The stability of the thermohaline circulation in global warming experiments

Journal of Climate

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1117-1133

  Schmittner, Andreas ^a   Stocker, Thomas F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION; CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATOLOGY; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; MATHEMATICAL MODELS;

THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION;

GLOBAL WARMING;

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE MODELING; GLOBAL WARMING; NORTH ATLANTIC DEEP WATER; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION;

EID: 0033117439     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1117:TSOTTC>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Arrhenius, S., 1896: On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. Philos. Mag., 41, 237-276.
2. Broecker, W. S., and G. H. Denton, 1989: The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 2465-2501.
3. _, D. Peteet, and D. Rind, 1985: Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation? Nature, 315, 21-25.
4. Bryan, F., 1986: High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulations. Nature, 323, 301-304.
5. Chen, D., R. Gerdes, and G. Lohmann, 1995: A 1-D atmospheric energy balance model developed for ocean modelling. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 51, 25-38.
6. Crowley, T. J., 1992: North Atlantic deep water cools the Southern Hemisphere. Paleoceanography, 7 (4), 489-497.
7. _, and G. R. North, 1991: Paleoclimatology. Oxford Monogr. on Geol. and Geophys., No. 18, Oxford University Press, 16 pp.
8. Cubasch, U., K. Hasselmann, H. Hoeck, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, B. D. Santer, and R. Sausen, 1992: Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., 8, 55-69.
9. _, B. D. Santer, A. Hellbach, G. Hegerl, H. Hoeck, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, A. Stössel, and R. Voss, 1994: Monte Carlo climate change forecasts with a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., 10, 1-19.
10. _, G. C. Hegerl, A. Hellbach, H. Hoeck, U. Mikolajewicz, B. D. Santer, and R. Voss, 1995: A climate change simulation starting 1935. Climate Dyn., 11, 71-84.
11. Egger, J., 1995: Flux correction: Tests with a simple ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., 13, 285-292.
12. Fanning, A. F., and A. J. Weaver, 1996: An atmospheric energy-moisture balance model: Climatology, interpentadal climate change, and coupling to an oceanic general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15 111-15 128.
13. _, and _, 1997: Temporal-geographical meltwater influences on the North Atlantic conveyor: Implications for the Younger Dryas. Paleoceanography, 12, 307-320.
14. Fourier, J.-B. J., 1824: Remarques générales sur les températures du globe terrestre et des espaces planétaires. Ann. Chim. Phys., 27, 136-167.
15. Ghil, M., 1976: Climate stability for a Sellers-type model. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 3-20.
16. _, 1985: Theoretical climate dynamics: An introduction. Turbulence and Predictability in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics and Climate Dynamics, M. Ghil, Ed., North-Holland, 347-402.
17. Gill, A. E., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. International Geophysics Series, Vol. 30, Academic Press, 662 pp.
18. 2 of the Hadley Centre coupled AOGCM with and without flux adjustment. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1943-1946.
19. Harvey, L. D. D., 1988: A semianalytic energy balance climate model with explicit sea ice and snow physics. J. Climate, 1, 1065-1084.
20. Houghton, J. T., L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, Eds., 1996: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 285 pp.
21. James, I. N., 1994: Introduction to Circulating Atmospheres. Cambridge University Press, 246 pp.
22. 2 records from sites in the SIO network. Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, T. Boden, D. Kaiser, R. Sepanski, and F. Stoss, Eds., Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 16-26.
23. Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Prof. Paper 13, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 173 pp.
24. _, and T. P. Boyer, 1994: NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, World Ocean Atlas 1994. Vol. 4, Temperature, U.S. Department of Commerce, 117 pp.
25. _, R. Burgett, and T. P. Boyer, 1994: NOAA Atlas NESDIS 3, World Ocean Atlas 1994. Vol. 3, Salinity, U.S. Department of Commerce, 99 pp.
26. Lorenz, E. N., 1979: Forced and free variations of weather and climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1367-1376.
27. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1988: Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 1, 841-866.
28. 2 on the ocean-atmosphere system. Nature, 364, 215-218.
29. _, and _, 1994: Multiple-century response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Climate, 7, 5-23.
30. 2. J. Climate, 4, 785-818.
31. Marchal, O., T. F. Stocker, and F. Joos, 1998: A latitude-depth, circulation-biogeochemical ocean model for paleoclimate studies: Development and sensitivities. Tellus, 50B, 290-316.
32. 2 record in the Byrd ice core 50,000-5,000 years BP. Nature, 331, 609-611.
33. Oeschger, H., J. Beer, U. Siegenthaler, B. Stauffer, W. Dansgaard, and C. C. Langway, 1984: Late glacial climate history from ice cores. Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, Geophys. Monogr., No. 29, Amer. Geophys. Union, 299-306.
34. Oort, A. H., 1983: Global atmosphere circulation statistics, 1958-1973. NOAA Prof. Paper 14, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 180 pp.
35. Peixoto, J. P., and A. H. Oort, 1992: Physics of Climate. American Institute of Physics, 195 pp.
36. Rahmstorf, S., J. Marotzke, and J. Willebrand, 1996: Stability of the thermohaline circulation. The Warmwatersphere of the North Atlantic Ocean, W. Krauss, Ed., Gebrüder Borntraeger, 129-158.
37. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, Geophys. Monogr., No. 32, Amer. Geophys. Union, 1-4.
38. Sausen, R., K. Barthel, and K. Hasselmann, 1988: Coupled ocean-atmosphere models with flux correction. Climate Dyn., 2, 145-163.
39. Sellers, W. D., 1969: A global climate model based on the energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system. J. Appl. Meteor., 8, 392-400.
40. Shine, K. P., R. G. Derwent, D. J. Wuebbles, and J.-J. Morcrette, 1995: Radiative forcing of climate. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, J. Y. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 41-68.
41. Stephens, G. L., G. G. Campbell, and T. H. von der Haar, 1981: Earth radiation budgets. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9739-9760.
42. Stocker, T. F., and D. G. Wright, 1996: Rapid changes in ocean circulation and atmospheric radiocarbon. Paleoceanography, 11, 773-796.
43. 2 emission rates on the stability of the thermohaline circulation. Nature, 388, 862-865.
44. _, D. G. Wright, and L. A. Mysak, 1992: A zonally averaged, coupled ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies. J. Climate, 5, 773-797.
45. 2 forcing. Climate Dyn., 13, 293-302.
46. Wright, D. G., and T. F. Stocker, 1991: A zonally averaged ocean model for the thermohaline circulation. Part I: Model development and flow dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1713-1724.
47. _, and _, 1993: Younger Dryas experiments. Ice in the Climate System, W. R. Peltier, Ed., NATO ASI Series, Vol. 12, Springer-Verlag, 395-416.
48. _, _, and D. Mercer, 1998: Closures used in zonally averaged ocean models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 791-804.