Association of Linear Growth Impairment in Pediatric Crohn's Disease and a Known Height Locus: A Pilot Study

Annals of Human Genetics

Volumn 74, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 489-497

  Lee, Jessica J ^a   Essers, Jonah B ^a,b   Kugathasan, Subra ^c   Escher, Johanna C ^d   Lettre, Guillaume ^e   Butler, Johannah L ^a   Stephens, Michael C ^f   Ramoni, Marco F ^a,g   Grand, Richard J ^a   Hirschhorn, Joel ^a,b  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b BROAD INSTITUTE OF MIT AND HARVARD   (United States)

^c EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d SOPHIA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^e MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^f Children's Hospital of Wisconsin ^*  (United States)

^g HARVARD MIT DIVISION OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

DYM; Dymeclin; Growth retardation; Height; Inflammatory bowel disease

Indexed keywords

SPACER DNA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CROHN DISEASE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FEMALE; GENE LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; GROWTH DISORDER; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PILOT STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ADOLESCENT; BODY HEIGHT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROHN DISEASE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOTYPE; GROWTH DISORDERS; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; PILOT PROJECTS; PROTEINS;

EID: 77958164228     PISSN: 00034800     EISSN: 14691809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00606.x     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Barrett, J. C., Hansoul, S., Nicolae, D. L., Cho, J. H., Duerr, R. H., Rioux, J. D., Brant, S. R., Silverberg, M. S., Taylor, K. D., Barmada, M. M., Bitton, A., Dassopoulos, T., Datta, L. W., Green, T., Griffiths, A. M., Kistner, E. O., Murtha, M. T., Regueiro, M. D., Rotter, J. I., Schumm, L. P., Steinhart, A. H., Targan, S. R., Xavier, R. J., Libioulle, C., Sandor, C., Lathrop, M., Belaiche, J., Dewit, O., Gut, I., Heath, S., Laukens, D., Mni, M., Rutgeerts, P., Van Gossum, A., Zelenika, D., Franchimont, D., Hugot, J. P., De Vos, M., Vermeire, S., Louis, E., Cardon, L. R., Anderson, C. A., Drummond, H., Nimmo, E., Ahmad, T., Prescott, N. J., Onnie, C. M., Fisher, S. A., Marchini, J., Ghori, J., Bumpstead, S., Gwilliam, R., Tremelling, M., Deloukas, P., Mansfield, J., Jewell, D., Satsangi, J., Mathew, C. G., Parkes, M., Georges, M. &, Daly, M. J. (2008) Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease., Nat Genet, 40, 955-962.
2. Benjamini, Y. &, Hochberg, Y. (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing., J R Stat Soc B, 57, 289-300.
3. Borrelli, O., Bascietto, C., Viola, F., Bueno De Mesquita, M., Barbato, M., Mancini, V., Bosco, S. &, Cucchiara, S. (2004) Infliximab heals intestinal inflammatory lesions and restores growth in children with Crohn's disease., Dig Liver Dis, 36, 342-347.
4. Browning, B. L., Huebner, C., Petermann, I., Gearry, R. B., Barclay, M. L., Shelling, A. N. &, Ferguson, L. R. (2007) Has toll-like receptor 4 been prematurely dismissed as an inflammatory bowel disease gene? Association study combined with meta-analysis shows strong evidence for association., Am J Gastroenterol, 102, 2504-2512.
5. Dimitrov, A., Paupe, V., Gueudry, C., Sibarita, J. B., Raposo, G., Vielemeyer, O., Gilbert, T., Csaba, Z., Attie-Bitach, T., Cormier-Daire, V., Gressens, P., Rustin, P., Perez, F. &, El Ghouzzi, V. (2009) The gene responsible for Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome encodes a novel peripheral membrane protein dynamically associated with the Golgi apparatus., Hum Mol Genet, 18, 440-453.
6. Duerr, R. H., Taylor, K. D., Brant, S. R., Rioux, J. D., Silverberg, M. S., Daly, M. J., Steinhart, A. H., Abraham, C., Regueiro, M., Griffiths, A., Dassopoulos, T., Bitton, A., Yang, H., Targan, S., Datta, L. W., Kistner, E. O., Schumm, L. P., Lee, A. T., Gregersen, P. K., Barmada, M. M., Rotter, J. I., Nicolae, D. L. &, Cho, J. H. (2006) A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene., Science, 314, 1461-1463.
