Staging perspectives in neurodevelopmental aspects of neuropsychiatry: Agents, phases and ages at expression

Neurotoxicity Research

Volumn 18, Issue 3-4, 2010, Pages 287-305

  Archer, Trevor ^a   Kostrzewa, Richard M ^b   Beninger, Richard J ^c   Palomo, Tomas ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^b East Tennessee State University   (United States)

^c QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Affect; Agents; Ages; Autism; Biomarkers; Dopamine; Epigenetic; Neurodevelopment; Phases; Staging

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; AUTISM; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; EARLY LIFE STRESS; EPIGENETICS; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL STRESS; MOOD DISORDER; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; BRAIN; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 78049292714     PISSN: 10298428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9162-6     Document Type: Review

References (306)

1. CS Aarnoudse-Moens N Weisglas-Kuperus JB van Goudoever J Oosterlaan 2009 Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children Pediatrics 124 717 728 19651588
2. H Abe N Hidaka C Kawagoe K Odagiri Y Watanabe T Ikeda Y Ishizuka H Hashiguchi R Takeda T Nishimori Y Ishida 2007 Prenatal psychological stress causes higher emotionality, depression-like behavior, and elevated activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Neurosci Res 59 145 151 17658641
3. M Acosta V Gallo MI Batshaw 2002 Brain development and the ontogeny of developmental disabilities Adv Pediatr 49 1 57 12214769
4. Adigun AA, Wrench N, Seidler FJ, Slotkin TA (2009) Neonatal dexamethasone treatment leads to alterations in cell signaling cascades controlling hepatic and cardiac function in adulthood. Neurotoxicol Teratol. October 20. PMID:19853034
5. W Adriani G Laviola 2003 Elevated levels of impulsivity and reduced place conditioning with d-amphetamine: two behavior features of adolescents in mice Behav Neurosci 117 695 703 12931955
6. W Adriani F Chiarotti G Laviola 1998 Elevated novelty seeking and peculiar d-amphetamine sensitization in periadolescent mice compared with adult mice Behav Neurosci 112 1152 1166 9829793
7. W Adriani D Giannakopolous Z Bokulic B Jernej E Alleva G Laviola 2006 Response to novelty, social and self-control behaviors, in rats exposed to neonatal anoxia: modulatory effects of an enriched environment Psychopharmacology 184 155 165 16362404
8. MT Alsuwaidan A Kucyi CW Law RS McIntyre 2009 Exercise and bipolar disorder: a review of neurobiological mediators Neuromol Med 11 328 336
9. Alttoa A, Kõiv K, Hinsley TA, Brass A, Harro J (2009) Differential gene expression in a rat model of depression based on persistent differences in exploratory activity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. October 23. PMID:19854624
10. KJ Anand FM Scalzo 2000 Can adverse neonatal experiences alter brain development and subsequent behavior? Biol Neonate 77 69 82 10657682
11. SL Andersen 2003 Trajectories of brain development: point of vulnerability or window of opportunity Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 3 18 12732219
12. SL Andersen MH Teicher 2008 Stress, sensitive periods and maturational events in adolescent depression Trends Neurosci 31 183 191 18329735
13. SL Andersen MH Teicher 2009 Desperately driven and no brakes: developmental stress exposure and subsequent risk for substance abuse Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33 516 524 18938197
14. G Andrews DS Pine MJ Hobbs TM Anderson M Sunderland 2009 Neurodevelopmental disorders: cluster 2 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11 Psychol Med 39 2013 2023 19796427
15. GA Angarita B Pittman R Gueorguieva R Kalayasiri WJ Lynch A Sughondhabirom PT Morgan RT Malison 2010 Regulation of cocaine self-administration in humans: lack of evidence for loading and maintenance phases Pharmacol Biochem Behav 95 51 55 20005893
16. H Anisman MD Zaharia MJ Meaney Z Merali 1998 Do early-life events permanently alter behavioral and hormonal responses to stressors? Int J Devel Neurosci 16 149 164
17. T Archer L Adriansson A Plancak E Karlsson 2007 Influence of affective personality on cognition-mediated emotional processing: need for empowerment Eur J Psychiatry 21 248 262
18. T Archer B Adolfsson E Karlsson 2008 Affective personality as cognitive-emotional presymptom profiles regulatory for self-reported health predispositions Neurotox Res 14 1 25 18790722
19. Archer T, Beninger RJ, Palomo T, Kostrzewa RM (2010) Epigenetics and biomarkers in the etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurotox Res (in press)
20. J Arnett 1992 Reckless behavior in adolescence: a developmental perspective Dev Rev 12 339 373
21. A Avital G Richter-Levin 2005 Exposure to juvenile stress exacerbates the behavioural consequences of exposure to stress in the adult rat Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2 163 173
22. A Avital E Ram R Maayan A Weizman G Richter-Levin 2005 Effects of early life stress on behavior and neurosteroid levels in the rat hypothalamus and entorhinal cortex Brain Res Bull 6 419 424
23. DM Bagner SJ Sheinkopf C Miller-Loncar LL LaGasse BM Lester J Liu CR Bauer S Shankaran H Bada A Das 2009 The effect of parenting stress on child behavior problems in high-risk children with prenatal drug exposure Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 40 73 84 18626768
24. RC Bagot FN van Hasselt DL Champagne MJ Meaney HJ Krugers M Joëls 2009 Maternal care determines rapid effects of stress mediators on synaptic plasticity in adult rat hippocampal dentate gyrus Neurobiol Learn Mem 92 292 300 19292996
25. KD Baker DH Skuse 2005 Adolescents and young adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome: psychopathology in an at-risk group Br J Psychiatry 186 115 120 15684233
26. MT Bardo JE Klebaur JM Valone C Deaton 2001 Environmental enrichment decreases intravenous self-administration of amphetamine in female and male rats Psychopharmacology 155 278 284 11432690
27. S Barron A White HS Swartzwelder RL Bell ZA Rodd CJ Slawecki CL Ehlers ED Levin AH Rezvani LP Spear 2005 Adolescent vulnerabilities to chronic alcohol or nicotine exposure: findings from rodent models Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 1720 1725 16205372
28. N Bazak N Kozlovsky Z Kaplan M Matar H Golan J Zohar G Richter-Levin H Cohen 2009 Pre-pubertal stress exposure affects adult behavioral response in association with changes in circulating corticosterone and brain-derived neurotrophic factor Psychoneuroendocrinology 34 844 858 19181453
29. GS Berns S Moore CM Capra 2009 Adolescent engagement in dangerous behaviors is associated with increased white matter maturity of frontal cortex PloS ONE 26 e6773
30. H Beydoun AF Saftlas 2008 Physical and mental health outcomes of prenatal maternal stress in human and animal studies: a review of recent evidence Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 22 438 466 18782252
31. E Bezard S Dovero D Belin S Duconger V Jackson-Lewis S Przedborski PV Piazza CE Gross M Jaber 2003 Enriched environment confers resistance to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine and cocaine: involvement of dopamine transporter and trophic factors J Neurosci 23 10999 11007 14657156
32. B Birmaher D Axelson M Strober MK Gill S Valeri L Chiappetta N Ryan H Leonard J Hunt S Iyengar M Keller 2006 Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 175 183 16461861 (Pubitemid 43213879)
