Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: Chemical imaging for biology and medicine

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 883-909

  Evans, Conor L ^a   Xie, X Sunney ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomedical imaging; CARS; Metabolic imaging; Molecular imaging; Raman; Skin imaging

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE; BIOMEDICAL IMAGING; CHEMICAL IMAGING; COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SCATTERING MICROSCOPY; CONTRAST MECHANISM; DETECTION SCHEME; EMERGING APPLICATIONS; HIGH-TIME RESOLUTION; LABEL FREE; LASER SOURCES; LIVING CELL; METABOLIC IMAGING; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NONPERTURBATIVE; SKIN IMAGING;

COHERENT SCATTERING; IMAGING TECHNIQUES; METABOLISM; RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY;

RAMAN SCATTERING;

ANIMAL; BIOCHEMISTRY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMAN; LASER; METHODOLOGY; MICROSCOPY; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; STATISTICAL MODEL;

ANIMALS; BIOCHEMISTRY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; LASERS; MICROSCOPY; MODELS, STATISTICAL; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS, RAMAN;

EID: 56249136680     PISSN: 19361327     EISSN: 19361335     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112754     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Zipfel WR, Williams RM, Christie R, Nikitin AY, Hyman BT, Webb WW. 2003. Live tissue intrinsic emission microscopy using multiphoton-excited native fluorescence and second harmonic generation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100:7075-7080
2. Miller L, Smith G, Carr G. 2003. Synchrotron-based biological microspectroscopy: from the mid-infrared through the far-infrared regimes. J. Biol. Phys. 29:219-230
3. Berger A, Itzkan I, Feld M. 1997. Feasibility of measuring blood glucose concentration by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 53:287-292
4. Huang Z, McWilliams A, Lui H, McLean DI, Lam S, Zeng H. 2003. Nearinfrared Raman spectroscopy for optical diagnosis of lung cancer. Int. J. Cancer 107:1047-1052
5. Nijssen A, Bakker Schut TC, Heule F, Caspers PJ, Hayes DP, et al. 2002. Discriminating basal cell carcinoma from its surrounding tissue by Raman spectroscopy. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119:64-69
6. Cao Y, Jin R, Mirkin C. 2002. Nanoparticles with Raman spectroscopic fingerprints for DNA and RNA detection. Science 297:1536-1540
7. Shim MG, Song LMWK, Marcon NE,Wilson BC. 2000. In vivo near-infrared Raman spectroscopy: demonstration of feasibility during clinical gastrointestinal endoscopy. Photochemistry Photobiol. 72:146-150
8. van Manen HJ, Kraan YM, Roos D, Otto C. 2005. Single-cell Raman and fluorescence microscopy reveal the association of lipid bodies with phagosomes in leukocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102:10159-10164
9. Maker PD, Terhune RW. 1965. Study of optical effects due to an induced polarization third order in the electric field strength. Phys. Rev. 137:A801-18
10. Begley RF, Harvey AB, Byer RL. 1974. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Appl. Phys. Lett. 25:387-390
11. Duncan MD, Reintjes J, Manuccia TJ. 1982. Scanning coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscope. Opt. Lett. 7:350-352
12. Zumbusch A, Holtom GR, Xie XS. 1999. Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82:4142-4145
13. Cheng JX, Jia YK, Zheng G, Xie XS. 2002. Laser-scanning coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy and applications to cell biology. Biophys. J. 83:502-509
14. Dufresne ER, Corwin EI, Greenblatt NS, Ashmore J, Wang DY, et al. 2003. Flow and fracture in drying nanoparticle suspensions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91:224501
15. Nan X, Yang WY, Xie XS. 2004. CARS microscopy: lights up lipids in living cells. Biophotonics Int. 11:44
16. Nan X, Potma EO, Xie XS. 2006. Nonperturbative chemical imaging of organelle transport in living cells with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Biophys. J. 91:728-735
17. Potma EO, Xie XS. 2003. Detection of single lipid bilayers in coherent anti- Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 34:642-650
18. Potma EO, Xie XS. 2005. Direct visualization of lipid phase segregation in single lipid bilayers with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Chem. Phys. Chem. 6:77-79
19. Evans CL, Potma EO, Puoris'haag M, Cote D, Lin CP, Xie XS. 2005. Chemical imaging of tissue in vivo with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:16807-16812
20. Evans CL, Xu X, Kesari S, Xie XS, Wong STC, Young GS. 2007. Chemicallyselective imaging of brain structures with CARS microscopy. Opt. Expr. 15:12076-12087