7. El Ghouzzi, V., Dagoneau, N., Kinning, E., Thauvin-Robinet, C., Chemaitilly, W., Prost-Squarcioni, C., Al-Gazali, L. I., Verloes, A., Le Merrer, M., Munnich, A., Trembath, R. C. &, Cormier-Daire, V. (2003) Mutations in a novel gene Dymeclin (FLJ20071) are responsible for Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome., Hum Mol Genet, 12, 357-364.
8. Essers, J. B., Lee, J. J., Kugathasan, S., Stevens, C. R., Grand, R. J. &, Daly, M. J. (2009) Established genetic risk factors do not distinguish early and later onset Crohn's disease., Inflamm Bowel Dis, 15, 1508-1514.
9. Grandbastien, B., Peeters, M., Franchimont, D., Gower-Rousseau, C., Speckel, D., Rutgeerts, P., Belaiche, J., Cortot, A., Vlietinck, R. &, Colombel, J. F. (1998) Anticipation in familial Crohn's disease., Gut, 42, 170-174.
10. Griffiths, A. M., Nguyen, P., Smith, C., Macmillan, J. H. &, Sherman, P. M. (1993) Growth and clinical course of children with Crohn's disease., Gut, 34, 939-943.
11. Hampe, J., Franke, A., Rosenstiel, P., Till, A., Teuber, M., Huse, K., Albrecht, M., Mayr, G., De La Vega, F. M., Briggs, J., Gunther, S., Prescott, N. J., Onnie, C. M., Hasler, R., Sipos, B., Folsch, U. R., Lengauer, T., Platzer, M., Mathew, C. G., Krawczak, M. &, Schreiber, S. (2007) A genome-wide association scan of nonsynonymous SNPs identifies a susceptibility variant for Crohn disease in ATG16L1., Nat Genet, 39, 207-211.
12. Heyman, M. B., Garnett, E. A., Wojcicki, J., Gupta, N., Davis, C., Cohen, S. A., Gold, B. D., Kirschner, B. S., Baldassano, R. N., Ferry, G. D., Winter, H. S. &, Kaplan, S. (2008) Growth hormone treatment for growth failure in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease., J. Pediatr, 153, 651-658.
13. Hildebrand, H., Karlberg, J. &, Kristiansson, B. (1994) Longitudinal growth in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 18, 165-173.
14. Hugot, J. P., Laurent-Puig, P., Gower-Rousseau, C., Olson, J. M., Lee, J. C., Beaugerie, L., Naom, I., Dupas, J. L., Van Gossum, A., Orholm, M., Bonaiti-Pellie, C., Weissenbach, J., Mathew, C. G., Lennard-Jones, J. E., Cortot, A., Colombel, J. F. &, Thomas, G. (1996) Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16., Nature, 379, 821-823.
15. Imielinski, M., Baldassano, R. N., Griffiths, A., Russell, R. K., Annese, V., Dubinsky, M., Kugathasan, S., Bradfield, J. P., Walters, T. D., Sleiman, P., Kim, C. E., Muise, A., Wang, K., Glessner, J. T., Saeed, S., Zhang, H., Frackelton, E. C., Hou, C., Flory, J. H., Otieno, G., Chiavacci, R. M., Grundmeier, R., Castro, M., Latiano, A., Dallapiccola, B., Stempak, J., Abrams, D. J., Taylor, K., Mcgovern, D., Silber, G., Wrobel, I., Quiros, A., Barrett, J. C., Hansoul, S., Nicolae, D. L., Cho, J. H., Duerr, R. H., Rioux, J. D., Brant, S. R., Silverberg, M. S., Taylor, K. D., Barmuda, M. M., Bitton, A., Dassopoulos, T., Datta, L. W., Green, T., Griffiths, A. M., Kistner, E. O., Murtha, M. T., Regueiro, M. D., Rotter, J. I., Schumm, L. P., Steinhart, A. H., Targan, S. R., Xavier, R. J., Libioulle, C., Sandor, C., Lathrop, M., Belaiche, J., Dewit, O., Gut, I., Heath, S., Laukens, D., Mni, M., Rutgeerts, P., Van Gossum, A., Zelenika, D., Franchimont, D., Hugot, J. P., De Vos, M., Vermeire, S., Louis, E., Cardon, L. R., Anderson, C. A., Drummond, H., Nimmo, E., Ahmad, T., Prescott, N. J., Onnie, C. M., Fisher, S. A., Marchini, J., Ghori, J., Bumpstead, S., Gwillam, R., Tremelling, M., Delukas, P., Mansfield, J., Jewell, D., Satsangi, J., Mathew, C. G., Parkes, M., Georges, M., Daly, M. J., Heyman, M. B., Ferry, G. D., Kirschner, B., Lee, J., Essers, J., Grand, R., Stephens, M., Levine, A., Piccoli, D., Van Limbergen, J., Cucchiara, S., Monos, D. S., Guthery, S. L., Denson, L., Wilson, D. C., Grant, S. F., Daly, M., Silverberg, M. S., Satsangi, J. &, Hakonarson, H. (2009) Common variants at five new loci associated with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease., Nat Genet, 41, 1335-1340.
