Recent advance in patient monitoring

Korean Journal of Anesthesiology

Volumn 59, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 144-159

  Nishiyama, Tomoki ^a  

^a Higashi Omiya General Hospital   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cardiac output; Electroencephalogram; Heart rate variability; Percut aneous carbon dioxide tension; Pulse oximeter; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ETOMIDATE; FENTANYL; KETAMINE; LITHIUM; MIDAZOLAM; MUSCLE RELAXANT AGENT; NITROUS OXIDE; PHENYLEPHRINE; PROPOFOL; REMIFENTANIL; SEVOFLURANE; THIOPENTAL;

AIRWAY; ANESTHESIA; BLOOD PRESSURE VARIABILITY; CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; HEART OUTPUT; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA; MONITOR; NEUROMONITORING; OXYGEN TENSION; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE; PATIENT MONITORING; PULSE OXIMETER; REVIEW; SKIN CONDUCTANCE; SYMPATHETIC NERVE; ULTRASOUND;

EID: 77957661108     PISSN: 20056419     EISSN: 20057563     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2010.59.3.144     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Hirota K. Special cases: ketamine, nitrous oxide and xenon. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2006; 20: 69-79.
2. Scott JC, Cooke JE, Stanski DR. Electroencephalographic quantification of opioid effect: comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and sufentanyl. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 34-42.
3. Miyake W, Oda Y, Ikeda Y, Tanaka K, Hagihira S, Iwaki H, et al. Effect of remifentanil on cardiovascular and bispectral index responses following the induction of anesthesia with midazolam and subsequent tracheal intubation. J Anesth 2010; 24: 161-7.
4. Messner M, Beese U, Romstock J, Dinkel M, Tschaikowsky K. The bispectral index declines during neuromuscular block in fully awake persons. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 488-91.
5. Nishiyama T, Matsukawa T, Hanaoka K. Is the ARX index a more sensitive indicator of anesthetic depth than the bispectral index during sevoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48: 1028-32.
6. Meybohm P, Gruenewald M, Hocker J, Renner J, Graesner JT, Ilies C, et al. Correlation and agreement between the bispectral index vs. state entropy during hypothermic cardio-pulmonary bypass. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 169-75.
7. Mathew JP, Weatherwax KJ, East CJ, White WD, Reves JG. Bispectral analysis during cardiopulmonary bypass: the effect of hypothermia on the hypnotic state. J Clin Anesth 2001; 13: 301-5.
8. Niedhart DJ, Kaiser HA, Jacobsohn E, Hantler CB, Evers AS, Avidan MS. Intrapatient reproducibility of the BISxp monitor. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 242-8.
9. Viertio-Oja H, Maja V, Sarkela M, Alja P, Tenkanen N, Tolvanen-Laakso H, et al. Description of the Entropy™ algorithm as applied in the Datex-Ohmeda S/5™ Entropy module. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48: 154-61. (Pubitemid 38166459)
10. Aho AJ, Yli-Hankala A, Lyytikainen LP, Jantti V. Facial muscle activity, response entropy, and state entropy indices during noxious stimuli in propofol-nitrous oxide or propofol-nitrous oxide-remifentanil anaesthesia without neuromuscular block. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 227-33.
11. Nishiyama T. Cerebral state index vs. bispectral index during sevoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 638-42.
12. Cortinez LI, Delfino AE, Fuentes R, Munoz HR. Performance of the cerebral state index during increasing levels of propofol anesthesia: a comparison with the bispectral index. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 605-10. (Pubitemid 46309881)
13. Kreuer S, Biedler A, Larsen R, Schoth S, Altmann S, Wilhelm W. The Narcotrend - a new EEG monitor designed to measure the depth of anaesthesia. A comparison with bispectral index monitoring during propofol-remifentanil- anaesthesia. Anaesthesist 2001; 50:921-5.
14. Chabot RJ, Gugino LD, Aglio LS, Maddi R, Cote W. QEEG and neuropsychological profiles of patients after cardiopulmonary bypass surgical procedures. Clin EEG 1997; 28: 98-105. (Pubitemid 27198117)
15. Revuelta M, Paniagua P, Campos JM, Fernandez JA, Martinez A, Jospin M, et al. Validation of the index of consciousness during sevoflurane and remifentanil anaesthesia: a comparison with the bispectral index and the cerebral state index. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 653-8.
