Modelling glacial climatic millennial-scale variability related to changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: A review

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 29, Issue 21-22, 2010, Pages 2931-2956

  Kageyama, Masa ^a   Paul, André ^b   Roche, Didier M ^a,c   Van Meerbeeck, Cédric J ^c  

^a DIF   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN   (Germany)

^c VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATIONS; CLIMATE SIGNATURES; CLIMATE SYSTEM; DEEP-OCEAN CIRCULATION; FRESH WATER; GLACIAL CLIMATE; GREENLAND; HEINRICH EVENTS; INTERMEDIATE COMPLEXITY; MODEL RESULTS; NORTH ATLANTIC; PALEOCLIMATIC DATA; PRE-INDUSTRIAL; TECHNICAL CHALLENGES; TRIGGERING MECHANISM;

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; CLIMATOLOGY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EXPERIMENTS; FLOW OF WATER; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; SEA ICE; WATER;

CLIMATE MODELS;

CLIMATE MODELING; DANSGAARD-OESCHGER CYCLE; DATA SET; DEEP SEA; DISCHARGE; FRESHWATER INPUT; GLOBAL CLIMATE; HEINRICH EVENT; ICEBERG; LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET; LITERATURE REVIEW; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE; MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION; OVERTURN; PALEOCLIMATE;

ARCTIC; ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); GREENLAND;

EID: 77956541549     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.029     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Aharon P. Entrainment of meltwaters in hyperpycnal flows during deglaciation superfloods in the Gulf of Mexico. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 241(1-2):260-270.
2. Alley R.B. Paleoclimatic insights into future climate challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 2003, 361:1831-1849.
3. Alley R.B., Clark P.U. The deglaciation of the Northern Hemisphere: a global perspective. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1999, 27:149-182.
4. Alley R.B., Marotzke J., Nordhaus W.D., Overpeck J.T., Peteet D.M., Pielke R.A., Pierrehumbert R.T., Rhines P.B., Stocker T.F., Talley L.D., Wallace J.M. Abrupt climate change. Science 2003, 299:2005-2010.
5. Arzel O., England M.H., Sijp W.P. Reduced stability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation due to wind stress feedback during glacial times. Journal of Climate 2008, 21:6260-6282.
6. Behl R., Kennett J.P. Brief interstadial events in the Santa Barbara basin, NE Pacific, during the past 60 kyr. Nature 1996, 379:243-246.
7. Berger W.H., Wefer G. Expeditions into the past: paleoceanographic studies in the south atlantic. The South Atlantic: Present and Past Circulation 1996, 363-410. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. G. Wefer, W.H. Berger, G. Siedler, D.J. Webb (Eds.).
8. Bitz C.M., Chiang J.C.H., Cheng W., Barsugli J.J. Rates of thermohaline recovery from freshwater pulses in modern, Last Glacial maximum, and greenhouse warming climates. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34:L07708. 10.1029/2006GL029237.
9. Blaauw M., Wohlfarth B., Christen J.A., Ampel L., Veres D., Hughen K.A., Preusser F., Svensson A. Were Last Glacial climate events simultaneous between Greenland and France? A quantitative comparison using non-tuned chronologies. Journal of Quaternary Science 2008, 25:387-394.
10. Blunier T., Brook E.J. Timing of millenial-scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the Last Glacial period. Science 2001, 109-112.
11. Bond G., Broecker W., Johnsen S., McManus J., Labeyrie L., Jouzel J., Bonani G. Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice. Nature 1993, 365:143-147.
12. Braconnot P., Otto-Bliesner B., Harrison S., Joussaume S., Peterchmitt J.-Y., Abe-Ouchi A., Crucifix M., Driesschaert E., Fichefet T., Hewitt C.D., Kageyama M., Kitoh A., Laîné A., Loutre M.-F., Marti O., Merkel U., Ramstein G., Valdes P., Weber S.L., Yu Y., Zhao Y. Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum - part 1: experiments and large-scale features. Climate of the Past 2007, 3(2):261-277.
13. Broecker W.S. Paleocean circulation during the last deglaciation: a bipolar seesaw?. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:119-121.
14. Broecker W., Peteet D.M., Rind D. Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation?. Nature 1985, 315:21-26.
15. Broecker W., Bond G., Klas M., Clark E., Jerry M. Origin of the northern Atlantic's Heinrich events. Climate Dynamics 1992, 6:265-273.
16. Broecker W.S., Hemming S. Climate swings come into focus. Science 2001, 294:2308-2309.
17. Brovkin V., Ganopolski A., Svirezhev Y. A continuous climate-vegetation classification for use in climate-biosphere studies. Ecological Modelling 1997, 101:251-261.