16. Kirschner, B. S. (1993) Permanent growth failure in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 16, 368-369.
17. Knight, C., El-Matary, W., Spray, C. &, Sandhu, B. K. (2005) Long-term outcome of nutritional therapy in paediatric Crohn's disease., Clin Nutr, 24, 775-779.
18. Kugathasan, S., Baldassano, R. N., Bradfield, J. P., Sleiman, P. M., Imielinski, M., Guthery, S. L., Cucchiara, S., Kim, C. E., Frackelton, E. C., Annaiah, K., Glessner, J. T., Santa, E., Willson, T., Eckert, A. W., Bonkowski, E., Shaner, J. L., Smith, R. M., Otieno, F. G., Peterson, N., Abrams, D. J., Chiavacci, R. M., Grundmeier, R., Mamula, P., Tomer, G., Piccoli, D. A., Monos, D. S., Annese, V., Denson, L. A., Grant, S. F. &, Hakonarson, H. (2008) Loci on 20q13 and 21q22 are associated with pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease., Nat Genet, 40, 1211-1215.
19. Lee, J. C., Bridger, S., Mcgregor, C., Macpherson, A. J. &, Jones, J. E. (1999) Why children with inflammatory bowel disease are diagnosed at a younger age than their affected parent., Gut, 44, 808-811.
20. Lee, J. J., Escher, J. C., Shuman, M. J., Forbes, P. W., Delemarre, L. C., Harr, B. W., Kruijer, M., Moret, M., Allende-Richter, S. &, Grand, R. J. (2010) Final adult height of children with inflammatory bowel disease is predicted by parental height and patient minimum height Z-score., Inflamm Bowel Dis, [Epub ahead of print.
21. Lettre, G. (2009) Genetic regulation of adult stature., Curr Opin Pediatr, 21, 515-522.
22. Lettre, G., Jackson, A. U., Gieger, C., Schumacher, F. R., Berndt, S. I., Sanna, S., Eyheramendy, S., Voight, B. F., Butler, J. L., Guiducci, C., Illig, T., Hackett, R., Heid, I. M., Jacobs, K. B., Lyssenko, V., Uda, M., Boehnke, M., Chanock, S. J., Groop, L. C., Hu, F. B., Isomaa, B., Kraft, P., Peltonen, L., Salomaa, V., Schlessinger, D., Hunter, D. J., Hayes, R. B., Abecasis, G. R., Wichmann, H. E., Mohlke, K. L. &, Hirschhorn, J. N. (2008) Identification of ten loci associated with height highlights new biological pathways in human growth., Nat Genet, 40, 584-591.
23. Levine, A., Shamir, R., Wine, E., Weiss, B., Karban, A., Shaoul, R. R., Reif, S. S., Yakir, B., Friedlander, M., Kaniel, Y. &, Leshinsky-Silver, E. (2005) TNF promoter polymorphisms and modulation of growth retardation and disease severity in pediatric Crohn's disease., Am J Gastroenterol, 100, 1598-1604.
24. Libioulle, C., Louis, E., Hansoul, S., Sandor, C., Farnir, F., Franchimont, D., Vermeire, S., Dewit, O., De Vos, M., Dixon, A., Demarche, B., Gut, I., Heath, S., Foglio, M., Liang, L., Laukens, D., Mni, M., Zelenika, D., Van Gossum, A., Rutgeerts, P., Belaiche, J., Lathrop, M. &, Georges, M. (2007) Novel Crohn disease locus identified by genome-wide association maps to a gene desert on 5p13.1 and modulates expression of PTGER4., PLoS Genet, 3, e58.