16. Thornton C, Sharpe RM. Evoked responses in anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81: 771-81.
17. de Beer NA, van Hoff JC, Brunia CH, Cluitmans PJ, Korsten HH, Beneken JE. Midlatency auditory evoked potentials as indicators of perceptual processing during general anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77: 617-24.
18. Urhonen E, Jensen EW, Lund J. Changes in rapidly extracted auditory evoked potentials during tracheal intubation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44: 743-8.
19. Nishiyama T. Comparison of the two different monitors of auditory evoked potentials index in propofol-fentanyl-nitrous oxide anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 2009; 21: 551-4.
20. Nishiyama T. Comparison of the bispectral index, spectral edge frequency and auditory evoked potentials index in isoflurane-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesth Res 2008; 44: 11-15.
21. Nishiyama T. Auditory evoked potentials index versus bispectral index during propofol sedation in spinal anesthesia. J Anesth 2009; 23: 26-30.
22. Nishiyama T, Hanaoka K. The A-line ARX index may be a more sensitive detector of arousal than the bispectral index during propofol-fentanyl-nitrous oxide anesthesia: a preliminary investigation. Can J Anesth 2004; 51: 539-44.
23. Nishiyama T, Matsukawa T, Hanaoka K. A compassion of the clinical usefulness of three different electroencephalogram monitors: Bispectral index, processed electroencephalogram, and Alaris auditory evoked potentials. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 1341-5. (Pubitemid 38525590)
24. Nishiyama T. Changes in the auditory evoked potentials index by induction doses of four different intravenous anesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 1326-9. (Pubitemid 41375058)
25. Blussé van Oud-Alblas HJ, Peters JW, de Leeuw TG, Vermeylen KT, de Klerk LW, Tibboel D, et al. A comparison in adolescents of composite auditory evoked potential index and bispectral index during propofol-remifentanil anesthesia for scoliosis surgery with intraoperative wake-up test. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 1683-8.
26. Nishiyama T. The effects of auditory evoked potential click sounds on bispectral index and entropy. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 545-8.
27. Bowdle TA. Depth of anesthesia monitoring. Anesthesiol Clin 2006; 24: 793-822.
28. Storm H, Fremming A, Oedegaard S, Martinsen OG, Moerkrid L. The development of a software program for analyzing spontaneous and elicited skin conductance changes in infants and adults. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111: 1889-98.
29. Storm H. Skin conductance and the stress response from heel stick in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000; 83: F143-7. (Pubitemid 30666774)
30. Critchley HD, Elliott R, Mathias CJ, Dolan RJ. Neural activity relating to generation and representation of galvanic skin conductance responses: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 3033-40.
31. Edelberg A. Electrical properties of the skin. In : Methods in Psychophysiology. Edited by Brown CC: Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins. 1967, pp 1-53.
32. Storm H, Shafiei M, Myre K, Raeder J. Palmar skin conductance compared to a developed stress score and to noxious and awakening stimuli on patients in anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 798-803.
33. Ledowski T, Bromilow J, Paech MJ, Storm H, Hacking R, Schug SA. Monitoring of skin conductance to assess postoperative pain intensity. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97: 862-5.
34. Ledowski T, Paech MJ, Storm H, Jones R, Schug SA. Skin conductance monitoring compared with bispectral index monitoring to assess emergence from general anaesthesia using sevoflurane and remifentanil. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97: 187-91. (Pubitemid 44295703)
35. Gjerstad AC, Storm H, Hagen R, Huiku M, Qvigstad E, Raeder J. Skin conductance or entropy for detection of non-noxious stimulation during different clinical levels of sedation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 1-7. (Pubitemid 46001324)
36. Gjerstad AC, Storm H, Hagen R, Huiku M, Qvigstad E, Raeder J. Comparison of skin conductance with entropy during intubation, titanic stimulation and emergence from general anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 8-15.
37. Winterhaltera M, Munted S, Taschenbreckerc P, Heckerb H, Weilbachc C, Osthausc AW, et al. Skin impedance correlates to sedation grade, plasma propofol concentrations and bispectral index during a target-controlled infusion of propofol. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 589-96.
38. Ledowski T, Ang B, Schmarbeck T, Rhodes J. Monitoring of sympathetic tone to assess postoperative pain: skin conductance vs surgical stress index. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 781-2.
