrovascular accident. British Journal of Psychiatry 1989:154:195-200.
69. Schleifer SJ, Macari-Hinson MM, Coyle DA, Slater WR, Kahn M, Gorlin R, Zuker HD. The nature and course of depression following myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine 1989;149:1785-1789.
70. Morris PLP, Robinson RG, Raphael B. Prevalence and course of depressive disorders in hospitalized stroke patients. International journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 1990;20{4):349-364.
71. Parikh RM, Robinson RG, Lipsey JR, Starkstein SE, Federoff P, Price TR. The impact of post-stroke depression on recovery in activities of daily living over a 2-year follow-up. Archives of Neurology 1990;47:785-789.
72. Haynes SG, Levine S, Scotch N, Feinleib M, Kännel WB. The relationship of psychosocial factors to coronary heart disease in the Framingham study: I. methods and risk factors. American Journal of Epidemiology 1978;107:362-383.
73. Robinson RG, Bolduc PL, Price TR. Two-year longitudinal study of poststroke mood disorders: diagnosis and outcome at one and two years. Stroke 1987;18: 837-843.
74. Zung WWK. A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 1965; 12:63-70.
75. Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum 0, Huang V, Adey M, Leirer VO. Development and validation of a geriatric depression scale. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1983:17:37-49.
76. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975;38:189-198.
77. World Health Organization Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Health Administration. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987.
78. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry 1979;134:382-389.
79. Lesher EL. Validation of the Geriatric Depression Scale among nursing home residents. Clinical Gerontology 1986;4:21-28.
80. Hyer L, Blazer DG. Depressive symptoms: impact and problems in long term care facilities. International Journal of Behavioral Geriatrics 1982;l:33-44.
81. Parmelee PA, Katz IR, Lawton MP. Depression among institutionalized aged: assessment and prevalence estimation. Journal of Gerontology 1989;44:M22-M30.
82. Lindesay L. Non suicidal mortality in late-life depression. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1989;22:53-65.
83. Murphy E. The prognosis of depression in old age. British Journal of Psychiatry 1983:142:111-119.
84. Akiskal HS. Dysthymic disorders: psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry 1983;140:11-20.
85. Zisook S, Schuchter SR, Sledge P, Paulus M, Judd LL. The spectrum of depressive phenomena after spousal bereavement. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994;55: (supp!4):30-36.
86. Pasternack RE, Reynolds CF, Hoch CC, Buysse DS, Schlemitzauer M, Machen M, Kupfer DJ. Sleep in spousally bereaved elders with subsyndromal depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Research 1992;43:43-53.
87. Lipsey JR, Robinson RG, Pearlson GD, Rao K, Price TR. Nortriptyline treatment of post-stroke depression: a double-blind study. Lancet 1984;1:297-300.
88. Rapp SR, Parisi SA, Wallace CE. Comorbid psychiatric disorders in elderly medical patients: a 1-year prospective study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1991:39:124-131.
89. Weissman MM, Myers JK, Thompson D. Depression and its treatment in a US urban community-1975-1976.-4rc/i/v of General Psychiatry 1981;38:417-421.
90. Weissman MM, Leaf PJ, Tischler GL, Blazer DG, Kamo M, Bruce ML, Florio LP. Affective disorders in five United States communities. Psychological Medicine 1988;18:141-153.
91. Coryell W, Endicott J, Keller M. Predictors of relapse into major depressive disorder in a non clinical population. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991;148:1353-1358.
92. Rickels K, Gordon PE, Jenkins W, Perloff M, Sachs T, Stepansky W. Drug treatment in depressive illness (amitryptyline and chlordiazepoxide in two neurotic populations). Diseases of the Nervous System 1970;31:30-42.
93. Paykel ES, Freeling P, Hollyman JA. Are tricyclic antidepressants useful for mild depression? A placebo controlled trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1988;21:15-18.
94. Paykel ES, Hollyman P, Freeling P, Sedgwick P. Predictors of therapeutic benefit from amitryptyline in mild depression: a general practice placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders 1988;14:83-95.
95. Elkin I, Shea T, Watkins JT, Imber SD, Sotsky SM, Collins JF, Glass DR, Pilkonis PA, Leber WR, Docherty JP, Fiester SJ, Parloff MB. National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: general effectiveness of treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry 1989;46:911-982.
96. Woods SW, Tesar GE, Murray GB, Cassem NH. Psychostimulant treatment of depressive disorders secondary to medical illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1986;47:12-15.
97. Robinson LA, Berman JS, Neimeyer RA. Psychotherapy for the treatment of depression: a comprehensive review of controlled outcome research. Psychological Bulletin 1990:108:30-49.
98. Katz IR. Drug treatment of depression in the frail elderly: discussion of the NIH consensus development conference on the diagnosis and treatment of depression in later life. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1993;30:101-108.
99. Blazer D. Clinical features in depression in old age: a case for minor depression. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1991:4:596-599.
100. Katz MM, Secunda SK, Hirschfeld RMA, Koslow SH. NIMH Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the psychobiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1979;36:765-771.