25. Markowitz, J. &, Daum, F. (1994) Growth impairment in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease., Am J Gastroenterol, 89, 319-326.
26. Motil, K. J., Grand, R. J., Davis-Kraft, L., Ferlic, L. L. &, Smith, E. O. (1993) Growth failure in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study., Gastroenterology, 105, 681-691.
27. Neumann, L. M., El Ghouzzi, V., Paupe, V., Weber, H. P., Fastnacht, E., Leenen, A., Lyding, S., Klusmann, A., Mayatepek, E., Pelz, J. &, Cormier-Daire, V. (2006) Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome and Smith-McCort dysplasia: clinical and molecular findings in three families supporting genetic heterogeneity in Smith-McCort dysplasia., Am J Med Genet A, 140, 421-426.
28. Osipovich, A. B., Jennings, J. L., Lin, Q., Link, A. J. &, Ruley, H. E. (2008) Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome: chondrodysplasia resulting from defects in intracellular vesicle traffic., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 105, 16171-16176.
29. Parkes, M., Barrett, J. C., Prescott, N. J., Tremelling, M., Anderson, C. A., Fisher, S. A., Roberts, R. G., Nimmo, E. R., Cummings, F. R., Soars, D., Drummond, H., Lees, C. W., Khawaja, S. A., Bagnall, R., Burke, D. A., Todhunter, C. E., Ahmad, T., Onnie, C. M., Mcardle, W., Strachan, D., Bethel, G., Bryan, C., Lewis, C. M., Deloukas, P., Forbes, A., Sanderson, J., Jewell, D. P., Satsangi, J., Mansfield, J. C., Cardon, L. &, Mathew, C. G. (2007) Sequence variants in the autophagy gene IRGM and multiple other replicating loci contribute to Crohn's disease susceptibility., Nat Genet, 39, 830-832.
30. Peltekova, V. D., Wintle, R. F., Rubin, L. A., Amos, C. I., Huang, Q., Gu, X., Newman, B., Van Oene, M., Cescon, D., Greenberg, G., Griffiths, A. M., St George-Hyslop, P. H. &, Siminovitch, K. A. (2004) Functional variants of OCTN cation transporter genes are associated with Crohn disease., Nat Genet, 36, 471-475.
31. Pfefferkorn, M., Burke, G., Griffiths, A., Markowitz, J., Rosh, J., Mack, D., Otley, A., Kugathasan, S., Evans, J., Bousvaros, A., Moyer, M. S., Wyllie, R., Oliva-Hemker, M., Carvalho, R., Crandall, W., Keljo, D., Walters, T. D., Leleiko, N. &, Hyams, J. (2009) Growth abnormalities persist in newly diagnosed children with Crohn disease despite current treatment paradigms., J Pediatr. Gastroenterol Nutr, 48, 168-174.
32. Polito, J. M., 2nd, Rees, R. C., Childs, B., Mendeloff, A. I., Harris, M. L. &, Bayless, T. M. (1996) Preliminary evidence for genetic anticipation in Crohn's disease., Lancet, 347, 798-800.
33. Potocnik, U., Ferkolj, I., Glavac, D. &, Dean, M. (2004) Polymorphisms in multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene are associated with refractory Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis., Genes Immun, 5, 530-539.
34. Preece, M. A. (1996) The genetic contribution to stature., Horm Res, 45(Suppl 2), 56-58.
35. Prescott, N. J., Fisher, S. A., Franke, A., Hampe, J., Onnie, C. M., Soars, D., Bagnall, R., Mirza, M. M., Sanderson, J., Forbes, A., Mansfield, J. C., Lewis, C. M., Schreiber, S. &, Mathew, C. G. (2007) A nonsynonymous SNP in ATG16L1 predisposes to ileal Crohn's disease and is independent of CARD15 and IBD5., Gastroenterology, 132, 1665-1671.
36. Puntis, J., Mcneish, A. S. &, Allan, R. N. (1984) Long term prognosis of Crohn's disease with onset in childhood and adolescence., Gut, 25, 329-336.
37. Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., De Bakker, P. I., Daly, M. J. &, Sham, P. C. (2007) PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses., Am J Hum Genet, 81, 559-575.