39. Chen X, Thee C, Gruenwald M, Wnent J, Llies WJ, Hoeker C, et al. Comparison of surgical stress index-guided analgesia with standard clinical practice during routine general anesthesia a pilot study. Anesthesiology 2010; 112: 1175-83.
40. Luginbuhl M, Schumacher PM, Vuilleumier P, Vereecke H, Heyse B, Bouillon TW, et al. Noxious stimulation response index. A novel anesthetic state index based on hypnotic-opioid interaction. Anesthesiology 2010; 112: 872-80.
41. von Dincklage F, Hackbarth M, Mager R, Rehberg B, Baars JH. Monitoring of the responsiveness to noxious stimuli during anaethesia with propofol and remifentanil by using RIII reflex threshold and bispectral index. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104: 201-8.
42. Pomfrett CJ. Heart rate variability, BIS and 'depth of anaesthesia'. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82: 659-62.
43. Naito T. Energy index of heart rate spectral analysis for the assessment of autonomic nerve activities. Masui 1991; 40: 275-84.
44. Poyhonen M, Syvaoja S, Hartikainen J, Ruokonen E, Takala J. The effect of carbon dioxide, respiratory rate and tidal volume on human heart rate variability. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48:93-101. (Pubitemid 38058147)
45. Seitsonen ER, Korhonen IK, van Gils MJ, Huiku M, Lötjönen JM, Korttila KT, et al. EEG spectral entropy, heart rate, photoplethysmography and motor responses to skin incision during sevoflurane anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 284-92. (Pubitemid 40432517)
46. Palazzolo JA, Estafanous FG, Murray PA. Entropy measures of heart rate variation in conscious dogs. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:H1099-105.
47. Billard V, Gambus PL, Chamoun N, Stanski DR, Shafer SL. A comparison of spectral edge, delta power, and bispectral index as EEG measures of alfentanil, propofol, and midazolam drug effect. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61: 45-58.
48. Nishiyama T. Entropy of heart rate variability and trend in electroencephalogram in propofol-fentanyl-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesth Res 2008; 44: 59-63.
49. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996; 93: 1043-65.
50. Ledowski T, Bein B, Hanss R, Paris A, Fudickar W, Scholz J, et al. Neuroendocrine stress response and heart rate variability: a comparison of total intravenous versus balanced anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 1700-5.
51. Pagani M, Montano N, Porta A, Malliani A, Abboud FM, Birkett C, et al. Relationship between spectral components of cardiovascular variabilities and direct measures of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Circulation 1997; 95: 1441-8. (Pubitemid 27142801)
52. Zhang L, Iwasaki K, Zuckerman JH, Behbehani K, Crandall CG, Levine BD. Mechanisim of blood pressure and R-R variability: insights from ganglion blockade in humans. J Physiol 2002; 543:337-48. (Pubitemid 34947319)
53. Scheffer GJ, Ten-Voorde BJ, Karemaker JM, Ros HH, de Lange JJ. Effects of thiopentone, etomidate and propofol on beat-to-beat cardiovascular signals in man. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 849-55.
54. Zickmann B, Hofmann HC, Pottkamper C, Knothe C, Boldt J, Hempelmann G. Changes in heart rate variability during induction of anesthesia with fentanyl and midazolam. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1996; 10: 609-13. (Pubitemid 26264683)
55. Nishiyama T. Heart rate variability during different anesthetic induction methods. Anesth Res 2009; 45: 31-4.
56. Win NN, Fukayama H, Kohase H, Umino M. The different effects of intravenous propofol and midazolam sedation on hemodynamic and heart rate variability. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:97-102.
57. Kanaya N, Hirata N, Kurosawa S, Nakayama M, Namiki A. Differential effects of propofol and sevoflurane on heart rate variability. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 34-40.
58. Komatsu T, Singh PK, Kimura T, Nishiwaki K, Bando K, Shimada Y. Differential effects of ketamine and midazolam on heart rate variability. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42: 1003-9.
59. Ogawa Y, Iwasaki K, Shibata S, Kato J, Ogawa S, Oi Y. Different effects on circulatory control during volatile induction and maintenance of anesthesia and total intravenous anesthesia: autonomic nervous activity and arterial cardiac baroreflex function evaluated by blood pressure and heart rate variability analysis. J Clin Anesth 2006; 18: 87-95.