33. JM Bjork AR Smith CL Danube DW Hommer 2007 Developmental differences in posterior mesofrontal cortex recruitment by risky rewards J Neurosci 27 4839 4849 17475792
34. RL Blaylock A Strunecka 2009 Immune-glutamatergic dysfunction as a central mechanism of the autism spectrum disorders Curr Med Chem 16 157 170 19149568
35. L Bonari N Pinto E Ahn A Einarson M Steiner G Koren 2004 Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy Can J Psychiatry 49 726 735 15633850 (Pubitemid 40100521)
36. SL Bowling MT Bardo 1994 Locomotor and rewarding effects of amphetamine in enriched, social, and isolate reared rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48 459 464 8090815
37. S Bozzini P Gambelli C Boiocchi S Schirinzi R Falcone P Buzzi C Storti C Falcone 2009 Coronary artery disease and depression: possible role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms Int J Mol Med 24 813 818 19885623
38. CW Bradberry 2000 Acute and chronic dopamine dynamics in a nonhuman primate model of recreational cocaine use J Neurosci 20 7109 7115 10995858
39. Bradberry CW (2010) Cortical and sub-cortical effects in primate models of cocaine use: implications for addiction and the increased risk of psychiatric illness. Neurotox Res (in press)
40. CW Bradberry RH Roth 1989 Cocaine increases extracellular dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area as shown by in vivo microdialysis Neurosci Lett 103 97 102 2779859
41. CW Bradberry SR Rubino 2006 Dopaminergic responses to self-administered cocaine in rhesus monkeys do not sensitize following high cumulative intake Eur J Neurosci 23 2773 2778 16817880
42. CW Bradberry RL Barrett-Larimore P Jatlow SR Rubino 2000 Impact of self-administered cocaine and cocaine cues on extracellular dopamine in mesolimbic and sensorimotor striatum in rhesus monkeys J Neurosci 20 3874 3883 10804227
43. RG Bradley EB Binder MP Epstein Y Tang HP Nair W Liu CF Gillespie T Berg M Evces DJ Newport ZN Stowe CM Heim CB Nemeroff A Schwartz JF Cubells KJ Ressler 2008 Influence of child abuse on adult depression: moderation by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene Arch Gen Psychiatry 65 190 200 18250257
44. Branchi I, D'Andrea I, Cirulli F, Lipp HP, Alleva E (2009) Shaping brain development: Mouse communal nesting blunts adult neuroendocrine and behavioral response to social stress and modifies chronic antidepressant treatment outcome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. November 26. PMID:19945226
45. HC Brenhouse L Napierata L Kussmaul M Leussis SL Andersen 2009 Juvenile methylphenidate exposure and factors that influence incentive processing Dev Neurosci 31 95 106 19372691
46. DA Brent M Oquendo B Birmaher L Greenhill D Kolko B Stanley J Zelazny B Brodsky S Firinciogullari SP Ellis JJ Mann 2002 Familial pathways to early-onset suicide attempt: risk for suicidal behavior in offspring of mood-disordered suicide attempters Arch Gen Psychiatry 59 801 807 12215079
47. RL Bromley G Mawer J Clayton-Smith GA Baker Liverpool and Manchester Neurodevelopment Group 2008 Autism spectrum disorders following in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs Neurology 71 1923 1924 19047565
48. GR Brown L McBride MS Bauer WO Williford 2005 Impact of childhood abuse on the course of bipolar disorder: a replication study in US veterans J Affect Disord 89 57 67 16213029
49. JH Cabungcal D Nicolas R Kraftsik M Cuenod KQ Do JP Hornung 2006 Glutathione deficit during development induces anomalies in the rat anterior cingulated GABAergic neurons: relevance to schizophrenia Neurobiol Dis 22 624 637 16481179
50. C Caldji B Tannenbaum S Sharma D Francis PM Plotsky MJ Meaney 1998 Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 5335 5340 9560276
51. B Canlon S Erichsen E Nemlander M Chen A Hossain G Celsi S Ceccatelli 2003 Alterations in the intrauterine environment by glucocorticoids modifies the developmental programme of the auditory system Eur J Neurosci 17 2035 2041 12786969
52. ME Carroll JJ Anker JL Perry 2009 Modeling risk factors for nicotine and other drug abuse in the preclinical laboratory Drug Alcohol Depend 104 Suppl 1 S70 S78 19136222
53. TD Cate Carter E Mundo SV Parikh JL Kennedy 2003 Early age at onset as a risk factor for poor outcome of bipolar disorder J Psychiatr Res 37 297 303
54. RA Chambers JR Taylor MN Petenza 2003 Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability Am J Psychiatry 160 1041 1052 12777258
55. FA Champagne MJ Meaney 2006 Stress during gestation alters postpartum maternal care and the development of the offspring in a rodent model Biol Psychiatry 59 1227 1235 16457784
56. C Chauvet V Lardeux SR Goldberg M Jaber M Solinas 2009 Environmental enrichment reduces cocaine seeking and reinstatement induced by cues and stress but not by cocaine Neuropsychopharmacology 34 2767 2778 19741591
57. F Cirulli A Berry E Alleva 2003 Early disruption of the mother-infant relationship: effects on brain plasticity and implications for psychopathology Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 73 82 12732224
58. F Cirulli N Francia A Berry L Aloe E Alleva SJ Suomi 2009 Early life stress as a risk factor for mental health: role of neurotrophins from rodents to non-human primates Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33 573 585 18817811
59. F Cirulli G Laviola L Ricceri 2009 Risk factors for mental health: translational models from behavioural neuroscience Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33 493 497 19415818
60. H Cohen Z Kaplan MA Matar U Loewenthal J Zohar G Richter-Levin 2007 Long-lasting behavioral effects of juvenile trauma in an animal model of PTSD associated with a failure of the autonomic nervous system to recover Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17 464 477 17196373
61. S Columba-Cabezas G Iaffaldano F Chiarotti E Alleva F Cirulli 2009 Early handling increases susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 male mice J Neuroimmunol 212 10 16 19493575
62. HE Covington KA Miczek 2001 Repeated social-defeat stress, cocaine or morphine. Effects on behavioral sensitization and intravenous cocaine self-administration "binges" Psychopharmacology 158 388 398 11797060
63. H Cremer G Chazal C Goridis A Represa 1997 NCAM is essential for axonal growth and fasciculation in the hippocampus Mol Cell Neurosci 5 323 335
64. H Cremer G Chazal A Carleton C Goridis JD Vincent PM Lledo 1998 Long-term but not short-term plasticity at mossy fiber synapses is impaired in neural cell adhesion molecule-deficient mice Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 22 13242 13247
65. FT Crews K Nixon 2009 Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism Alcohol Alcohol 44 115 127 18940959
66. FT Crews J He C Hodge 2007 Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction Pharmacol Biochem Behav 86 189 199 17222895
67. LA Croen P Goines D Braunschweig R Yolken CK Yoshida JK Grether B Fireman M Kharrazi RL Hansen J Van de Water 2008 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and autism: maternal and infant peripheral blood levels in the Early Markers for Autism (EMA) Study Autism Res 1 130 137 19119429
68. EA Crone 2009 Executive functions in adolescence: inferences from brain and behavior Dev Sci 12 825 830 19840037
69. Currenti SA (2009) Understanding and determining the etiology of autism. Cell Mol Neurobiol. September 23. PMID:19774457
70. RE Dahl 2004 Adolescent brain development: a period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Keynote address Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021 1 22 15251869
71. KL Dandy MB Gatch 2009 The effects of chronic cocaine exposure on impulsivity in rats Behav Pharmacol 20 400 405 19675455