18. Bryan F. High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulations. Nature 1986, 323:301-304.
19. Calov R., Ganopolski A., Petoukhov V., Claussen M., Greve R. Large-scale instabilities of the Laurentide ice sheet simulated in a fully coupled climate-system model. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 10.1029/2002GL016078.
20. Calov R., Ganopolski A., Petoukhov V., Claussen M., Brovkin V., Kubatzki C. Transient simulation of the Last Glacial inception. Part II: sensitivity and feedback analysis. Climate Dynamics 2005, 24:563-576. accepted.
21. Chiang J.C.H., Cheng W., Bitz C.M. Fast teleconnections to the tropical Atlantic sector from Atlantic thermohaline adjustment. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35.
22. Chiessi C.M., Mulitza S., Paul A., Pätzold J., Groeneveld J., Wefer G. South Atlantic interocean exchange as the trigger for the bølling warm event. Geology 2008, 36:919-922.
23. Clark P.U., Pisias N.G., Stocker T.F., Weaver A.J. The role of the thermohaline circulation in abrupt climate change. Nature 2002, 415:863-869.
24. Claussen M., Mysak L., Weaver A., Crucifix M., Fichefet T., Loutre M.-F., Weber S., Alcamo J., Alexeev V., Berger A., Calov R., Ganopolski A., Goosse H., Lohman G., Lunkeit F., Mokhov I., Petoukhov V., Stone P., Wang Z. Earth system models of intermediate complexity: closing the gap in the spectrum of climate system models. Climate Dynamics 2002, 15:579-586.
25. Claussen M., Ganopolski A., Brovkin V., Gerstengarbe F.-W., Werner P. Simulated global-scale response of the climate system to Dansgaard/Oeschger and Heinrich events. Climate Dynamics 2003, 21:361-370.
26. Claussen M., Fohlmeister J., Ganopolski A., Brovkin V. Vegetation dynamics amplifies precessional forcing. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33:L09709.
27. Clement A.C., Peterson L.C. Mechanisms of abrupt climate change of the Last Glacial period. Reviews of Geophysics 2008, 46:RG4002. 10.1029/2006RG000204.
28. Colin de Verdière A. A simple model of millennial oscillations of the thermohaline circulation. Journal of Physical Oceanography 2007, 37:1142-1155.
29. Colin de Verdière A., Ben Jelloul M., Sévellec F. Bifurcation structure of thermohaline millennial oscillations. Journal of Climate 2006, 19:5777-5795.
30. Colleoni F., Krinner G., Jakobsson M., Peyaud V., Ritz C. Influence of regional parameters on the surface mass balance of the Eurasian ice sheet during the peak Saalian (140 kya). Global and Planetary Change 2009, 68:132-148.
31. Combourieu Nebout N., Turon J.-L., Zhan R., Capotondi L., Londeix L., Pahnke K. Enhanced aridity and atmospheric high-pressure stability over the western Mediterranean during the North Atlantic cold events of the past 50 ky. Geology 2002, 30:863-866.
32. Cox P.M. Description of the 'TRIFFID' Dynamic Global Vegetation Model 2001, Technical Note 24, Hadley Centre.
33. Cox P.M., Betts R.A., Bunton C.B., Essery R.L.H., Rowntree P.R., Smith J. The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity. Climate Dynamics 1999, 15:183-203.
34. Crowley T.J. North Atlantic deep water cools the southern hemisphere. Paleoceanography 1992, 7:489-497.
35. Crucifix M., Tulkens P., Berger A. Modelling abrupt climatic change during the last glaciation. Geophysical Monograph 2001, vol. 126:117-133. American Geophysical Union.
36. Dahl K.A., Broccoli A.J., Stouffer R.J. Assessing the role of the North Atlantic freshwater forcing in millennial scale variability: a tropical Atlantic perspective. Climate Dynamics 2005, 24:325-346.
37. Dansgaard W., Johnsen S.J., Clausen H.B., Dahl-Jensen D., Gundestrup N.S., Hammer C.U., Hvidberg C.S., Steffensen J.P., Sveinbjörnsdottir A.E., Jouzel J., Bond G. Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature 1993, 364:218-220.
38. DeNoblet N.I., Prentice I.C., Joussaume S., Texier D., Botta A., Haxeltine A. Possible role of atmosphere-biosphere interactions in triggering the last glaciation. Geophysical Research Letters 1996, 23:3191-3194.
39. Denton G.H., Alley R.B., Comer G.C., Broecker W.S. The role of seasonality in abrupt climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 2005, 24:1159-1182.