60. Maenpaa M, Penttila J, Laitio K, Kuusela T, Hinkka S, Scheinin H. The effects of surgical levels of sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia on heart rate variability. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007; 24:626-33. (Pubitemid 47289767)
61. Fujiwara Y, Kurokawa S, Shibata Y, Asakura Y, Harado M, Komatsu T. Sympathovagal effects of spinal anaesthesia with intrathecal or intravenous fentanyl assessed by heart rate variability. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: 476-82.
62. Opdam HI, Wan L, Bellomo R. A pilot assessment of the FloTracTM cardiac output monitoring system. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33, 344-9. (Pubitemid 46221243)
63. Lorsomradee S, Lprsomradee SR, Cromheecke S, De Hert SG. Continuous cardiac output measurement: arterial pressure analysis versus thermodilution technique during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 979-83. (Pubitemid 47399389)
64. Staier K, Wiesenack C, Gunkel L, Keyl C. Cardiac output determination by thermodilution and arterial pulse waveform analysis in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. Can J Anesth 2008; 55: 22-8. (Pubitemid 351184059)
65. Biasis M, Nouette-Gaulain K, Cottenceau V, Revel P, Sztark F. Uncalibrated pulse contour-derived stroke volume variation predicts fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients undergoing liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 761-8.
66. Matthieu B, Karine NG, Vincent C, Alain V, Francois CJ, Philippe R, et al. Cardiac output measurement in patients undergoing liver transplantation: pulmonary artery catheter versus uncalibrated arterial pressure waveform analysis. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1480-6.
67. Cannesson M, Musard H, Desebbe O, Boucau C, Simon R, Henaine R, et al. The ability of stroke volume variations obtained with Vigileo/FloTrac system to monitor fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 513-7.
68. Lahner D, Kabon B, Marschalek C, Chiari A, Pestel G, Kaider A, et al. Evaluation of stroke volume variation obtained by arterial pulse contour analysis to predict fluid responsiveness intraoperatively. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 346-51.
69. Biais M, Bernard O, Ha JC, Degryse C, Sztark F. Abilities of pulse pressure variations and stroke volume variations to predict fluid responsiveness in prone position during scoliosis surgery. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104: 407-13.
70. Missant C, Rex S, Wouters PF. Accuracy of cardiac output measurements with pulse contour analysis (PulseCO™) and Doppler echocardiography during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Anaesthiol 2008; 25: 243-8.
71. Yamashita K, Nishiyama T, Yokoyama T, Abe H, Manabe M. Cardiac output by PulseCO™ is not interchangeable with thermodilution in patients undergoing OPCAB. Can J Anesth 2005; 52: 530-4.
72. Costa MG, Rocca GD, Chiarandini P, Mattelig S, Pompei L, Barriga MS, et al. Continuous and intermittent cardiac output measurement in hyperdynamic conditions: pulmonary artery catheter vs. lithium dilution technique. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 257-63. (Pubitemid 351207642)
73. Yamashita K, Nishiyama T, Yokoyama T, Abe H, Manabe M. Effects of vasodilation on cardiac output measured by PulseCO™. J Clin Monit Comput 2007; 21: 335-9. (Pubitemid 350090602)
74. Belloni L, Pisano A, Natale A, Piccirillo MR, Piazza L, Ismeno G, et al. Assessment of fluid-responsiveness parameters for off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a comparison among LiDCO, transesophageal echocardiography, and pulmonary artery catheter. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 22: 243-8. (Pubitemid 351423681)
75. L'e Orme RM, Pigott DW, Mihm FG. Measurement of cardiac output by transpulmonary arterial thermodilution using a long radial artery catheter. A comparison with intermittent pulmonary artery thermodilution. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 590-4.
76. Harris AP, Miller CF, Beattie C, Rosenfeld GI, Rogers MC. The slowing of sinus rhythm during thermodilution cardiac output determination and the effect of altering injectate temperature. Anesthesiology 1985; 63: 540-1. (Pubitemid 16255502)
77. Lewis FR, Elings VB, Hill SL, Christensen JM. The measurement of extravascular lung water by thermal-green dye indicator dilution. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982; 384: 394-410. (Pubitemid 12047652)
78. Schuerholz T, Meyer MC, Friedrich L, Przemeck M, Sumpelmann R, Marx G. Reliability of continuous cardiac output determination by pulse-contour analysis in porcine septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50: 407-13.
