In situ and real time monitoring of two-photon polymerization using broadband coherent anti- Stokes Raman scattering microscopy

Optics Express

Volumn 18, Issue 18, 2010, Pages 19219-19231

  Baldacchini, Tommaso ^a   Zadoyan, Ruben ^a  

^a NEWPORT CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICROSTRUCTURE; MULTIPHOTON PROCESSES; POLYMERIZATION; POLYMERS; RAMAN SCATTERING; RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY;

CHEMICAL SPECIFICITY; COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SCATTERING MICROSCOPY; EXPERIMENTAL SETUP; FEMTOSECOND OSCILLATORS; IN-SITU; REAL TIME; REAL TIME MONITORING; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICROSTRUCTURES; TWO PHOTON POLYMERIZATION; WRITING PROCESS;

COHERENT SCATTERING;

CARBON; HYDROGEN; POLYMER;

ARTICLE; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CHEMISTRY; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; LASER; METHODOLOGY; MICROSCOPY; OPTICS; OSCILLOMETRY; PHASE TRANSITION; RADIATION SCATTERING; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY;

BIOTECHNOLOGY; CARBON; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HYDROGEN; LASERS; MICROSCOPY; OPTICS AND PHOTONICS; OSCILLOMETRY; PHASE TRANSITION; POLYMERS; SCATTERING, RADIATION; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, RAMAN;