40. Dong B., Sutton R.T., Scaife A.A. Multidecadal modulation of El Nino-Southern oscillation (ENSO) variance by Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33:L08705.
41. Dong B.-W., Sutton R.T. Adjustment of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system to a sudden change in the thermohaline circulation. Geophysical Research Letters 2002.
42. Dong B.-W., Sutton R.T. Enhancement of ENSO variability by a weakened Atlantic thermohaline circulation in a coupled GCM. Journal of Climate 2007, 20:4920-4939.
43. Dowdeswell J.A., Elverhøi A., Andrews J.T., Hebbeln D. Asynchronous deposition of ice-rafted layers in the Nordic seas and North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 1999, 400:348-351.
44. Driesschaert E., Fichefet T., Goosse H., Huybrechts P., Janssens I., Mouchet A., Munhoven G., Brovkin V., Weber S.L. Modelling the influence of the Greenland ice sheet melting on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the next millennia. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34:L10707.
45. Duplessy J.-C., Roche D.M., Kageyama M. The deep ocean during the last interglacial period. Science 2007, 316:89-91.
46. EPICA community members One-to-one coupling of glacial climate variability in Greenland and Antarctica. Nature 2006, 444. 10.1038/nature05301.
47. Fanning A.F., Weaver A.J. Temporal-geographical meltwater influences on the North Atlantic conveyor: implications for the Younger Dryas. Paleoceanography 1997, 12.
48. Flower B., Hastings D., Hill H., Quinn T. Phasing of deglacial warming and Laurentide ice sheet meltwater in the Gulf of Mexico. Geology 2004, 32(7):597-600.
49. Flückiger J., Knutti R., White J.W.C. Oceanic processes as potential trigger and amplifying mechanisms for Heinrich events. Paleoceanography 2006, 21(PA2014). 10.1029/2005PA001204.
50. Flückiger J., Knutti R., White J.W.C., Renssen H. Modeled seasonality of glacial abrupt climate events. Climate Dynamics 2008, 31:633-645. 10.1007/s00382-008-0373-y.
51. Friedrich T., Timmermann A., Menviel L., Timm O., Mouchet A., Roche D.M. Orbital modulation of millennial-scale climate variability in an earth system model of intermediate complexity. Climate of the Past Discussions 2009, 5:2019-2051.
52. Ganopolski A., Rahmstorf S. Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature 2001, 409:153-158.
53. Genty D., Blamart D., Ouahdi R., Gilmour M., Baker A., Jouzel J., Van-Exter S. Precise dating of Dansgaard-Oeschger climate oscillations in Western Europe from stalagmite data. Nature 2003, 421:833-937.
54. Gildor H., Tziperman E. Sea-ice switches and abrupt climate change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A 2003, 361:1935-1944.
55. Goosse H., Fichefet T. Importance of ice-ocean interactions for the global ocean circulation: a model study. Journal of Geophysical Research October 1999, 104(C10):23337-23355.
56. Goswami B.N., Madhusoodanan M.S., Neema C.P., Sengupta D. A physical mechanism for North Atlantic SST influence on the Indian summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33(L02706). 10.1029/2005GL024803.
57. Gregory J.M., Saenko O.A., Weaver A.J. The role of the Atlantic freshwater balance in the hysteresis of the meridional overturning circulation. Journal of Climate 2003, 21:707-717.
58. Grousset F.E., Cortijo E., Huon S., Hervé L., Richter T., Burdloff D., Duprat J., Weber O. Zooming in on Heinrich layers. Paleoceanography 2001, 16:240-259.
59. Heinrich H. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the northeast Atlantic ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research 1988, 29:142-152.
60. Hewitt C.D., Broccoli A.J., Crucifix M., Gregory J.M., Mitchell J.F.B., Stouffer R.J. The effect of a large freshwater perturbation on the glacial North Atlantic Ocean using a coupled general circulation model. Journal of Climate 2006, 19:4436-4447.
61. Hibler W.D. A dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1979, 9:815-846.
62. Hu A., Otto-Bliesner B.L., Meehl G.A., Han W., Morrill C., Brady E.C., Briegleb B. Response of thermohaline circulation to freshwater forcing under present day and LGM conditions. Journal of Climate 2008, 21:2239-2258.
63. Huber C., Leuenberger M., Spahni R., Flückiger J., Schwander J., Stocker T.F., Johnsen S., Landais A., Jouzel J. Isotope calibrated Greenland temperature record over Marine Isotope Stage 3 and its relation to CH4. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 243(3-4):504-519.