79. Yamashita K, Nishiyama T, Yokoyama T, Abe H, Manabe M. The effects of vasodilation on cardiac output measured by PiCCO. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 22: 688-92.
80. Lichtwarck-Aschoff M, Zeravic J, Pfeiffer UJ. Intrathoracic blood volume accurately reflects circulatory volume status in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1992; 18: 142-7.
81. Mrtin GS, Eaton S, Mealer M, Moss M. Extravascular lung water in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 2005; 9: 74-82.
82. Reuter DA, Bayerlein J, Goepfert MS, Weis FC, Kilger E, Lamm P, et al. Influence of tidal volume on left ventricular stroke volume variation measured by pulse contour analysis in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 476-80. (Pubitemid 36379453)
83. Compton F, Wittrock M, Schaefer JH, Zidek W, Tepel M, Scholze A. Noninvasive cardiac output determination using applanation tonometry-derived radial artery pulse contour analysis in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 171-4.
84. Langewouters GJ, Wesseling KH, Goedhard WJ. The pressure dependent dynamic elasticity of 35 thoracic and 16 abdominal human aortas in vitro described by a five component model. J Biomech 1985; 18: 613-20.
85. de Wilde RB, Schreuder JJ, van den Berg PC, Jansen JR. An evaluation of cardiac output by five arterial pulse contour techniques during cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 760-8.
86. 2 rebreathing cardiac output and continuous thermodilution cardiac output in patients undergoing aortic reconstruction surgery. Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 283-8.
87. Yamashita K, Yokoyama T, Abe H, Kitaoka N, Nishiyama T, Manabe M. Is the thoracic electrical bioimpedance method by the BioZ.com™ useful to measure cardiac output in cardiac surgery? Circ Cont 2003; 24: 371-3.
88. Raue W, Swierzy M, Koplin G, Schwenk W. Comparison of electrical velocimetry and transthoracic thermodilution technique for cardiac output assessment in critically ill patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 1067-71.
89. Gunn SR, Kim HK, Harrigan PW, Pinsky MR. Ability of pulse contour and esophageal Doppler to estimate rapid changes in stroke volume. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 1537-46.
90. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiology 2010; 112: 1084-96.
91. Bodenham AR. Can you justify not using ultrasound guidance for central venous access? Crit Care 2006; 10: 175.
92. Levin PD, Sheinin O, Gozal Y. Use of ultrasound guidance in the insertion of radial artery catheters. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 481-4. (Pubitemid 36232944)
93. Sharma A, Bodenham AR, Mallick A. Ultrasound-guided infraclavicular axillary vein cannulation for central venous access. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 188-92.
94. Soeding PE, Sha S, Royse CE, Marks P, Hoy G, Royse AG. A randomized trial of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus anesthesia in upper limb surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005; 33: 719-25.
95. Klein SM, Fronheiser MP, Reach J, Nielsen KC, Smith SW. Piezoelectric vibrating needle and catheter for enhancing ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 1858-60.
96. Swenson JD, Brown NA. Evaluation of a new fenestrated needle for ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca block. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19:175-9.
97. Orebaugh SL, Williams BA, Kentor ML. Ultrasound guidance with nerve stimulation reduces the time necessary for resident peripheral nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007; 32: 448-54.
98. Schwemmer U, Markus CK, Greim CA, Brederlau J, Roewer N. Ultrasound-guided anaesthesia of the axillary brachial plexus: efficacy of multiple injection approach. Ultraschall Med 2005; 26:114-9. (Pubitemid 40577281)
99. Riazi S, Carmichael N, Awad I, Holtby RM, McCartney CJ. Effect of local anaesthetic volume (20 vs 5 ml) on the efficacy and respiratory consequences of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 549-56.
100. Casati A, Danelli G, Baciarello M, Corradi M, Leone S, Di Cianni S, et al. A prospective, randomized comparison between ultrasound and nerve stimulation guidance for multiple injection axillary brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 992-6. (Pubitemid 46684066)
101. Fredrickson MJ, Ball CM, Dalgleish AJ. A prospective randomized comparison of ultrasound guidance versus neurostimulation for interscalene catheter placement. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009; 34:590-4.