21. (3) for vibrational microscopy. Opt. Lett. 29:2923-2925
22. Potma EO, Evans CL, Xie XS. 2006. Heterodyne coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging. Opt. Lett. 31:241-243
23. Ganikhanov F, Evans CL, Saar BG, Xie XS. 2006. High sensitivity vibrational imaging with frequency modulation coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FMCARS) microscopy. Opt. Lett. 31:1872-1874
24. Hellwarth RW. 1977. Third-order optical susceptibilities of liquids and solids. Prog. Quantum Electron. 5:1-68
25. Maeda S, Kamisuki T, Adachi Y. 1988. Condensed phase CARS. In Advances in Non-Linear Spectroscopy, ed. RJH Clark, RE Hester, pp. 253-297 New York: Wiley
26. Lin-Vien D, Colthup NB, Fateley WG, Grasselli JG. 1991. The Handbook of Infrared and Raman Characteristic Frequencies of Organic Molecules. San Diego: Academic
27. Wurpel GWH, Schins JW,Müller M. 2002. Chemical specificity in 3D imaging with multiplex CARS microscopy. Opt. Lett. 27:1093-1095
28. Cheng JX, Volkmer A, Book LD, Xie XS. 2002. Multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microspectroscopy and study of lipid vesicles. J. Phys. Chem. B. 106:8493-8498
29. Kee TW, Cicerone MT. 2004. Simple approach to one-laser, broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Opt. Lett. 29:2701-2703
30. Lim SH, Caster AG, Leone SR. 2005. Single-pulse phase-control interferometric coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A 72:41803
31. Vartiainen EM, Rinia HA,Müller M, Bonn M. 2006. Direct extraction of Raman line-shapes from congested CARS spectra. Opt. Expr. 14:3622-3630
32. Oron D, Dudovich N, Silberberg Y. 2003. Femtosecond phase-and- polarization control for background-free coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90:213902
33. Frumker E, Oron D, Mandelik D, Silberberg Y. 2004. Femtosecond pulse-shape modulation at kilohertz rates. Opt. Lett. 29:890-892
34. Frumker E, Tal E, Silberberg Y, Majer D. 2005. Femtosecond pulse-shape modulation at nanosecond rates. Opt. Lett. 30:2796-2798
35. Cheng JX, Volkmer A, Xie XS. 2002. Theoretical and experimental characterization of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19:1363-1375
36. Boyd RW. 2003. Nonlinear Optics. London: Academic
37. Potma EO, Boeij WPD, Wiersma DA. 2000. Nonlinear coherent four-wave mixing in optical microscopy. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17:1678-1684
38. Cheng J, Volkmer A, Book LD, Xie XS. 2001. An epi-detected coherent anti- Stokes Raman scattering (E-CARS) microscope with high spectral resolution and high sensitivity. J. Phys. Chem. B 105:1277-1280 (Pubitemid 32252357)
39. Fu Y, Wang H, Shi R, Cheng JX. 2006. Characterization of photodamage in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Opt. Expr. 14:3942-3951
40. Beaurepaire E, Oheim M, Mertz J. 2001. Ultra-deep two-photon fluorescence excitation in turbid media. Opt. Commun. 188:25-29
41. Ganikhanov F, Carrasco S, Xie XS, Katz M, Seitz W, Kopf D. 2006. Broadly tunable dual-wavelength light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Opt. Lett. 31:1292-1294
42. Potma EO, Jones DJ, Cheng JX, Xie XS, Ye J. 2002. High-sensitivity coherent anti-Stokes Raman microscopy with two tightly synchronized picosecond lasers. Opt. Lett. 27:1168-1170
43. Jones DJ, PotmaEO, Cheng JX, Burfeindt B, Pang Y, et al. 2002. Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, ps lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73:2843-2848
44. Cheng JX, Book LD, Xie XS. 2001. Polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Opt. Lett. 26:1341-1343
45. Volkmer A, Cheng J, Xie XS. 2001. Vibrational imaging with high sensitivity via epi-detected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87:23901
46. Volkmer A, Book LD, Xie XS. 2002. Time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: imaging based on Raman free induction decay. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80:1505-1507
47. Andresen ER, Keiding SR, Potma EO. 2006. Picosecond anti-Stokes generation in a photonic-crystal fiber for interferometric CARS microscopy. Opt. Expr. 14:7246-7251
48. Potma EO, Xie XS. 2003. Detection of single lipid bilayers with coherent anti- Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. J. Raman Spectrosc. 34:642-650
49. Wurpel GWH, Rinia HA, Muller M. 2005. Imaging orientational order and lipid density in multilamellar vesicles with multiplex CARS microscopy. J. Microsc. 218:37-45
50. Wurpel GWH, Schins JM,Müller M. 2004. Direct measurement of chain order in single phospholipid mono- and bilayers with multiplex CARS. J. Phys. Chem. B 108:3400-3403
51. Potma EO, Xie XS, Muntean L, Preusser J, Jones D, et al. 2004. Chemical imaging of photoresists with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. B 108:1296-1301