64. Hunke E.C., Dukowicz J.K. An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1997, 27:1849-1867.
65. Jin L., Chen F., Ganopolski A., Claussen M. Response of East Asian climate to Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events in a coupled model of intermediate complexity. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112(D06117). 10.1029/2006JD007316.
66. Kageyama M., Charbit S., Ritz C., Khodri M., Ramstein G. Quantifying ice-sheet feedbacks during the last inception. Geophysical Research Letters 2004, 31:24203. 10.1029/2004GL021339.
67. Kageyama M., Combourieu Nebout N., Sepulchre P., Peyron O., Krinner G., Ramstein G., Cazet J.-P. The Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich event 1 in terms of climate and vegetation around the Alboran Sea: a preliminary model-data comparison. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 2005, 337:983-992.
68. Kageyama M., Mignot J., Swingedouw D., Marzin C., Alkama R., Marti O. Glacial climate sensitivity to different states of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: results from the IPSL model. Climate of the Past Discussions 2009, 5:1-53.
69. Kawase M. Establishment of deep ocean circulation driven by deep-water production. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1987, 17:2294-2317.
70. Kiefer T., Sarnthein M., Erlenkeuser H., Grootes P.M., Roberts A.P. North pacific response to millennial-scale changes in ocean circulation over the last 60 kyr. Paleoceanography 2001, 16:179-189.
71. Knorr G., Lohmann G. Southern Ocean origin for the resumption of Atlantic thermohaline circulation during deglaciation. Nature 2003, 424:532-536.
72. Knutti R., Flückiger J., Stocker T.F., Timmermann A. Strong hemispheric coupling of glacial climate through freshwater discharge and ocean circulation. Nature 2004, 430:851-856.
73. 2 in response to a collapse of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Climate Dynamics 2005, 25:689-708.
74. Krebs U., Timmermann A. Tropical air-sea interactions accelerate the recovery of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation after a major shutdown. Journal of Climate 2007, 20:4940-4956.
75. Krinner G., Genthon C., Jouzel J. GCM analysis of local influences on ice core delta signals. Geophysical Research Letters 1997, 22:2825-2828.
76. Krinner G., Boucher O., Balkanski Y. Ice-free glacial northern Asia due to dust deposition on snow. Climate Dynamics 2006, 27:613-625.
77. Kuhlbrodt T., Griesel A., Montoya M., Levermann A., Hofmann M., Rahmstorf S. On the driving processes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Reviews of Geophysics 2007.
78. Landais A., Jouzel J., Masson-Delmotte V., Caillon N. Large temperature variations over rapid climatic events in Greenland: a method based on air isotopic measurements. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 2005, 337:947-956.
79. Lang C., Leuenberger M., Schwander J., Johnsen S. 16 °C rapid temperature variation in central Greenland 70,000 years ago. Science 1999, 286:934-937.
80. LeGrande A.N., Schmidt G.A., Shindell D.T., Field C.V., Miller R.L., Koch D.M., Faluvegi G., Hoffmann G. Consistent simulations of multiple proxy responses to an abrupt climate change event. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:837-842.
81. Lenton T.M., Marsh R., Price A.R., Lunt D.J., Aksenov Y., Annan J.D., Cooper-Chadwick T., Cox S.J., Edwards N.R., Goswami S., Hargreaves J.C., Harris P.P., Jiao Z., Livina V.N., Payne A.J., Rutt I.C., Shepherd J.G., Valdes P.J., Williams G., Williamson M.S., Yool A. Effects of atmospheric dynamics and ocean resolution on bi-stability of the thermohaline circulation examined using the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system modelling (GENIE) framework. Climate Dynamics 2007.
82. Li C., Battisti D.S., Schrag D.P., Tziperman E. Abrupt climate shifts in Greenland due to displacements of the sea ice edge. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L19702.
83. Liu Z., Otto-Bliesner B.L., He F., Brady E.C., Tomas R., Clark P.U., Carlson A.E., Lynch-Stieglitz J., Curry W., Brook E., Erickson D., Jacob R., Kutzbach J., Cheng J. Transient simulation of last deglaciation with a new mechanism for Bolling-Allerod warming. Science 2009, 325:310-314.
84. Lohmann G. Atmospheric and oceanic freshwater transport during weak Atlantic overturning circulation. Tellus 2003, 55:438-449.
85. Lu R., Dong B., Ding H. Impact of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation on the Asian summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, (L24701). 10.1029/2006GL027655.
86. MacAyeal D.R. Binge/purge oscillations of the Laurentide ice sheet as a cause of the North Atlantic's Heinrich events. Paleoceanography 1993, 8:775-784.