102. Grau T, Leipold RW, Conradi R, Martin E, Motsch J. Ultrasound imaging of the thoracic epidural space. Reg Anaesth Pain Med 2002; 27: 200-6. (Pubitemid 34258245)
103. Marhofer P, Greher M, Sitzwohl C, Kapral S. Ultrasonographic guidance for infraclavicular plexus anaesthesia in children. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 642-6. (Pubitemid 38997004)
104. French JL, Raine-Fenning NJ, Hardman JG, Bedforth NM. Pitfalls of ultrasound guided vascular access: the use of three-four-dimensional ultrasound. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 806-13.
105. Cash CJ, Sardesai AM, Berman LH, Herrick MJ, Treece GM, Prager RW, et al. Spatial mapping of the brachial plexus using three-dimensional ultrasound. Br J Radiol 2005; 78: 1086-94.
106. 2 tensions. Can J Anaesth 1996; 43: 862-6.
107. Martin RJ, Herrell N, Pultusker M. Transcutaneous measurement of carbon dioxide tension: effect of sleep state in term infants. Pediatrics 1981; 67: 622-5.
108. 2: a multicenter study of accuracy. J Clin Monit 1990; 6: 189-95.
109. Nishiyama T, Nakamura S, Yamashita K. Comparison of the transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tension in different electrode locations during general anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 23: 1049-54.
110. 2 sensor in adult patients after cardiac surgery. J Clin Monit Comput 2007; 21: 303-9.
111. Nishiyama T, Nakamura S, Yamashita K. Effects of the electrode temperature of a new monitor, TCM4, on the measurement of transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide tension. J Anesth 2006; 20: 331-4.
112. 2 overshoot with ear probe at 42 degrees C. J Clin Monit Comput 2004; 18: 343-5.
113. Reid CW, Martineau RJ, Miller DR, Hull KA, Baines J, Sullivan PJ. A comparison of transcutaneous, end-tidal and arterial measurements of carbon dioxide during general anesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1992; 39: 31-6.
114. 2 monitors are more accurate than end-tidal PCO2 monitors. J Anesth 2009; 23: 198-202.
115. De Oliveira GS Jr, Ahmad S, Fitzgerald PC, McCarthy RJ. Detection oh hypoventilation during sedation in patients undergoing ambulatory gynaecological hysteroscopy: a comparison between transcutaneous and nasal end-tidal carbon dioxide measurements. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104: 774-8.
116. 2 in non-ventilated patients receiving epidural infusion of patient-controlled analgesia using a single earlobe monitor (TOSCA). Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 567-71.
117. 2 after major surgery. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 814-21.
118. Bolliger D, Steiner LA, Kasper J, Aziz OA, Filipovic M, Seeberger MD. The accuracy of non-invasive carbon dioxide monitoring: a clinical evaluation of two transcutaneous systems. Anaesthesia 2007; 62: 394-9. (Pubitemid 46487252)
119. Nishiyama T. Changes in percutaneous oxygen tension induced by spinal anesthesia. J Anesth 2007; 21: 317-9. (Pubitemid 47261261)
120. Higgins MS, Deshphande JK, Badr A. New video system improves teaching of direct laryngoscopy. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 1010-1. (Pubitemid 26105266)
121. Low D, Healy D, Rasburn N. The use of the BERCI DCI™ Video Laryngoscope for teaching novices direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 195-201.
122. Stroumpoulis K, Pagoulatou A, Violari M, Ikonomou I, Kalantzi N, Kastrinaki K, et al. Videolaryngoscopy in the management of the difficult airway: a comparison with the Macintosh blade. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 218-22.
123. Liu L, Tanigawa K, Kusunoki S, Tamura T, Ota K, Yamaga S, et al. Tracheal intubation of a difficult airway using Airway Scope, Airtraq, and Macintosh laryngoscope: a comparative manikin study of inexperienced personnel. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 1049-55.
124. Malik MA, Subramaniam R, Maharaj CH, Harte BH, Laffey JG. Randomized controlled trial of the Pentax AWS, Glidescope, and Macintosh laryngoscopes in predicted difficult intubation. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 761-8.
125. Tan BH, Liu EHC, Lim RT, Liow LM, Goy RW. Ease of intubation with the GlideScope or Airway Scope by novice operators in simulated easy and difficult airways - a manikin study. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 187-90.
126. 2 with the Macintosh laryngoscope in experienced anaesthetists: a manikin study. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 28-134.