72. M Darnaudery S Maccari 2008 Epigenetic programming of the stress response in male and female rats by prenatal restraint stress Brain Res Rev 57 571 585 18164765
73. M DeCastro N El-Khoury L Parton P Ballabh EF LaGamma 2009 Postnatal betamethasone vs dexamethasone in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a pilot study J Perinatol 29 297 304 19052552
74. MC DeSoto 2009 Ockham's Razor and autism: the case for developmental neurotoxins contributing to a disease of neurodevelopment Neurotoxicology 30 331 337 19442816
75. AO Diaconescu M Menon J Jensen S Kapur AR McIntosh 2010 Dopamine-induced changes in neural network patterns supporting aversive conditioning Brain Res 1313 143 161 19961836
76. GS Dichter A Belger 2008 Atypical modulation of cognitive control by arousal in autism Psychiatry Res 164 185 197 18954965
77. TL Doremus SC Brunell LP Rajendran Pand Spear 2005 Factors influencing elevated ethanol consumption in adolescent relative to adult rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29 1796 1808 16269909
78. TL Doremus EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2007 Factor analysis of elevated plus-maze behavior in adolescent and adult rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 83 570 577
79. TL Doremus-Fitzwater LP Spear 2007 Developmental differences in acute ethanol withdrawal in adolescent and adult rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31 1516 1527 17760786
80. TL Doremus-Fitzwater EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2009 Social and non-social anxiety in adolescent and adult rats after repeated restraint Physiol Behav 97 484 494 19345235
81. TL Doremus-Fitzwater EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2009 Effects of pretest manipulation on elevated plus-maze behavior in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 92 413 423 19344672
82. TL Doremus-Fitzwater EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2009 Motivational systems in adolescence: possible implications for age differences in substance abuse and other risk-taking behaviors Brain Cogn 72 114 123 19762139
83. G Douaud C Mackay J Andersson S James D Quested MK Ray J Connell N Roberts TJ Crow PM Matthews S Smith A James 2009 Schizophrenia delays and alters maturation of the brain in adolescence Brain 132 2437 2448 19477963
84. AC Duhaime 2009 Imitation, immaturity, and injury J Neurosurg Pediatr 4 407 413 19877771
85. R El Rawas N Thiriet V Lardeux M Jaber M Solinas 2009 Environmental enrichment decreases the rewarding but not the activating effects of heroin Psychopharmacology 203 561 570 19005643
86. M Ernst DA Luckenbaugh ET Moolchan VA Temple J Jenness KE Korelitz ED London AS Kimes 2010 Decision-making and facial emotion recognition as predictors of substance-use initiation among adolescents Addict Behav 35 286 289 19914005
87. M Ernst RD Romeo SL Andersen 2009 Neurobiology of the development of motivated behaviors in adolescence: a window into a neural systems model Pharmacol Biochem Behav 93 199 211 19136024
88. N Eshel EE Nelson RJ Blair DS Pine M Ernst 2007 Neural substrates of choice selection in adults and adolescents: development of the ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices Neuropsychologia 45 1270 1279 17118409
89. Ewing Corcoran SB, Howell LL (2010) Impact of early life stress on the reinforcing and behavioral-stimulant effects of psychostimulants in rhesus monkeys. Behav Pharmacol. December 15. PMID:20016373
90. LA Fairbanks 1989 Early experience and cross-generational continuity of mother-infant contact in vervet monkeys Dev Psychobiol 22 669 681 2806728
91. A Feder EJ Nestler DS Charney 2009 Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience Nat Rev Neurosci 10 446 457 19455174
92. C Feleder KY Tseng GG Calhoon P O'Donnell 2010 Neonatal intrahippocampal immune challenge alters dopamine modulation of prefrontal cortical interneurons in adult rats Biol Psychiatry 67 386 392 19914600
93. SB Flagel DM Vázquez SJ Watson Jr CR Neal Jr 2002 Effects of tapering neonatal dexamethasone on rat growth, neurodevelopment, and stress response Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282 R55 R63 11742823
94. SB Flagel TE Robinson JJ Clark SM Clinton SJ Watson P Seeman PE Phillips H Akil 2010 An animal model of genetic vulnerability to behavioral disinhibition and responsiveness to reward-related cues: implications for addiction Neuropsychopharmacology 35 388 400 19794408
95. DD Francis J Diorio D Liu MJ Meaney 1999 Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat Science 286 1155 1158 10550053
96. DD Francis C Caldji F Champagne PM Plotsky MJ Meaney 1999 The role of corticotrophin-releasing factor-norepinephrine systems in mediating the effects of early experience on the development of behavioral and endocrine responses to stress Biol Psychiatry 46 1153 1166 10560022
97. S Frangou 2009 Risk and resilience in bipolar disorder: rationale and design of the Vulnerability to Bipolar Disorders Study (VIBES) Biochem Soc Trans 37 Pt 5 1085 1089 19754457
98. KL Franko AJ Forhead AL Fowden 2010 Differential effects of prenatal stress and glucocorticoid administration on postnatal growth and glucose metabolism in rats J Endocrinol 204 319 329 20016055
99. KL Gardner MW Hale SL Lightman PM Plotsky CA Lowry 2009 Adverse early life experience and social stress during adulthood interact to increase serotonin transporter mRNA expression Brain Res 1305 47 63 19781533
100. KL Gardner MW Hale S Oldfield SL Lightman PM Plotsky CA Lowry 2009 Adverse experience during early life and adulthood interact to elevate tph2 mRNA expression in serotonergic neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus Neuroscience 163 991 1001 19647049
101. GP Gasic JW Smoller RH Perlis M Sun S Lee BW Kim MJ Lee DJ Holt AJ Blood N Makris DK Kennedy RD Hoge J Calhoun M Fava JF Gusella HC Breiter 2009 BDNF, relative preference, and reward circuitry responses to emotional communication Am J Med Genet B 150B 762 781
102. C Geier B Luna 2009 The maturation of incentive processing and cognitive control Pharmacol Biochem Behav 93 212 221 19593842
103. Geier CF, Terwilliger R, Teslovich T, Velanova K, Luna B (2009a) Immaturities in reward processing and its influence on inhibitory control in adolescence. Cereb Cortex. October 29. PMID:19875675
104. CF Geier K Garver R Terwilliger B Luna 2009 Development of working memory maintenance J Neurophysiol 101 84 99 18971297
105. C Giachino N Canalia F Capone A Fasolo E Alleva MA Riva F Cirulli P Peretto 2007 Maternal deprivation and early handling affect density of calcium binding protein-containing neurons in selected brain regions and emotional behavior in periadolescent rats Neuroscience 145 568 578 17275195
106. JN Giedd J Blumenthal NO Jeffries FX Castellanos H Liu A Zijdenbos T Paus AC Evans JL Rapoport 1999 Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study Nat Neurosci 2 861 863 10491603
107. JN Giedd FM Lalonde MJ Celano SL White GL Wallace NR Lee RK Lenroot 2009 Anatomical brain magnetic resonance imaging of typically developing children and adolescents J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48 465 470 19395901
108. A Giorgio KE Watkins G Douaud AC James S James N De Stefano PM Matthews SM Smith H Johansen-Berg 2008 Changes in white matter microstructure during adolescence Neuroimage 39 52 61 17919933
109. NE Goeders 2002 Stress and cocaine addiction J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301 785 789 12023504