87. Manabe S., Stouffer R.J. Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Journal of Climate 1988, 1:841-866.
88. Manabe S., Stouffer R.J. Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature 1995, 378:165-167.
89. Manabe S., Stouffer R.J. Coupled ocean-atmosphere response to fresh water input: comparison to Younger Dryas event. Paleoceanography 1997, 12:321-336.
90. Manabe S., Stouffer R.J. Are two modes of thermohaline circulation stable?. Tellus 1999, 51A:400-411.
91. Manabe S., Stouffer R.J. The rôle of thermohaline circulation in climate. Tellus 1999, 51A-B:91-101.
92. Manabe S., Stouffer R.J. Study of abrupt climate change by a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Quaternary Science Reviews 2000, 19:285-299.
93. Marchal O., Stocker T.F., Joos F. Impact of oceanic reorganizations on the ocean carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide content. Paleoceanography 1998, 13:225-244.
94. Marotzke, J., 1990. Instabilities and Multiple Equilibria of the Thermohaline Circulation. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kiel.
95. Marshall S.J., Clarke G.K.C. A continuum mixture model of ice stream thermomechanics in the Laurentide Ice Sheet, 1. Theory. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:20599-20614.
96. Mc Manus J.F., Oppo D.W., Cullen J.L. A 0.5-million-year record of millenial-scale climate variability in the North Atlantic. Science 1999, 283:971-975.
97. Meissner K.J., Weaver A.J., Matthews H.D., Cox P.M. The role of land surface dynamics in glacial inception: a study with the UVic Earth System Model. Climate Dynamics 2003, 21:515-527. 10.1007/s00382-003-0352-2.
98. Menviel L., Timmermann A., Mouchet A., Timm O. Meridional reorganizations of marine and terrestrial productivity during Heinrich events. Paleoceanography 2008, 23(PA1203). 10.1029/2007PA001445.
99. Merkel U., Prange M., Schulz M. ENSO variability and teleconnections during glacial climates. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:86-100.
100. Mignot J., Ganopolski A., Levermann A. Atlantic subsurface temperatures: response to a shutdown of the overturning circulation and consequences for its recovery. Journal of Climate 2007, 20:4884-4897.
101. Mikolajewicz U., Maier-Reimer E. Mixed boundary conditions in ocean general-circulation models and their influence on the stability of the models conveyor belt. Journal of Geophysical Research 1994, 99:22633-22644.
102. Montoya M., Born A., Levermann A. Reversed North Atlantic gyre dynamics in present and glacial climates. Climate Dynamics 2010.
103. Mulitza S., Prange M., Stuut J.-B., Zabel M., Dobeneck T.v., Itambie A.C., Nizou J., Schulz M., Wefer G. Sahel megadroughts triggered by glacial slowdowns of Atlantic meridional overturning. Paleoceanography 2008, 23(PA4206). 10.1029/2008PA001637.
104. Opsteegh J., Haarsma R., Selten F., Kattenberg A. ECBILT: a dynamic alternative to mixed boundary conditions in ocean models. Tellus 1998, 50(A):348-367.
105. Otto-Bliesner B.L., Brady E.C. The sensitivity of the climate response to the magnitude and location of freshwater forcing: Last Glacial maximum experiments. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:56-73.
106. Pacanowski R.C.E. MOM 2. Documentation, User's Guide and Reference Manual 1996, Technical Report 3.2, GFDL Ocean Group, GFDL, Princeton, New Jersey.
107. Pahnke K., Zahn R. Southern hemisphere water mass conversion linked with North Atlantic climate variability. Science 2005, 307:1741-1746.
108. Paul A., Schulz M. Holocene climate variability on centennial-to-millennial time scales: 2. Internal feedbacks and external forcings as possible causes. Climate Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm 2002, 55-73. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. G. Wefer, W.H. Berger, K.-E. Behre, E. Jansen (Eds.).
109. Peltier W.R. Ice age paleotopography. Science 1994, 265:195-201.
110. Peltier W.R., Vettoretti G., Stastna M. Atlantic meridional overturning and climate response to Arctic Ocean freshening. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33:L06713.
111. Peterson L.C., Haug G.H., Hughen K.A., Röhl U. Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical North Atlantic during the last glacial. Science 2000, 290:1947-1951.
112. Prange M., Lohmann G., Romanova V., Butzin M. Modelling tempo-spatial signatures of Heinrich events: influence of the climatic background state. Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:512-527.
113. Rahmstorf S. Rapid climate transitions in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Nature 1994, 372:82-85.
114. Rahmstorf S. Multiple convection patterns and thermohaline flow in an indealized OGCM. Journal of Climate 1995, 8:3028-3039.
115. Rahmstorf S. On the fresh water forcing and transport of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Climate Dynamics 1996, 12:799-811.