127. Walker L, Brampton W, Halai M, Hoy C, Lee E, Scott I, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intubation with the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope by inexperienced anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 440-5.
128. Ray DC, Billington C, Kearns PK, Kirkbride R, Mackintosh K, Reeve CS, et al. A comparison of McGrath and Macintosh laryngoscopes in novice users: a manikin study. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 1207-10.
129. Savoldelli GL, Schiffer E, Abegg C, Baeriswyl V, Clergue F, Waeber JL. Comparison of the Glidescope, the McGrath, the Airtraq and the Macintosh laryngoscopes in simulated difficult airways. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 1358-64.
130. Arslan ZI, Yildiz T, Baykara ZN, Solak M, Toker K. Tracheal intubation in patients with rigid collar immobilization of the cervical spine: a comparison of Airtraq and LMA Ctrach devices. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 1332-6.
131. Komatsu R, Kamata K, Hamada K, Sessler DI, Ozaki M. Airway Scope and StyletScope for tracheal intubation in a simulated difficult airway. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 273-9.
132. van Oostrom JH, Mahla ME, Gravestein D. The Stealth Station Image Guidance System may interfere with pulse oximetry. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52: 379-82.
133. Mathes AM, Kreuer S, Schneider SO, Ziegeler S, Grundmann U. The performance of six pulse oximeters in the environment of neuronavigation. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 541-4.
134. Pizov R, Eden A, Bystritski D, Kalina E, Tamir A, Gelman S. Arterial and plethysmographic waveform analysis in anesthetized patients with hypovolemia. Anesthesiology 2010; 113: 83-91.
135. Reisner A, Shaltis PA, McCombie D, Asada HH. Utility of the photoplethysmogram in circulatory monitoring. Anesthesiology 2008; 108: 950-8.
136. Nitzen M, Babchenko A, Shemesh D, Alberton J. Influence of thoracic sympathectomy on cardiac induced oscillations in tissue blood volume. Med Biol Eng Comput 2001; 39: 579-83. (Pubitemid 32998275)
137. Ginosar Y, Weiniger CF, Meroz Y, Kurz V, Bdolah-Abram T, Babchenko A, et al. Pulse oximeter perfusion index as an early indicator of sympathectomy after epidural anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: 1018-26.
138. Desebbe O, Boucau C, Farhat F, Bastien O, Lehot JJ, Cannesson M. The ability of pleth variability index to predict the hemodynamic effects of positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients under general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 792-8.
139. Engelhardt M, Folkers W, Brenke C, Scholz M, Harders A, Fidorra H, et al. Neurosurgical operations with the patient in sitting position: analysis of risk factors using transcranial Doppler sonography. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96: 467-72.
140. Nishiyama T, Matsukawa T, Yokoyama T, Hanaoka K. Cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity during general anesthesia: a comparison between sevoflurane and isoflurane. Anesth Analg 1999; 89: 1437-41.
141. Pugliese F, Ruberto F, Tosi A, Martelli S, Bruno K, Summonti D, et al. Regional cerebral saturation versus transcranial Doppler during carotid endarterectomy under regional anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 643-7.
142. Fischer GW, Torrillo TM, Weiner MM, Rosenblatt MA. The use of cerebral oximetry as a monitor of the adequacy of cerebral perfusion in a patient undergoing shoulder surgery in the beach chair position. Pain Practice 2009; 9: 304-7.
143. Ketty-White R, Hutchinson PJ, Al-Rawi PG, Gupta AK, Pickard JD, Kirkpatrick PJ. Adverse cerebral events detected after subarachnoid hemorrhage using brain oxygen and microdialysis probes. Neurosurgery 2002; 50: 1213-21.
144. 2, and pH during cerebral vasospasm. Surg Neurol 2000; 54:432-7.
145. Gupta AK, Hutchinson PJ, AI-Rawi P, Gupta S, Swart M, Kirkpatrick PJ, et al. Measurement of brain tissue oxygenation compared with jugular venous oxygen saturation for monitoring cerebral oxygenation after traumatic brain injury. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:549-53. (Pubitemid 29109020)
146. Whittle IR, Glasby M, Lammie A, Bell H, Ungerstedt U. Neuropathological findings after intracerebral implantation of microdialysis catheters. Neuroreport 1998; 9: 2821-5.