110. Goldstein BI, Bukstein OG (2009) Comorbid substance use disorders among youth with bipolar disorder: opportunities for early identification and prevention. J Clin Psychiatry. December 1. PMID:19961811
111. AA Gotz V Stefanski 2007 Psychosocial maternal stress during pregnancy affects serum corticosterone, blood immune parameters and anxiety behavior in male adult rat offspring Physiol Behav 90 108 115 17067641
112. B Güroǧlu W van den Bos EA Crone 2009 Neural correlates of social decision making and relationships: a developmental perspective Ann N Y Acad Sci 1167 197 206 19580566
113. MG Hardin D Mandell SC Mueller RE Dahl DS Pine M Ernst 2009 Inhibitory control in anxious and healthy adolescents is modulated by incentive and incidental affective stimuli J Child Psychol Psychiatry 50 1550 1558 19573033
114. C Heim CB Nemeroff 2001 The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies Biol Psychiatry 12 1023 1039
115. C Heim DJ Newport S Heit YP Graham M Wilcox R Bonsall AH Miller CB Nemeroff 2000 Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood JAMA 284 592 597 10918705
116. C Heim PM Plotsky CB Nemeroff 2004 Importance of studying the contributions of early adverse experience to neurobiological findings in depression Neuropsychopharmacology 4 641 648
117. C Heim DJ Newport T Mletzko AH Miller CB Nemeroff 2008 The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans Psychoneuroendocrinology 33 693 710 18602762
118. C Heim T Mletzko D Purselle DL Musselman CB Nemeroff 2008 The dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing factor test in men with major depression: role of childhood trauma Biol Psychiatry 63 398 405 17825799
119. KG Hellemans JN Nobrega MC Olmstead 2005 Early environmental experience alters baseline and ethanol-induced cognitive impulsivity: relationship to forebrain 5-HT1A receptor binding Behav Brain Res 159 207 220 15817184
120. K Hellgren E Aring L Jacobson J Ygge L Martin 2009 Visuospatial skills, ocular alignment, and magnetic resonance imaging findings in very low birth weight adolescents J AAPOS 13 273 279 19285889
121. P Hellström M Edsbagge E Blomsterwall T Archer M Tisell M Tullberg C Wikkelsø 2008 Neuropsychological effects of shunt treatment in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus Neurosurgery 63 527 535 18812964
122. BC Ho V Magnotta 2010 Hippocampal volume deficits and shape deformities in young biological relatives of schizophrenia probands Neuroimage 49 3385 3393 19941961
123. JR Homberg OJ Schiepers AN Schoffelmeer E Cuppen LJ Vanderschuren 2007 Acute and constitutive increases in central serotonin levels reduce social play behaviour in peri-adolescent rats Psychopharmacology 195 175 182 17661017
124. JR Homberg D Schubert P Gaspar 2010 New perspectives on the neurodevelopmental effects of SSRIs Trends Pharmacol Sci 31 60 65 19963284
125. Horovitz O, Jacobson-Pick S, Tsoory MM, Richter-Levin G (2007) Exposing rats to juvenile stress affects body weight and open field indices both soon after the exposure and in adulthood, but in opposite directions. Neural plasticity-Abstracts of the 15th Annual Meeting of Israel Society for Neurosciences, vol 1. Eilat, Israel, p 49
126. A Hossain K Hajman K Charitidi S Erhardt U Zimmermann M Knipper B Canlon 2008 Prenatal dexamethasone impairs behavior and the activation of the BDNF exon IV promoter in the paraventricular nucleus in adult offspring Endocrinology 149 6356 6365 18755799
127. M Hosseini HA Alaei A Naderi MR Sharifi R Zahed 2009 Treadmill exercise reduces self-administration of morphine in male rats Pathophysiology 16 3 7 19131225
128. D Ibi T Nagai Y Kitahara H Mizoguchi H Koike A Shiraki K Takuma H Kamei Y Noda A Nitta T Nabeshima Y Yoneda K Yamada 2009 Neonatal polyI:C treatment in mice results in schizophrenia-like behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in adulthood Neurosci Res 64 297 305 19447299
129. G Jager NF Ramsey 2008 Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabis exposure on the development of cognition, brain structure and function: an overview of animal and human research Curr Drug Abuse Rev 1 114 123 19630711
130. K Janse Van Rensburg A Taylor T Hodgson A Benattayallah 2009 Acute exercise modulates cigarette cravings and brain activation in response to smoking-related images: an fMRI study Psychopharmacology 203 589 598 19015835
131. H Joffe FJ Hayes 2008 Menstrual cycle dysfunction associated with neurologic and psychiatric disorders: their treatment in adolescents Ann N Y Acad Sci 1135 219 229 18574228
132. SB Johnson RW Blum JN Giedd 2009 Adolescent maturity and the brain: the promise and pitfalls of neuroscience research in adolescent health policy J Adolesc Health 45 216 221 19699416
133. MV Johnston A Ishida WN Ishida HB Matsushita A Nishimura M Tsuji 2009 Plasticity and injury in the developing brain Brain Dev 31 1 10 18490122
134. Kalant H (2009) What neurobiology cannot tell us about addiction. Addiction. November 17. PMID:19919596
135. M Kalia 2008 Brain development: anatomy, connectivity, adaptive plasticity, and toxicity Metabolism 57 Suppl 2 S2 S5 18803960
136. M Katz C Liu M Schaer KJ Parker MC Ottet A Epps CL Buckmaster R Bammer ME Moseley AF Schatzberg S Eliez DM Lyons 2009 Prefrontal plasticity and stress inoculation-induced resilience Dev Neurosci 31 293 299 19546566
137. MJ Kempton M Haldane J Jogia PM Grasby D Collier S Frangou 2009 Dissociable brain structural changes associated with predisposition, resilience, and disease expression in bipolar disorder J Neurosci 29 10863 10868 19726644
138. I Kilic E Dagdeviren E Kaya 2008 Effects of neonatal dexamethasone or methylprednisolone on rat growth and neurodevelopment Pediatr Int 50 489 494 19143972
139. R Kobak K Zajac S Levine 2009 Cortisol and antisocial behavior in early adolescence: the role of gender in an economically disadvantaged sample Dev Psychopathol 21 579 591 19338699
140. MS Kramer J Lydon L Séguin L Goulet SR Kahn H McNamara J Genest C Dassa MF Chen S Sharma MJ Meaney S Thomson S Van Uum G Koren M Dahhou J Lamoureux RW Platt 2009 Stress pathways to spontaneous preterm birth: the role of stressors, psychological distress, and stress hormones Am J Epidemiol 169 1319 1326 19363098
141. S Kroener LJ Chandler PE Phillips JK Seamans 2009 Dopamine modulates persistent synaptic activity and enhances the signal-to-noise ratio in the prefrontal cortex PloS ONE 4 e6507 19654866
142. JR Kurian ME Bychowski RM Forbes-Lorman CJ Auger AP Auger 2008 Mecp2 organizes juvenile social behavior in a sex-specific manner J Neurosci 28 7137 7142 18614683
143. M Kyriakopoulos R Perez-Iglesias JB Woolley RA Kanaan NS Vyas GJ Barker S Frangou PK McGuire 2009 Effect of age at onset of schizophrenia on white matter abnormalities Br J Psychiatry 195 346 353 19794204
144. LM Lach DE Kohen RE Garner JC Brehaut AR Miller AF Klassen PL Rosenbaum 2009 The health and psychosocial functioning of caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders Disabil Rehabil 31 9 741 752 19736648
145. Lau JY, Goldman D, Buzas B, Hodgkinson C, Leibenluft E, Nelson E, Sankin L, Pine DS, Ernst M (2009) BDNF gene polymorphism (Val66Met) predicts amygdala and anterior hippocampus responses to emotional faces in anxious and depressed adolescents. Neuroimage. November 17. PMID:19931400
146. G Laviola W Adriani MI Terranova G Gerra 1999 Psychobiological risk factors for vulnerability to psychostimulants in human adolescents and animal models Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23 993 1010 10580313
147. G Laviola S Macri S Morley-Fletcher W Adriani 2003 Risk-taking behavior in adolescent mice: psychobiological determinants and early epigenetic influence Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 19 31 12732220