116. Rahmstorf S. Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years. Nature 2002, 419:207-214.
117. Rahmstorf S., Crucifix M., Ganopolski A., Goosse H., Kamenkovich I., Knutti R., Lohmann G., Marsh R., Mysak L.A., Wang Z., Weaver A.J. Thermohaline circulation hysteresis: a model intercomparison. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L23605.
118. Rasmussen T.L., Thomsen E. The role of the North Atlantic drift in the millennial timescale glacial climate fluctuations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2004, 210:101-116.
119. Renold M., Raible C.C., Yoshimori M., Stocker T.F. Simulated response of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation - slow basin-wide advection and abrupt local convection. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:101-112.
120. Renssen, H., Goosse, H., Crosta, X., Roche, D. Early Holocene Laurentide icesheet deglaciation causes cooling in the high-latitude southern hemisphere through oceanic teleconnection. Paleoceanography, in press, doi:10.1029/2009PA001854.
121. Rind D., deMenocal P., Russell G., Sheth S., Collins D., Schmidt G., Teller J. Effects of glacial meltwater in the GISS coupled atmosphere-ocean model. 1. Northern Atlantic Deep Water response. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:27335-27353.
122. Rind D., Russell G., Schmidt G., Sheth S., Collins D., deMenocal P., Teller J. Effects of glacial meltwater in the GISS coupled atmosphere-ocean model. A bipolar seesaw in Atlantic Deep Water production. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:27355-27365.
123. Roche D., Paillard D., Ganopolski A., Hoffmann G. Oceanic oxygen-18 at the present day and LGM: equilibrium simulations with a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 218:317-330.
124. Roche D., Dokken T.M., Goosse H., Renssen H., Weber S.L. Climate of the Last Glacial maximum: sensitivity studies and model-data comparison with the LOVECLIM coupled model. Climate of the Past 2007, 3:205-244.
125. Roche D.M., Renssen H., Weber S., Goosse G. Could meltwater pulses have been sneaked unnoticed into the deep ocean during the last glacial?. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34:L24708,. 10.1029/2007GL032064.
126. Roche D.M., Wiersma A.P., Renssen H. A systematic study of the impact of freshwater pulses with respect to different geographical locations. Climate Dynamics 2010, 34:997-1013.
127. Rühlemann C., Mulitza S., Lohmann G., Paul A., Prange M., Wefer G. Abrupt warming of the intermediate-depth Atlantic Ocean in response to thermohaline circulation slowdown during the last deglaciation. PAGES News 2003, 11:17-19.
128. Saenko O.A., Schmittner A., Weaver A.J. The Atlantic-Pacific seesaw. Journal of Climate 2004, 17:2033-2038.
129. Saenko O.A., Weaver A.J., Robitaille D.Y., Flato G.M. Warming of the subpolar Atlantic triggered by freshwater discharge at the continental boundary. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34:L15604.
130. Sakai K., Peltier W.R. A simple model of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation: internal and forced variability with paleoclimatological implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:13455-13479.
131. Sakai K., Peltier W.R. A multibasin reduced model of the global thermohaline circulation: paleoceanographic analyses of the origins of ice-age climate variability. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101:22535-22562.
132. Sakai K., Peltier W.R. Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations in a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model. Journal of Climate 1997, 10:949-970.
133. Sánchez-Goñi M.-F., Cacho I., Turon J.-L., Guiot J., Sierro F.J., Peypouquet J.-P., Grimalt J.O., Shackleton N.J. Synchroneity between marine and terrestrial responses to millennial scale climatic variability during the Last Glacial period in the Mediterranean region. Climate Dynamics 2002, 19:95-105.
134. Scheffer M., Carpenter S., Foley J.A., Folke C., Walker B. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 2001, 413:591-596.
135. Schiller A., Mikolajewicz U., Voss S. The stability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dynamics 1997, 13:325-347.
136. Schmidt G.A., LeGrande A.N., Hoffmann G. Water isotope expressions of intrinsic and forced variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112(D10103).
137. Schmittner A., Yoshimori M., Weaver A.J. Instability of glacial climate in a model of the ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere system. Science 2002, 295:1489-1493.
138. Schmittner A., Saenko O.A., Weaver A.J. Coupling of the hemispheres in observations and simulations of glacial climate change. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:659-671.
139. Schmittner A., Galbraith E.D., Hostetler S.W., Pedersen T.F., Zhang R. Large fluctuations of dissolved oxygen in the Indian and Pacific oceans during Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations caused by variations of North Atlantic Deep Water subduction. Paleoceanography 2007, 22(PA3207). 10.1029/2006PA001384.