52. Dufresne ER, Corwin EI, Greenblatt NA, Ashmore J, Wang DY, et al. 2003. Flow and fracture in drying nanoparticle suspensions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91:224501
53. Saar BG, Park H-S, Xie XS, Lavrentovich OD. 2007. Three-dimensional imaging of chemical bond orientation in liquid crystals by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Opt. Expr. 15(21):13585-13596
54. Schliwa M, Woehlke G. 2001. Molecular motors: switching on kinesin. Nature 411:424-425
55. Vale RD. 2003. The molecular motor toolbox for intracellular transport. Cell 112:467-480
56. Murphy DJ. 2001. The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals, plants and microorganisms. Prog. Lipid Res. 40:325-438
57. Liu P, Ying Y, Zhao Y, Mundy DI, Zhu M, Anderson RGW. 2004. Chinese hamster ovary K2 cell lipid droplets appear to be metabolic organelles involved in membrane traffic. J. Biol. Chem. 279:3787-3792
58. Fujimoto Y, Itabe H, Sakai J, Makita M, Noda J, et al. 2004. Identification of major proteins in the lipid droplet-enriched fraction isolated from the human hepatocyte cell line HuH7. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1644:47-59
59. Fukumoto S, Fujimoto T. 2002. Deformation of lipid droplets in fixed samples. Histochem. Cell Biol. 118:423-428
60. Rakic B, Sagan SM, Noestheden M, Belanger S, Nan X, et al. 2006. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a antagonism inhibits hepatitis C virus replication. Chem. Biol. 13:23-30
61. Nan X, Tonary AM, Stolow A, Xie XS, Pezacki JP. 2006. Intracellular imaging of HCV RNA and cellular lipids by using simultaneous two-photon fluorescence and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopies. ChemBioChem 7:1895-1897
62. Hellerer T, Axang C, Brackmann C, Hillertz P, Pilon M, Enejder A. 2007. Monitoring of lipid storage in Caenorhabditis elegans using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104:14658-14663
63. Xie XS, Yu J, Yang WY. 2006. Living cells as test tubes. Science 312:228-230
64. Pudney PDA, Melot M, Caspers PJ, Van Der Pol A, Puppels GJ. 2007. An in vivo confocal Raman study of the delivery of trans-retinol to the skin. Appl. Spectrosc. 61:804-811
65. Barry BW. 1991. Lipid-protein-partitioning theory of skin penetration enhancement. J. Control. Release 15:237-248
66. Young B, Heath JW. 2000. Wheater's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas. London: Churchill Livingstone
67. Heinrich C, Bernet S, Ritsch-Marte M. 2007. Wide-field coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with non-phase-matching illumination. Opt. Lett. 32:3468-3469
68. Wang H, Fu Y, Zickmund P, Shi R, Cheng JX. 2005. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging of axonal myelin in live spinal tissues. Biophys. J. 89:581-591
69. Huff TB, Cheng JX. 2007. In vivo coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging of sciatic nerve tissue. J. Microsc. 225:175-182
70. Fu Y,Wang H, Huff TB, Shi R, Cheng JX. 2007. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging of myelin degradation reveals a calcium-dependent pathway in lyso-PtdCho-induced demyelination. J. Neurosci. Res. 85:2870-2881
71. Légaré F, Evans CL, Ganikhanov F, Xie XS. 2006. Towards CARS endoscopy. Opt. Expr. 14:4427-4432
72. Haka AS, Shafer-Peltier KE, Fitzmaurice M, Crowe J, Dasari RR, Feld MS. 2005. Diagnosing breast cancer by using Raman spectroscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102:12371-12376
73. Gniadecka M, Philipsen PA, Sigurdsson S, Wessel S, Nielsen OF, et al. 2004. Melanoma diagnosis by Raman spectroscopy and neural networks: structure alterations in proteins and lipids in intact cancer tissue. J. Invest. Dermatol. 122: 443-449
74. Zipfel WR, Williams RM, Webb WW. 2003. Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences. Nat. Biotechnol. 21:1369-1377
75. Campagnola PJ, Millard AC, Terasaki M, Hoppe PE, Malone CJ, Mohler WA. 2002. Three-dimensional high-resolution second-harmonic generation imaging of endogenous structural proteins in biological tissues. Biophys. J. 81:493-508
76. Squier JA, Muller M, Brakenhoff GJ,Wilson KR. 1998. Third harmonic generation microscopy. Opt. Expr. 3:315-324
77. Shafer-Peltier KE, Haka AS, Fitzmaurice M, Crowe J, Myles J, et al. 2002. Raman microspectroscopic model of human breast tissue: implications for breast cancer diagnosis in vivo. J. Raman Spectrosc. 33:552-563
78. Le TT, Langohr IM, Locker MJ, Sturek M, Cheng JX. 2007. Label-free molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions using multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 12:054007
79. Thomas GJ Jr. 1999. Raman spectroscopy of protein and nucleic acid assemblies. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 28:1-27