148. G Laviola AJ Hannan S Macri M Solinas M Jaber 2008 Effects of enriched environment on animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders Neurobiol Dis 31 159 168 18585920
149. G Laviola E Ognibene E Romano W Adriani F Keller 2009 Gene-environment interaction during early development in the heterozygous reeler mouse: clues for modeling of major neurobehavioral syndromes Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33 560 572 18845182
150. AJ Law Q Pei M Walker H Gordon-Andrews CS Weickert J Feldon CR Pryce PJ Harrison 2009 Early parental deprivation in the marmoset monkey produces long-term changes in hippocampal expression of genes involved in synaptic plasticity and implicated in mood disorder Neuropsychopharmacology 34 1381 1394 18615010
151. MJ Lazinski AK Shea M Steiner 2008 Effects of maternal prenatal stress on offspring development: a commentary Arch Women's Ment Health 11 363 375
152. RK Lenroot JN Giedd 2010 Sex differences in the adolescent brain Brain Cogn 72 46 55 19913969
153. D Leo W Adriani C Cavaliere G Cirillo EM Marco E Romano U di Porzio M Papa C Perrone-Capano G Laviola 2009 Methylphenidate to adolescent rats drives enduring changes of accumbal Htr7 expression: implications for impulsive behavior and neuronal morphology Genes Brain Behav 8 356 368 19243449
154. Levine S (2002) Enduring effects of early experience on adult behavior. In: Pfaff DW, Arnold AP, Fohrbach SE et al (eds) Hormones, brain and behavior. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 535-542
155. NS Levitt RS Lindsay MC Holmes JR Seckl 1996 Dexamethasone in the last week of pregnancy attenuates hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and elevates blood pressure in the adult offspring of the rat Neuroendocrinology 64 412 418 8990073
156. GM Lewitus M Schwartz 2009 Behavioral immunization: immunity to self-antigens contributes to psychological stress resilience Mol Psychiatry 14 532 536 18779818
157. Q Liu MT Wong-Riley 2010 Postnatal changes in the expressions of serotonin 1A, 1B, and 2A receptors in ten brain stem nuclei of the rat: implication for a sensitive period Neuroscience 165 61 78 19800944
158. D Liu J Diorio B Tannenbaum C Caldji D Francis A Freedman S Sharma D Pearson PM Plotsky MJ Meaney 1997 Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress Science 277 1659 1662 9287218
159. DJ Lodge MM Behrens AA Grace 2009 A loss of parvalbumin-containing interneurons is associated with diminished oscillatory activity in an animal model of schizophrenia J Neurosci 29 2344 2354 19244511
160. G López-Bendito JA Sánchez-Alcañiz R Pla V Borrell E Picó M Valdeolmillos O Marín 2008 Chemokine signaling controls intracortical migration and final distribution of GABAergic interneurons J Neurosci 28 1613 1624 18272682
161. NL Lopez-Duran NJ Hajal SL Olson BT Felt DM Vazquez 2009 Individual differences in cortisol responses to fear and frustration during middle childhood J Exp Child Psychol 103 285 295 19410263
162. NL Lopez-Duran SL Olson NJ Hajal BT Felt DM Vazquez 2009 Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis functioning in reactive and proactive aggression in children J Abnorm Child Psychol 37 169 182 18696227
163. S Lotfipour E Ferguson G Leonard M Perron B Pike L Richer JR Séguin R Toro S Veillette Z Pausova T Paus 2009 Orbitofrontal cortex and drug use during adolescence: role of prenatal exposure to maternal smoking and BDNF genotype Arch Gen Psychiatry 66 1244 1252 19884612
164. L Lu JD Shepard FS Hall Y Shaham 2003 Effects of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, reinstatement and discrimination in rats: a review Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 457 491 14505687
165. DI Lubman M Yücel WD Hall 2007 Substance use and the adolescent brain: a toxic combination? J Psychopharmacol 21 792 794 17984159
166. M Luciana 2010 Adolescent brain development: current themes and future directions. Introduction to the special issue Brain Cogn 72 1 5 20006416
167. B Luna 2009 Developmental changes in cognitive control through adolescence Adv Child Dev Behav 37 233 278 19673164
168. B Luna KE Garver TA Urban NA Lazar JA Sweeney 2004 Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood Child Dev 75 1357 1372 15369519
169. Luna B, Geier C, Padmanabhan A (2010) Immaturities in incentive processing and executive function in adolescence. Neurotoxicity Res (in press)
170. S Maccari M Darnaudery S Morley-Fletcher AR Zuena C Cinque O Van Reeth 2003 Prenatal stress and long-term consequences: implications of glucocorticoid hormones Neurosci Biobehav Rev 27 119 127 12732228
171. S Macrì P Pascuali LT Bonsignore S Pieretti F Cirulli F Chiarotti G Laviola 2007 Moderate neonatal stress decreases within-group variation in behavioral, immune and HPA responses in adult mice PLoS ONE 2 e1015 17925863
172. S Macrì O Granstrem M Shumilina FJ Antunes Gomes dos Santos A Berry L Saso G Laviola 2009 Resilience and vulnerability are dose-dependently related to neonatal stressors in mice Horm Behav 56 391 398 19632235
173. V Magid CR Colder LR Stroud M Nichter M Nichter TERN Members 2009 Negative affect, stress, and smoking in college students: unique associations independent of alcohol and marijuana use Addict Behav 34 973 975 19523773
174. TV Maia RE Cooney BS Peterson 2008 The neural bases of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adults Dev Psychopathol 20 1251 1283 18838041
175. E Mala 2008 Schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29 831 836 19112396
176. JG Maldonado-Avilés AA Curley T Hashimoto AL Morrow AJ Ramsey P O'Donnell DW Volk DA Lewis 2009 Altered markers of tonic inhibition in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry 166 450 459 19289452
177. Marco EM, Macri S, Laviola G (2010) Critical age windows for neurodevelopmental psychiatric diseases: evidence from animal models. Neurotox Res (in press)
178. M Marinelli PV Piazza 2002 Interaction between glucocorticoid hormones, stress and psychostimulant drugs Eur J Neurosci 16 387 394 12193179
179. R Marsh H Zhu RT Schultz G Quackenbush J Royal P Skudlarski BS Peterson 2006 A developmental fMRI study of self-regulatory control Hum Brain Mapp 27 848 863 16421886
180. R Marsh TV Maia BS Peterson 2009 Functional disturbances within frontostriatal circuits across multiple childhood psychopathologies Am J Psychiatry 166 664 674 19448188
181. LN Maslova VV Bulygina AL Markel 2002 Chronic stress during prepubertal development: immediate and long-lasting effects on arterial blood pressure and anxiety-related behavior Psychoneuroendocrinology 5 549 561
182. Matsui F, Morimoto M, Yoshimoto K, Nakatomi Y, Syoji H, Nishimura A, Isoda K, Tanda K, Hosoi H (2009) Effects of stress of postnatal development on corticosterone, serotonin and behavioral changes. Brain Dev. October 7. PMID:19818569
183. McCormick CM (2009) An animal model of social instability stress in adolescence and risk for drugs of abuse. Physiol Behav. January 23. PMID:20006986
184. McCormick CM, Mathews IZ (2009) Adolescent development, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, and programming of adult learning and memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. September 25. PMID:19782715
185. CM McCormick IZ Mathews C Thomas P Waters 2010 Investigations of HPA function and the enduring consequences of stressors in adolescence in animal models Brain Cogn 72 73 85 19616355
186. BS McEwen 2007 Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain Physiol Rev 87 873 904 17615391