140. Schmittner A., Galbraith E.D. Glacial greenhouse-gas fluctuations controlled by ocean circulation changes. Nature 2008, 456:373-376.
141. Schmittner A., Stocker T.F. The stability of the thermohaline circulation in global warming experiments. Journal of Climate 1999, 12:1117-1133.
142. Schmittner A., Stocker T.F. A seasonally forced ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies. Journal of Climate 2001, 14:1055-1068.
143. Scholze M., Knorr W., Heimann M. Modelling terrestrial vegetation dynamics and carbon cycling for an abrupt climatic change event. The Holocene 2003, 13:327-333.
144. Schulz M., Paul A., Timmermann A. Relaxation oscillators in concert: a framework for climate change at millennial timescales during the late Pleistocene. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 29:2193.
145. Semtner A.J. A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1976, 6:379-389.
146. Sepulchre P., Ramstein G., Kageyama M., Vanhaeren M., Krinner G., Sánchez-Goñi M.-F., d'Errico F. H4 abrupt event and late neanderthal presence in Iberia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 258:283-292. 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.041.
147. Sima A., Paul A., Schulz M. The Younger Dryas - an intrinsic feature of late Pleistocene climate change at millennial timescales. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 222:741-750.
148. Sitch S., Smith B., Prentice I.C., Arneth A., Bondeau A., Cramer W., Kaplan J.O., Lucht W., Sykes M.T., Thonicke K., Venevsky S. Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Global Change Biology 2003, 9:161-185.
149. Spötl C., Mangini A., Richards D.A. Chronology and paleoenvironment of Marine Isotope Stage 3 from two high-elevation speleothems, Austrian alps. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:1127-1136.
150. Steffensen J.P., Andersen K.K., Bigler M., Clausen H.B., Dahl-Jensen D., Fischer H., Goto-Azuma K., Hansson M., Johnsen S.J., Jouzel J., Masson-Delmotte V., Popp T., Rasmussen S.O., Rothlisberger R., Ruth U., Stauffer B., Siggaard-Andersen M.-L., Sveinbjörnsdóttir A.E., Svensson A., White J.W.C. High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years. Science 2008, 321:680-684.
151. Stocker T.F. Climate change - the seesaw effect. Science 1998, 282(5386):61-62.
152. Stocker T.F. South dials north. Nature 2003, 424:496-499.
153. Stocker T., Wright D.G., Mysak L.A. A zonally averaged, coupled ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies. Journal of Climate 1992, 5:773-797.
154. Stocker T.F., Timmermann A., Renold M., Timm O. Effects of salt compensation on the climate model response in simulations of large changes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Journal of Climate 2007, 20:5912-5928.
155. Stocker T.F., Johnsen S.J. A minimum thermodynamic model for the bipolar seesaw. Paleoceanography 2003, 18:1087. 10.1029/2003PA000920.
156. Stocker T., Wright D.G. Rapid transitions of the ocean's deep circulation induced by changes in surface water fluxes. Nature 1991, 351:729-732.
157. Stocker T., Wright D.G. A zonally averaged ocean model for the thermohaline circulation. Part II: interocean circulation in the Pacific-Atlantic basin system. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1991, 21:1725-1739.
158. Stommel H.M. Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus 1961, 13:224-230.
159. Stouffer R.J., Yin J., Gregory J.M., Diwon K.W., Spelman M.J., Hurlin W., Weaver A.J., Eby M., Flato G.M., Hasumi H., Hu A., Jungclaus J.H., Kamenovich I.V., Levermann A., Montoya M., Murakami S., Nawrath S., Oka A., Peltier W.R., Robitaille D.Y., Sokolov A., Vettoretti G., Weber S.L. Investigating the causes of the response of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes. Journal of Climate 2006, 19:1365-1387.
160. Stouffer R.J., Seidov D., Haupt B.J. Climate response to external sources of freshwater: north Atlantic versus the Southern Ocean. Journal of Climate 2007, 20:436-448.
161. Swingedouw D., Mignot J., Braconnot P., Mosquet E., Kageyama M., Alkama R. Impact of freshwater release in the North Atlantic under different climate conditions in an OAGCM. Journal of Climate 2009, 22:6377-6403.
162. Tarasov L., Peltier W.R. Arctic freshwater forcing of the Younger Dryas cold reversal. Nature 2005, 435. 10.1038/nature03617.
163. Timmermann A., Krebs U., Justino F., Goosse H., Ivanochko T. Mechanisms for millennial-scale global synchronization during the Last Glacial period. Paleoceanography 2005, 20(PA4008). 10.1029/2004PA001090.