38. Rioux, J. D., Daly, M. J., Silverberg, M. S., Lindblad, K., Steinhart, H., Cohen, Z., Delmonte, T., Kocher, K., Miller, K., Guschwan, S., Kulbokas, E. J., O'leary, S., Winchester, E., Dewar, K., Green, T., Stone, V., Chow, C., Cohen, A., Langelier, D., Lapointe, G., Gaudet, D., Faith, J., Branco, N., Bull, S. B., Mcleod, R. S., Griffiths, A. M., Bitton, A., Greenberg, G. R., Lander, E. S., Siminovitch, K. A. &, Hudson, T. J. (2001) Genetic variation in the 5q31 cytokine gene cluster confers susceptibility to Crohn disease., Nat Genet, 29, 223-228.
39. Rioux, J. D., Silverberg, M. S., Daly, M. J., Steinhart, A. H., Mcleod, R. S., Griffiths, A. M., Green, T., Brettin, T. S., Stone, V., Bull, S. B., Bitton, A., Williams, C. N., Greenberg, G. R., Cohen, Z., Lander, E. S., Hudson, T. J. &, Siminovitch, K. A. (2000) Genomewide search in Canadian families with inflammatory bowel disease reveals two novel susceptibility loci., Am J Hum Genet, 66, 1863-1870.
40. Rioux, J. D., Xavier, R. J., Taylor, K. D., Silverberg, M. S., Goyette, P., Huett, A., Green, T., Kuballa, P., Barmada, M. M., Datta, L. W., Shugart, Y. Y., Griffiths, A. M., Targan, S. R., Ippoliti, A. F., Bernard, E. J., Mei, L., Nicolae, D. L., Regueiro, M., Schumm, L. P., Steinhart, A. H., Rotter, J. I., Duerr, R. H., Cho, J. H., Daly, M. J. &, Brant, S. R. (2007) Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for Crohn disease and implicates autophagy in disease pathogenesis., Nat Genet, 39, 596-604.
41. Russell, R. K., Drummond, H. E., Nimmo, E. E., Anderson, N., Smith, L., Wilson, D. C., Gillett, P. M., Mcgrogan, P., Hassan, K., Weaver, L. T., Bisset, M., Mahdi, G. &, Satsangi, J. (2005) Genotype-phenotype analysis in childhood-onset Crohn's disease: NOD2/CARD15 variants consistently predict phenotypic characteristics of severe disease., Inflamm. Bowel Dis, 11, 955-964.
42. Russell, R. K., Drummond, H. E., Nimmo, E. R., Anderson, N. H., Noble, C. L., Wilson, D. C., Gillett, P. M., Mcgrogan, P., Hassan, K., Weaver, L. T., Bisset, W. M., Mahdi, G. &, Satsangi, J. (2006) Analysis of the influence of OCTN1/2 variants within the IBD5 locus on disease susceptibility and growth indices in early onset inflammatory bowel disease., Gut, 55, 1114-1123.
43. Sanna, S., Jackson, A. U., Nagaraja, R., Willer, C. J., Chen, W. M., Bonnycastle, L. L., Shen, H., Timpson, N., Lettre, G., Usala, G., Chines, P. S., Stringham, H. M., Scott, L. J., Dei, M., Lai, S., Albai, G., Crisponi, L., Naitza, S., Doheny, K. F., Pugh, E. W., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Ebrahim, S., Lawlor, D. A., Bergman, R. N., Watanabe, R. M., Uda, M., Tuomilehto, J., Coresh, J., Hirschhorn, J. N., Shuldiner, A. R., Schlessinger, D., Collins, F. S., Davey Smith, G., Boerwinkle, E., Cao, A., Boehnke, M., Abecasis, G. R. &, Mohlke, K. L. (2008) Common variants in the GDF5-UQCC region are associated with variation in human height., Nat Genet, 40, 198-203.
44. Sawczenko, A., Azooz, O., Paraszczuk, J., Idestrom, M., Croft, N. M., Savage, M. O., Ballinger, A. B. &, Sanderson, I. R. (2005) Intestinal inflammation-induced growth retardation acts through IL-6 in rats and depends on the -174 IL-6 G/C polymorphism in children., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 13260-13265.
45. Silventoinen, K., Sammalisto, S., Perola, M., Boomsma, D. I., Cornes, B. K., Davis, C., Dunkel, L., De Lange, M., Harris, J. R., Hjelmborg, J. V., Luciano, M., Martin, N. G., Mortensen, J., Nistico, L., Pedersen, N. L., Skytthe, A., Spector, T. D., Stazi, M. A., Willemsen, G. &, Kaprio, J. (2003) Heritability of adult body height: a comparative study of twin cohorts in eight countries., Twin Res, 6, 399-408.