EID: 77956371319     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10944087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/OE.18.019219     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. C. N. LaFratta, J. T. Fourkas, T. Baldacchini, and R. A. Farrer, "Multiphoton fabrication," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 46(33), 6238-6258 (2007).
2. M. Deubel, G. von Freymann, M. Wegener, S. Pereira, K. Busch, and C. M. Soukoulis, "Direct laser writing of three-dimensional photonic-crystal templates for telecommunications," Nat. Mater. 3(7), 444-447 (2004).
3. R. A. Farrer, C. N. LaFratta, L. J. Li, J. Praino, M. J. Naughton, B. E. A. Saleh, M. C. Teich, and J. T. Fourkas, "Selective functionalization of 3-D polymer microstructures," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(6), 1796-1797 (2006).
4. S. Maruo, and H. Inoue, "Optically driven viscous micropump using a rotating microdisk," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(8), 084101 (2007).
5. S. Maruo, K. Ikuta, and H. Korogi, "Force-controllable, optically driven micromachines fabricated by single-step two-photon micro stereolithography," J. Microelectromech. Syst. 12(5), 533-539 (2003).
6. P. Tayalia, C. R. Mendonca, T. Baldacchini, D. J. Mooney, and E. Mazur, "3D Cell-Migration Studies using Two-Photon Engineered Polymer Scaffolds," Adv. Mater. 20(23), 4494-4498 (2008).
7. S. Juodkazis, V. Mizeikis, and H. Misawa, "Three-Dimensional Structuring of Resists and Resins by Direct Laser Writing and Holographic Recording," Adv. Polym. Sci. 213, 157-206 (2008).
8. M. Malinauskas, A. Zukauskas, G. Bickauskaite, R. Gadonas, and S. Juodkazis, "Mechanisms of threedimensional structuring of photo-polymers by tightly focussed femtosecond laser pulses," Opt. Express 18(10), 10209-10221 (2010).
9. S. O. Onuh, and K. K. B. Hon, ""An esperimental investigation into the effect of hatch pattern in stereolithography," CIRP Annals - Manuf Tech. 47(1), 157-160 (1998).
10. S. O. Onuh, and K. K. B. Hon, "Improving stereolithography part accuracy for industrial applications," Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 17(1), 61-68 (2001).
11. Q. Sun, S. Juodkazis, N. Murazawa, V. Mizeikis, and H. Misawa, "Freestanding and movable photonic microstructures fabricated by photopolymerization with femtosecond laser pulses," J. Micromech. Microeng. 20(3), 035004 (2010).
12. W. Haske, V. W. Chen, J. M. Hales, W. T. Dong, S. Barlow, S. R. Marder, and J. W. Perry, "65 nm feature sizes using visible wavelength 3-D multiphoton lithography," Opt. Express 15(6), 3426-3436 (2007).
13. L. Li, R. R. Gattass, E. Gershgoren, H. Hwang, and J. T. Fourkas, "Achieving λ/20 resolution by one-color initiation and deactivation of polymerization," Science 324(5929), 910-913 (2009).
14. S. Nakanishi, S. Shoji, S. Kawata, and H. B. Sun, "Giant elasticity of photopolymer nanowires," Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(6), 063112 (2007).
15. S. Nakanishi, H. Yoshikawa, S. Shoji, Z. Sekkat, and S. Kawata, "Size dependence of transition temperature in polymer nanowires," J. Phys. Chem. B 112(12), 3586-3589 (2008).
16. R. Zadoyan, T. Baldacchini, M. Karavitis, and J. Carter, "CARS microspectrometer with a suppressed nonresonant background," Ultrafast Phenomena XVI, Springer Series in Chemical Physics 92, 997-999 (2009).
17. T. Baldacchini, M. Zimmerley, E. O. Potma, and R. Zadoyan, "Chemical mapping of three-dimensional microstructures fabricated by two-photon polymerization using CARS microscopy," Proc. SPIE 7201, 72010Q72011 (2009).
18. T. Baldacchini, M. Zimmerley, C. H. Kuo, E. O. Potma, and R. Zadoyan, "Characterization of microstructures fabricated by two-photon polymerization using coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy," J. Phys. Chem. B 113(38), 12663-12668 (2009).
19. A. Zumbusch, G. R. Holtom, and X. S. Xie, "Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti- Stokes Raman scattering," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(20), 4142-4145 (1999).
20. J. X. Cheng, and X. S. Xie, "Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: Instrumentation, theory, and applications," J. Phys. Chem. B 108(3), 827-840 (2004).
21. C. L. Evans, and X. S. Xie, "Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy: chemical imaging for biology and medicine," Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 1(1), 883-909 (2008).
22. M. Müller, and A. Zumbusch, "Coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy," ChemPhysChem 8(15), 2156-2170 (2007).
23. N. Dudovich, D. Oron, and Y. Silberberg, "Single-pulse coherently controlled nonlinear Raman spectroscopy and microscopy," Nature 418(6897), 512-514 (2002).
24. T. W. Kee, and M. T. Cicerone, "Simple approach to one-laser, broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy," Opt. Lett. 29(23), 2701-2703 (2004).
25. H. Kano, and H. Hamaguchi, "Ultrabroadband (< 2500 cm(-1)) multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy using a supercontinuum generated from a photonic crystal fiber," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(12), 121113 (2005).
26. H. Kano, and H. Hamaguchi, "Near-infrared coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy using supercontinuum generated from a photonic crystal fiber," Appl. Phys. B 80(2), 243-246 (2005).
27. H. Kano, and H. O. Hamaguchi, "In-vivo multi-nonlinear optical imaging of a living cell using a supercontinuum light source generated from a photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Express 14(7), 2798-2804 (2006).
28. A. C. T. Ko, A. Ridsdale, M. S. D. Smith, L. B. Mostaço-Guidolin, M. D. Hewko, A. F. Pegoraro, E. K. Kohlenberg, B. Schattka, M. Shiomi, A. Stolow, and M. G. Sowa, "Multimodal nonlinear optical imaging of atherosclerotic plaque development in myocardial infarction-prone rabbits," J. Biomed. Opt. 15(2), 020501 (2010).
29. B. von Vacano, L. Meyer, and M. Motzkus, "Rapid polymer blend imaging with quantitative broadband multiplex CARS microscopy," J. Raman Spectrosc. 38(7), 916-926 (2007).
30. M. Muller, and J. M. Schins, "Imaging the thermodynamic state of lipid membranes with multiplex CARS microscopy," J. Phys. Chem. B 106(14), 3715-3723 (2002).
31. Z. D. Schultz, M. C. Gurau, and L. J. Richter, "Broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy characterization of polymer thin films," Appl. Spectrosc. 60(10), 1097-1102 (2006).
32. S. H. Lim, A. G. Caster, O. Nicolet, and S. R. Leone, "Chemical imaging by single pulse interferometric coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering microscopy," J. Phys. Chem. B 110(11), 5196-5204 (2006).
33. S. Murugkar, C. Brideau, A. Ridsdale, M. Naji, P. K. Stys, and H. Anis, "Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy using photonic crystal fiber with two closely lying zero dispersion wavelengths," Opt. Express 15(21), 14028-14037 (2007). (Pubitemid 47608613)
34. A. F. Pegoraro, A. Ridsdale, D. J. Moffatt, Y. W. Jia, J. P. Pezacki, and A. Stolow, "Optimally chirped multimodal CARS microscopy based on a single Ti:sapphire oscillator," Opt. Express 17(4), 2984-2996 (2009).
35. Y. J. Lee, S. H. Parekh, Y. H. Kim, and M. T. Cicerone, "Optimized continuum from a photonic crystal fiber for broadband time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering," Opt. Express 18(5), 4371-4379 (2010).
36. K. M. Hilligsøe, T. V. Andersen, H. N. Paulsen, C. K. Nielsen, K. Mølmer, S. Keiding, R. Kristiansen, K. P. Hansen, and J. J. Larsen, "Supercontinuum generation in a photonic crystal fiber with two zero dispersion wavelengths," Opt. Express 12(6), 1045-1054 (2004).
37. M. Balu, T. Baldacchini, J. Carter, T. B. Krasieva, R. Zadoyan, and B. J. Tromberg, "Effect of excitation wavelength on penetration depth in nonlinear optical microscopy of turbid media," J. Biomed. Opt. 14(1), 010508 (2009).
38. Q. T. Nguyen, P. S. Tsai, and D. Kleinfeld, "MPScope: a versatile software suite for multiphoton microscopy," J. Neurosci. Methods 156(1-2), 351-359 (2006).
39. M. H. Bland, and N. A. Peppas, "Photopolymerized multifunctional (meth)acrylates as model polymers for dental applications," Biomaterials 17(11), 1109-1114 (1996).
40. K. S. Anseth, C. N. Bowman, and N. A. Peppas, "Polymerization Kinetics and Volume Relaxation Behavior of Photopolymerized Multifunctional Monomers Producing Highly Cross-Linked Networks," J. Polym. Sci. A 32(1), 139-147 (1994).
41. K. K. Seet, V. Mizeikis, K. Kannari, S. Juodkazis, H. Misawa, N. Tétreault, and S. John, "Templating and replication of spiral photonic crystals for silicon photonics," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14(4), 1064-1073 (2008).
42. R. Houbertz, L. Frohlich, M. Popall, U. Streppel, P. Dannberg, A. Brauer, J. Serbin, and B. N. Chichkov, "Inorganic-organic hybrid polymers for information technology: from planar technology to 3D nanostructures," Adv. Eng. Mater. 5(8), 551-555 (2003).
43. W. H. Teh, U. Durig, G. Salis, R. Harbers, U. Drechsler, R. F. Mahrt, C. G. Smith, and H. J. Guntherodt, "SU-8 for real three-dimensional subdiffraction-limit two-photon microfabrication," Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(20), 4095-4097 (2004).