164. Timmermann A., Okumura Y., An S.-I., Clement A., Dong B., Guilyardi E., Hu A., Jungclaus J.H., Renold M., Stocker T.F., Stouffer R.J., Sutton R., Xie S.-P., Yin J. The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO. Journal of Climate 2007, 20:4899-4919.
165. Timmermann A., Menviel L., Okumura Y., Schilla A., Merkel U., Timm O., Hu A., Otto-Bliesner B., Schulz M. Towards a quantitative understanding of millennial-scale Antarctic warming events. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:74-85.
166. Van Meerbeeck C., Renssen H., Roche D. How did marine isotope stage 3 and Last Glacial maximum climates differ? Perspectives from equilibrium simulations. Climate of the Past 2009, 5:33-51.
167. Vellinga M., Wood R.A., Gregory J.M. Processes governing the recovery of a perturbed thermohaline circulation in HadCM3. Journal of Climate 2002, 15:764-780.
168. Vellinga M., Wood R.A. Global climatic impacts of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Climatic Change 2002, 54:251-267.
169. Voelker A.H.L. Global distribution of centennial-scale records for Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3: a database. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:1185-1212.
170. de Vries P., Weber S.L. The Atlantic freshwater budget as a diagnostic for the existence of a stable shut down of the meridional overturning circulation. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L09606.
171. Wang Y.J., Cheng H., Edwards R.L., An Z.S., Wu J.Y., Shen C.-C., Dorale J.A. A high-resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China. Science 2001, 294:2345-2348.
172. Wang X., Auler A.S., Edwards R.L., Cheng H., Cristalli P.S., Smart P.L., Richards D.A., Shen C.-C. Wet periods in northeastern Brazil over the past 210 kyr linked to distant climate anomalies. Nature 2004, 432:740-743.
173. Weaver A.J., Eby M., Wiebe E.C., Bitz C.M., Duffy P.B., Ewen T.L., Fanning A.F., Holland M.M., MacFadyen A., Matthews H.D., Meissner K.J., Saenko O., Schmittner A., Wang H., Yoshimori M. The UVic earth system climate model: model description, climatology, and applications to past, present and future climates. Atmosphere-Ocean 2001, 39:361-428.
174. Weaver A.J., Saenko O.A., Clark P.U., Mitrovica J.X. Meltwater pulse 1A from Antarctica as a trigger of the Bølling-Allerød warm interval. Science 2003, 299:1709-1713.
175. Weber S.L., Drijfhout S.S. Stability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in the Last Glacial maximum climate. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34(L22706). 10.1029/2007GL031437.
176. Werner M., Mikolajewicz U., Heimann M., Hoffmann G. Borehole versus isotope temperatures on Greenland: seasonality does matter. Geophysical Research Letters 2000, 27:723-726.
177. Winton M. The effect of cold climate upon North Atlantic Deep Water formation in a simple ocean-atmosphere model. Journal of Climate 1997, 10:37-51.
178. Wohlfarth B., Veres D., Ampel L., Lacourse T., Blaauw M., Preusser F., Andrieu-Ponel V., Kéravis D., Lallier-Vergès E., Björck S., Davies S., de Beaulieu J.-L., Risberg J., Hormes A., Kasper H.U., Possnert G., Reille M., Thouveny N., Zander A. Rapid ecosystem response to abrupt climate changes during the Last Glacial period in Western Europe, 40-16 ka. Geology 2008, 36:407-410.
179. Wright D., Stocker T.F. A zonally averaged ocean model for the thermohaline circulation. Part I: model development and flow dynamics. Journal of Physical Oceanography 1991, 21:1713-1724.
180. Wright D., Stocker T.F. Sensitivities of a zonally averaged global ocean circulation model. Journal of Geophysical Research 1992, 97:12707-12730.
181. Wu L., Li C., Yang C., Xie S.-P. Global teleconnections in response to a shutdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Journal of Climate 2008, 21:3002-3019.
182. Wunsch C. Abrupt climate change: an alternative view. Quaternary Research 2006, 65:191-203.
183. Xie S.-P. A dynamic ocean-atmosphere model of the tropical Atlantic decadal variability. Journal of Climate 1999, 12:64-70.
184. Yang H., Liu Z. Tropical-extra-tropical climate interaction as revealed in idealized coupled climate model experiments. Climate Dynamics 2005, 24:863-879.
185. Yin J., Schlesinger M.E., Andronova N.G., Malyshev S., Li B. Is a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation irreversible?. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111:D12104.
186. Zhang R., Delworth T.L. Simulated tropical response to a substantial weakening of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Journal of Climate 2005, 18:1853-1860.