46. Silverberg, M. S., Satsangi, J., Ahmad, T., Arnott, I. D., Bernstein, C. N., Brant, S. R., Caprilli, R., Colombel, J. F., Gasche, C., Geboes, K., Jewell, D. P., Karban, A., Loftus, E. V., Jr, Pena, A. S., Riddell, R. H., Sachar, D. B., Schreiber, S., Steinhart, A. H., Targan, S. R., Vermeire, S. &, Warren, B. F. (2005) Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: Report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology., Can J Gastroenterol, 19(Suppl A), 5-36.
47. Stoll, M., Corneliussen, B., Costello, C. M., Waetzig, G. H., Mellgard, B., Koch, W. A., Rosenstiel, P., Albrecht, M., Croucher, P. J., Seegert, D., Nikolaus, S., Hampe, J., Lengauer, T., Pierrou, S., Foelsch, U. R., Mathew, C. G., Lagerstrom-Fermer, M. &, Schreiber, S. (2004) Genetic variation in DLG5 is associated with inflammatory bowel disease., Nat Genet, 36, 476-480.
48. Tysk, C., Lindberg, E., Jarnerot, G. &, Floderus-Myrhed, B. (1988) Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking., Gut, 29, 990-996.
49. Van Limbergen, J., Russell, R. K., Drummond, H. E., Aldhous, M. C., Round, N. K., Nimmo, E. R., Smith, L., Gillett, P. M., Mcgrogan, P., Weaver, L. T., Bisset, W. M., Mahdi, G., Arnott, I. D., Satsangi, J. &, Wilson, D. C. (2008) Definition of phenotypic characteristics of childhood-onset inflammatory bowel disease., Gastroenterology, 135, 1114-1122.
50. Walters, T. D., Gilman, A. R. &, Griffiths, A. M. (2007) Linear growth improves during infliximab therapy in children with chronically active severe Crohn's disease., Inflamm Bowel Dis, 13, 424-430.
51. Weedon, M. N. &, Frayling, T. M. (2008) Reaching new heights: insights into the genetics of human stature., Trends Genet, 24, 595-603.
52. Weedon, M. N., Lango, H., Lindgren, C. M., Wallace, C., Evans, D. M., Mangino, M., Freathy, R. M., Perry, J. R., Stevens, S., Hall, A. S., Samani, N. J., Shields, B., Prokopenko, I., Farrall, M., Dominiczak, A., Johnson, T., Bergmann, S., Beckmann, J. S., Vollenweider, P., Waterworth, D. M., Mooser, V., Palmer, C. N., Morris, A. D., Ouwehand, W. H., Zhao, J. H., Li, S., Loos, R. J., Barroso, I., Deloukas, P., Sandhu, M. S., Wheeler, E., Soranzo, N., Inouye, M., Wareham, N. J., Caulfield, M., Munroe, P. B., Hattersley, A. T., Mccarthy, M. I. &, Frayling, T. M. (2008) Genome-wide association analysis identifies 20 loci that influence adult height., Nat. Genet, 40, 575-583.
53. Weedon, M. N., Lettre, G., Freathy, R. M., Lindgren, C. M., Voight, B. F., Perry, J. R., Elliott, K. S., Hackett, R., Guiducci, C., Shields, B., Zeggini, E., Lango, H., Lyssenko, V., Timpson, N. J., Burtt, N. P., Rayner, N. W., Saxena, R., Ardlie, K., Tobias, J. H., Ness, A. R., Ring, S. M., Palmer, C. N., Morris, A. D., Peltonen, L., Salomaa, V., Davey Smith, G., Groop, L. C., Hattersley, A. T., Mccarthy, M. I., Hirschhorn, J. N. &, Frayling, T. M. (2007) A common variant of HMGA2 is associated with adult and childhood height in the general population., Nat. Genet, 39, 1245-1250.
54. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14, 000 cases of seven common diseases and 3, 000 shared controls., Nature, 447, 661-678.
55. Wine, E., Reif, S. S., Leshinsky-Silver, E., Weiss, B., Shaoul, R. R., Shamir, R., Wasserman, D., Lerner, A., Boaz, M. &, Levine, A. (2004) Pediatric Crohn's disease and growth retardation: the role of genotype, phenotype, and disease severity., Pediatrics, 114, 1281-1286.