187. U Meyer J Feldon 2009 Neural basis of psychosis-related behaviour in the infection model of schizophrenia Behav Brain Res 204 322 334 19154759
188. J Mill A Petronis 2008 Pre- and Peri-natal environmental risks for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): the potential role of epigenetic processes in mediating susceptibility J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discipl 49 1020 1030
189. MW Miller LP Spear 2007 The alcoholism generator Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30 1466 1469
190. C Morgan H Fisher 2007 Environment and schizophrenia: environmental factors in schizophrenia: childhood trauma-a critical review Schizophr Bull 33 3 10 17105965
191. S Morley-Fletcher M Rea S Maccari G Laviola 2003 Environmental enrichment during adolescence reverses the effects of prenatal stress on play behavior and HPA axis reactivity in rats Eur J Neurosci 18 3367 3374 14686910
192. NA Nasrallah TW Yang IL Bernstein 2009 Long-term risk preference and suboptimal decision making following adolescent alcohol use Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106 17600 17604 19805186
193. S Navailles PR Hof C Schmauss 2008 Antidepressant drug-induced stimulation of mouse hippocampal neurogenesis is age-dependent and altered by early life stress J Comp Neurol 509 372 381 18512685
194. CR Neal Jr BL VanderBeek DM Vázquez SJ Watson Jr 2003 Dexamethasone exposure during the neonatal period alters ORL1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and hippocampus of the adult rat Brain Res Dev Brain Res 146 15 24 14643007
195. CR Neal Jr G Weidemann M Kabbaj DM Vázquez 2004 Effect of neonatal dexamethasone exposure on growth and neurological development in the adult rat Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287 R375 R385 15117721
196. CB Nemeroff 2004 Neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma J Clin Psychiatry 65 Suppl 1 18 28 14728093
197. AS New J Fan JW Murrough X Liu RE Liebman KG Guise CY Tang DS Charney 2009 A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of deliberate emotion regulation in resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder Biol Psychiatry 66 656 664 19589502
198. DJ Newport ZN Stowe CB Nemeroff 2002 Parental depression: animal models of an adverse life event Am J Psychiatry 159 1265 1283 12153816
199. J Nithianantharajah AJ Hannan 2006 Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system Nat Rev 7 697 709
200. K O'Brien H Sekimoto C Boney M Malee 2008 Effect of fetal dexamethasone exposure on the development of adult insulin sensitivity in a rat model J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 21 623 628 18828053
201. O'Donnell P (2010) Adolescent maturation of cortical dopamine. In: Palomo T, Beninger RJ, Kostrzewa RM, Archer T (eds) Staging neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for etiopathogenesis and treatment. Fundación Cerebro y Mente, Madrid
202. K O'Donnell TG O'Connor V Glover 2009 Prenatal stress and neurodevelopment of the child: focus on the HPA axis and role of the placenta Dev Neurosci 31 285 292 19546565
203. K O'Hearn M Asato S Ordaz B Luna 2008 Neurodevelopment and executive function in autism Dev Psychopathol 20 1103 1132 18838033
204. TF Oberlander J Weinberg M Papsdorf R Grunau S Misri AM Devlin 2008 Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 and infant cortisol stress responses Epigenetics 3 97 107 18536531
205. TF Oberlander JA Gingrich MS Ansorge 2009 Sustained neurobehavioral effects of exposure to SSRI antidepressants during development: molecular to clinical evidence Clin Pharmacol Ther 86 672 677 19890255
206. CA Owesson-White J Ariansen GD Stuber NA Cleaveland JF Cheer RM Wightman RM Carelli 2009 Neural encoding of cocaine-seeking behavior is coincident with phasic dopamine release in the accumbens core and shell Eur J Neurosci 30 1117 1127 19735286
207. TW Pace TC Mletzko O Alagbe DL Musselman CB Nemeroff AH Miller CM Heim 2006 Increased stress-induced inflammatory responses in male patients with major depression and increased early life stress Am J Psychiatry 163 1630 1633 16946190
208. RC Painter TJ Roseboom OP Bleker 2005 Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine and disease in later life: an overview Reprod Toxicol 20 345 352 15893910
209. ST Papadeas C Halloran TJ McCown GR Breese BL Blake 2008 Changes in apical dendritic structure correlate with sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation in medial prefrontal cortex of a rat model of dopamine D1 receptor agonist sensitization J Comp Neurol 511 271 285 18785628
210. CA Pardo CG Eberhart 2007 The neurobiology of autism Brain Pathol 17 434 447 17919129
211. M Pascual AM Blanco O Cauli J Minarro C Guerri 2007 Intermittent ethanol exposure induces inflammatory brain damage and causes long-term behavioural alterations in adolescent rats Eur J Neurosci 25 541 550 17284196
212. T Pattij LJ Vanderschuren 2008 The neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour Trends Pharmacol Sci 29 192 199 18304658
213. T Paus M Kashavan JN Giedd 2008 Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nat Rev 9 947 957
214. RM Pautassi M Myers LP Spear JC Molina NE Spear 2008 Adolescent but not adult rats exhibit ethanol-mediated appetitive second-order conditioning Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32 2016 2027 18782343
215. PR Penn FD Rose DA Johnson 2009 Virtual enriched environments in paediatric neuropsychological rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury: feasibility, benefits and challenges Dev Neurorehabil 12 32 43 19283532
216. LO Pereira AC Strapasson PM Nabinger M Achaval CA Netto 2008 Early enriched housing results in partial recovery of memory deficits in female, but not in male, rats after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia Brain Res 1218 257 266 18514167
217. Pérez-Edgar K, Bar-Haim Y, McDermott JM, Gorodetsky E, Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Ernst M, Pine DS, Fox NA (2009) Variations in the serotonin-transporter gene are associated with attention bias patterns to positive and negative emotion faces. Biol Psychol. August 31. PMID:19723555
218. JH Pfeifer CL Masten LA Borofsky M Dapretto AJ Fuligni MD Lieberman 2009 Neural correlates of direct and reflected self-appraisals in adolescents and adults: when social perspective-taking informs self-perception Child Dev 80 1016 1038 19630891
219. PM Plotsky MJ Meaney 1993 Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor CRF content and stress-induced release in adult rats Brain Res Mol Brain Res 18 195 200 8497182
220. Post RM (2010) Mechanisms of illness progression in the recurrent affective disorders. Neurotox Res (in press)
221. RM Post GS Leverich 2006 The role of psychosocial stress in the onset and progression of bipolar disorder and its comorbidities: the need for earlier and alternative modes of therapeutic intervention Dev Psychopathol 18 1181 1211 17064434
222. BK Puri 2010 Progressive structural brain changes in schizophrenia Expert Rev Neurother 10 33 42 20021319
223. R Rende B Birmaher D Axelson M Strober MK Gill S Valeri L Chiappetta N Ryan H Leonard J Hunt S Iyengar M Keller 2007 Childhood-onset bipolar disorder: evidence for increased familial loading of psychiatric illness J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46 197 204 17242623
224. MD Resnick PS Bearman RW Blum KE Bauman KM Harris J Jones J Tabor T Beuhring RE Sieving M Shew M Ireland LH Bearinger JR Udry 1997 Protecting adolescents from harm. Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on adolescent health JAMA 278 823 832 9293990
225. HN Richardson EP Zorrilla CD Mandyam CL Rivier 2006 Exposure to repetitive versus varied stress during prenatal development generates two distinct anxiogenic and neuroendocrine profiles in adulthood Endocrinology 147 2506 2517 16455779
226. RC Ristuccia LP Spear 2004 Adolescent ethanol sensitivity: hypothermia and acute tolerance Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021 445 447 15251926
227. DL Rofey RP Kolko AM Iosif JS Silk JE Bost W Feng EM Szigethy RB Noll ND Ryan RE Dahl 2009 A longitudinal study of childhood depression and anxiety in relation to weight gain Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 40 517 526 19404733
228. D Rüedi-Bettschen J Feldon CR Pryce 2004 The impaired coping induced by early deprivation is reversed by chronic fluoxetine treatment in adult Fischer rats Behav Pharmacol 5-6 413 421
229. MM Sanchez CO Ladd PM Plotsky 2001 Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models Dev Psychopathol 3 419 449
230. C Sandi 2004 Stress, cognitive impairment and cell adhesion molecules Nat Rev Neurosci 12 917 930
231. N Santana G Mengod F Artigas 2009 Quantitative analysis of the expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in pyramidal and GABAergic neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex Cereb Cortex 19 849 860 18689859
232. T Sawaguchi PS Goldman-Rakic 1991 D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory Science 251 947 950 1825731
233. T Sawaguchi PS Goldman-Rakic 1994 The role of D1-dopamine receptor in working memory: local injections of dopamine antagonists into the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys performing an oculomotor delayed-response task J Neurophysiol 71 515 528 7909839
234. S Schapiro E Geller S Eiduson 1962 Neonatal adrenal cortical response to stress and vasopressin Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 109 937 941 14498045
235. KM Schulz JL Zehr KY Salas-Ramirez CL Sisk 2009 Testosterone programs adult social behavior before and during, but not after, adolescence Endocrinology 150 3690 3698 19423759
236. C Sebastian E Viding KD Williams SJ Blakemore 2010 Social brain development and the affective consequences of ostracism in adolescence Brain Cogn 72 134 145 19628323
237. KM Shafritz GS Dichter GT Baranek A Belger 2008 The neural circuitry mediating shifts in behavioral response and cognitive set in autism Biol Psychiatry 63 974 980 17916328
238. Sharf R, Guarnieri DJ, Taylor JR, Dileone RJ (2009) Orexin mediates morphine place preference, but not morphine-induced hyperactivity or sensitization. Brain Res. December 21
239. ES Shinwell S Eventov-Friedman 2009 Impact of perinatal corticosteroids on neuromotor development and outcome: review of the literature and new meta-analysis Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 14 164 170 19109083
240. K Sidiropoulou FM Lu MA Fowler R Xiao C Phillips ED Ozkan MX Zhu FJ White DC Cooper 2009 Dopamine modulates an mGluR5-mediated depolarization underlying prefrontal persistent activity Nat Neurosci 12 190 199 19169252
241. B Singh C Henneberger D Betances MA Arevalo A Rodrigurz-Tebar JC Meier R Grantyn 2006 Altered balance of glutamatergic/GABAergic synaptic input and associated changes in dendrite morphology after BDNF expression in BDNF-deficient hippocampal neurons J Neurosci 26 7189 7200 16822976
242. R Sinha 2001 How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse? Psychopharmacology 158 343 359 11797055
243. M Smith MA Spence P Flodman 2009 Nuclear and mitochondrial genome defects in autisms Ann N Y Acad Sci 1151 102 132 19154520
244. M Solinas C Chauvet N Thiriet R El Rawas M Jaber 2008 Reversal of cocaine addiction by environmental enrichment PNAS 105 17145 17150 18955698
245. M Solinas N Thiriet R El Rawas V Lardeux M Jaber 2009 Environmental enrichment during early stages of life reduces the behavioral, neurochemical, and molecular effects of cocaine Neuropsychopharmacology 34 1102 1111 18463628
246. ER Sowell PM Thompson KD Tessner AW Toga 2001 Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation J Neurosci 232 232 235
247. LP Spear 2000 The adolescent brain and age-related manifestations Neurosci Biobehav Rev 4 417 463
248. LP Spear 2004 Adolescent brain development and animal models Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021 23 26 15251870
249. LP Spear 2007 Assessment of adolescent neurotoxicity: rationale and methodological considerations Neurotoxicol Teratol 29 1 9 17222532
250. LP Spear 2009 Heightened stress responsivity and emotional reactivity during pubertal maturation: implications for psychopathology Dev Psychopathol 21 87 97 19144224
251. LP Spear EI Varlinskaya 2005 Low dose effects in psychopharmacology: ontogenetic considerations Nonlinearity Biol Toxicol Med 3 97 111 19330157
252. LP Spear EI Varlinskaya 2005 Adolescence. Alcohol sensitivity, tolerance, and intake Recent Dev Alcohol 17 143 159 15789864
253. LM Squeglia J Jacobus SF Tapert 2009 The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development Clin EEG Neurosci 40 31 38 19278130
254. L Steinberg 2004 Risk taking in adolescence: what changes, and why? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1021 51 58 15251873
255. L Steinberg 2005 Cognitive and affective development in adolescence Trends Cogn Sci 9 69 74 15668099
256. L Steinberg 2008 A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking Dev Rev 28 78 106 18509515
257. Steinberg L (2009) A behavioral scientist looks at the science of adolescent brain development. Brain Cogn. December 4
258. MC Stevens P Skudlarski GD Pearlson VD Calhoun 2009 Age-related cognitive gains are mediated by the effects of white matter development on brain network integration Neuroimage 48 738 746 19577651
259. Sturman D, Moghaddam B (2010) Neurodevelopment and learning in adolescence: relevance to staging in psychiatric disorders. Neurotoxicity Res (in press)
260. R Sullivan DA Wilson J Feldon BK Yee U Meyer G Richter-Levin A Avi T Michael M Gruss J Bock C Helmeke K Braun 2006 The International Society for Developmental Psychobiology annual meeting symposium: impact of early life experiences on brain and behavioral development Dev Psychobiol 48 583 602 17016842
261. GZ Tau BS Peterson 2010 Normal development of brain circuits Neuropsychopharmacology 35 147 168 19794405
262. KJ Thiel F Sanabria NS Pentkowski JL Neisewander 2009 Anti-craving effects of environmental enrichment Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12 1151 1156 19691875
263. MB Thomas M Hu TM Lee S Bhatnagar JB Becker 2009 Sex-specific susceptibility to cocaine in rats with a history of prenatal stress Physiol Behav 97 270 277 19268677
264. E Toth A Avital M Leshem G Richter-Levin K Braun 2008 Neonatal and juvenile stress induces changes in adult social behavior without affecting cognitive function Behav Brain Res 190 135 139 18367262
265. E Toth R Gersner A Wilf-Yarkoni H Raizel DE Dar G Richter-Levin O Levit A Zangen 2008 Age-dependent effects of chronic stress on brain plasticity and depressive behavior J Neurochem 107 522 532 18752645
266. V Trezza LJ Vanderschuren 2008 Cannabinoid and opioid modulation of social play behavior in adolescent rats: differential behavioral mechanisms Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18 519 530 18434104
267. V Trezza LJ Vanderschuren 2009 Divergent effects of anandamide transporter inhibitors with different target selectivity on social play behavior in adolescent rats J Pharmacol Exp Ther 328 343 350 18948500
268. V Trezza R Damsteegt LJ Vanderschuren 2009 Conditioned place preference induced by social play behavior: parametrics, extinction, reinstatement and disruption by methylphenidate Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 19 659 669 19427175
269. KY Tseng P O'Donnell 2004 Dopamine-glutamate interactions controlling prefrontal cortical pyramidal cell excitability involve multiple signaling mechanisms J Neurosci 24 5131 5139 15175382
270. 1-NMDA co-activation Cereb Cortex 15 49 57 15217899
271. 2 dopamine receptors recruit a GABA component for their attenuation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the adult rat prefrontal cortex Synapse 61 843 850 17603809
272. KY Tseng P O'Donnell 2007 Dopamine modulation of prefrontal cortical interneurons changes during adolescence Cereb Cortex 17 1235 1240 16818475
273. KY Tseng BL Lewis T Hashimoto SR Sesack M Kloc DA Lewis P O'Donnell 2008 A neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion causes functional deficits in adult prefrontal cortical interneurons J Neurosci 28 12691 12699 19036962
274. KY Tseng RA Chambers BK Lipska 2009 The neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion as a heuristic neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia Behav Brain Res 204 295 305 19100784
275. Tseng KY, Feleder C, Calhoon GG, O'Donnell P (2009b) Neonatal intra-hippocampal immune challenge alters dopamine modulation of prefrontal cortical interneurons in adult rats. Biol Psychiatry (in press)
276. MM Tsoory G Richter-Levin 2006 Learning under stress in the adult rat is differentially affected by 'juvenile' or 'adolescent' stress Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 6 713 728
277. MM Tsoory H Cohen G Richter-Levin 2007 Juvenile stress induces a predisposition to anxiety or depressive-like symptoms following stress in adulthood Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17 245 256 16889944
278. MM Tsoory A Guterman G Richter-Levin 2008 Exposure to stressors during juvenility disrupts development-related alterations in the PSA-NCAM to NCAM expression ratio: relevance for mood and anxiety disorders Neuropsychopharmacology 33 378 393 17429411
279. MM Tsoory A Guterman G Richter-Levin 2010 "Juvenile stress" alters maturation-related changes in expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 in the limbic system: relevance for stress-related psychopathologies J Neurosci Res 88 369 380 19746433
280. PA van Lier F Vitaro ED Barker HM Koot RE Tremblay 2009 Developmental links between trajectories of physical violence, vandalism, theft, and alcohol-drug use from childhood to adolescence J Abnorm Child Psychol 37 481 492 19089610
281. LJ Vanderschuren V Trezza S Griffioen-Roose OJ Schiepers N Van Leeuwen TJ De Vries AN Schoffelmeer 2008 Methylphenidate disrupts social play behavior in adolescent rats Neuropsychopharmacology 33 2946 2956 18305462
282. EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2006 Ontogeny of acute tolerance to ethanol-induced social inhibition in Sprague-Dawley rats Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30 1833 1844 17067347
283. EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2006 Differences in the social consequences of ethanol emerge during the course of adolescence in rats: social facilitation, social inhibition, and anxiolysis Dev Psychobiol 48 146 161 16489593
284. EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2007 Chronic tolerance to the social consequences of ethanol in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats Neurotoxicol Teratol 29 23 30 17055219
285. EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2008 Social interactions in adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats: impact of social deprivation and test context familiarity Behav Brain Res 188 398 405 18242726
286. EI Varlinskaya LP Spear 2009 Ethanol-induced social facilitation in adolescent rats: role of endogenous activity at mu opioid receptors Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33 991 1000 19302088
287. DM Vazquez 1998 Stress and the developing limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis Psychoneuroendocrinology 7 663 700
288. K Velanova ME Wheeler B Luna 2009 The maturation of task set-related activation supports late developmental improvements in inhibitory control J Neurosci 29 12558 12567 19812330
289. A Venerosi A Valanzano F Cirulli E Alleva G Calamandrei 2004 Acute global anoxia during C-section birth affects dopamine-mediated behavioural responses and reactivity to stress Behav Brain Res 154 155 164 15302121
290. NL Voets MG Hough G Douaud PM Matthews A James L Winmill P Webster S Smith 2008 Evidence for abnormalities of cortical development in adolescent-onset schizophrenia Neuroimage 43 665 675 18793730
291. D Wahlstrom P Collins T White M Luciana 2010 Developmental changes in dopamine neurotransmission in adolescence: behavioral implications and issues in assessment Brain Cogn 72 146 159 19944514
292. Wanchoo SJ, Lee MJ, Swann AC, Dafny N (2009) Bilateral six-hydroxydopamine administration to PFC prevents the expression of behavioral sensitization to methylphenidate. Brain Res. November 22
293. L Wang S Huettel MD De Bellis 2008 Neural substrates for processing task-irrelevant sad images in adolescents Dev Sci 11 23 32 18171363
294. IC Weaver 2009 Shaping adult phenotypes through early life environments Birth Defects Res 87 314 326
295. IC Weaver MJ Meaney M Szyf 2006 Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 3480 3485 16484373
296. AM White 2009 Understanding adolescent brain development and its implications for the clinician Adolesc Med State Art Rev 20 73 90 19492692
297. T White M Schmidt C Karatekin 2009 White matter 'potholes' in early-onset schizophrenia: a new approach to evaluate white matter microstructure using diffusion tensor imaging Psychiatry Res 174 110 115 19853414
298. CE Wilmouth LP Spear 2009 Hedonic sensitivity in adolescent and adult rats: taste reactivity and voluntary sucrose consumption Pharmacol Biochem Behav 92 566 573 19264093
299. 2 receptor internalization J Neurosci 29 14752 14763 19940170
300. Z Xu B Hou Y Gao F He C Zhang 2007 Effects of enriched environment on morphine-induced reward in mice Exp Neurol 204 714 719 17331503
301. DI Zafeiriou A Ververi E Vargiami 2009 The serotonergic system: its role in pathogenesis and early developmental treatment of autism Curr Neuropharmacol 7 150 157 19949574
302. J Zaias TJ Queeney JB Kelley ES Zakharova S Izenwasser 2008 Social and physical environmental enrichment differentially affect growth and activity of preadolescent and adolescent male rats J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 47 30 44 18351719
303. E Zakharova J Miller E Unterwald D Wade S Izenwasser 2009 Social and physical environment alter cocaine conditioned place preference and dopaminergic markers in adolescent male rats Neuroscience 163 890 897 19580849
304. Zhao W, Becker JB (2009) Sensitization enhances acquisition of cocaine self-administration in female rats: Estradiol further enhances cocaine intake after acquisition. Horm Behav. September 19. PMID:19769970
305. B Zimmerberg LG Blaskey 1998 Prenatal stress effects are partially ameliorated by prenatal administration of the neurosteriod allopregnanolone Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59 819 827 9586837
306. AR Zuena J Mairesse P Casolini C Cinque GS Alema S Morley-Fletcher V Chiodi LG Spagnoli R Gradini A Catalani F Nicoletti S Maccari 2008 Prenatal restraint stress generates two distinct behavioral and neurochemical profiles in male and female rats PloS ONE 3 e2170 18478112