Membrane raft redox signalosomes in endothelial cells

Free Radical Research

Volumn 44, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 831-842

  Zhang, Chun ^a   Li, Pin Lan ^a  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

ceramide; endothelium; Lipid microdomains; lysosome; reactive oxygen species; signal transduction

Indexed keywords

CAVEOLIN 1; CELL PROTEIN; CERAMIDE; DEATH RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; FAS LIGAND; MEMBRANE RAFT REDOX SIGNALOSOME; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; SNARE PROTEIN; SORTILIN; SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ACTIN FILAMENT; APOPTOSIS; CAVEOLA; CELL MEMBRANE; CYTOSKELETON; ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GOLGI COMPLEX; HUMAN; LIPID RAFT; LYSOSOME; MEMBRANE RAFT; MICROTUBULE; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ANIMALS; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; MEMBRANE MICRODOMAINS; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 77956367479     PISSN: 10715762     EISSN: 10292470     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.485994     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Cai H. NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent self-propagation of hydrogen peroxide and vascular disease. Circ Res 2005;96: 818-822.
2. Chalupsky K, Cai H. Endothelial dihydrofolate reductase: critical for nitric oxide bioavailability and role in angiotensin II uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:9056-9061.
3. Griendling KK, Minieri CA, Ollerenshaw JD, Alexander RW. Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1994;74: 1141-1148.
4. Griendling KK, Sorescu D, Ushio-Fukai M. NAD(P)H oxidase: role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ Res 2000;86:494-501.
5. Mohazzab KM, Kaminski PM, Wolin MS. NADH oxi-doreductase is a major source of superoxide anion in bovine coronary artery endothelium. Am J Physiol 1994;266: 2568-2572.
6. Pagano PJ, Ito Y, Tornheim K, Gallop PM, Tauber AI, Cohen RA. An NADPH oxidase superoxide-generating system in the rabbit aorta. Am J Physiol 1995;268:2274-2280.
7. Suzuki YJ, Ford GD. Redox regulation of signal transduction in cardiac and smooth muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1999;31:345-353.
8. Zulueta JJ, Yu FS, Hertig IA, Thannickal VJ, Hassoun PM. Release of hydrogen peroxide in response to hypoxia-reoxygenation: role of an NAD(P)H oxidase-like enzyme in endothelial cell plasma membrane. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1995;12:41-49.
9. Rajagopalan S, Kurz S, Munzel T, Tarpey M, Freeman BA, Griendling KK, Harrison DG. Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide production via membrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation. Contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1916-1923.
10. Castier Y, Brandes RP, Leseche G, Tedgui A, Lehoux S. p47phox-dependent NADPH oxidase regulates flow-induced vascular remodeling. Circ Res 2005;97:533-540.
11. Zhang G, Zhang F, Muh R, Yi F, Chalupsky K, Cai H, Li PL. Autocrine/paracrine pattern of superoxide production through NAD(P)H oxidase in coronary arterial myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;292:483-495.
12. Zhang C, Hu JJ, Xia M, Boini KM, Brimson C, Li PL. Redox signaling via lipid raft clustering in homocysteine-induced injury of podocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010;1803: 482-491.
13. Yi F, Jin S, Li PL. Lipid raft-redox signaling platforms in plasma membrane. Methods Mol Biol 2009;580:93-107.
14. Jin S, Yi F, Zhang F, Poklis JL, Li PL. Lysosomal targeting and trafficking of acid sphingomyelinase to lipid raft platforms in coronary endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:2056-2062.
15. Jia SJ, Jin S, Zhang F, Yi F, Dewey WL, Li PL. Formation and function of ceramide-enriched membrane platforms with CD38 during M1-receptor stimulation in bovine coronary arterial myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;295: 1743-1752.
16. Jin S, Zhang Y, Yi F, Li PL. Critical role of lipid raft redox signaling platforms in endostatin-induced coronary endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:485-490.
17. Jin S, Yi F, Li PL. Contribution of lysosomal vesicles to the formation of lipid raft redox signaling platforms in endothelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007;9:1417-1426. (Pubitemid 47255022)
18. Zhang AY, Yi F, Jin S, Xia M, Chen QZ, Gulbins E, Li PL. Acid sphingomyelinase and its redox amplification in formation of lipid raft redox signaling platforms in endothelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007;9:817-828.
19. Zhang AY, Yi F, Zhang G, Gulbins E, Li PL. Lipid raft clustering and redox signaling platform formation in coronary arterial endothelial cells. Hypertension 2006;47:74-80.
20. Zhang C, Hu JJ, Xia M, Boini KM, Brimson C, Li PL. Redox signaling via lipid raft clustering in homocysteine-induced injury of podocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010; 1803:482-491.
21. Li PL, Zhang Y, Yi F. Lipid raft redox signaling platforms in endothelial dysfunction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007;9: 1457-1470.
22. Oakley FD, Abbott D, Li Q, Engelhardt JF. Signaling components of redox active endosomes: the redoxosomes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009;11:1313-1333.
23. Nicolau DV, Jr, Burrage K, Parton RG, Hancock JF. Identifying optimal lipid raft characteristics required to promote nanoscale protein-protein interactions on the plasma membrane. Mol Cell Biol 2006;26:313-323.
24. Magee AI, Parmryd I. Detergent-resistant membranes and the protein composition of lipid rafts. Genome Biol 2003; 4:234.
25. Simons K, Toomre D. Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000;1:31-39.
26. Cuvillier O, Pirianov G, Kleuser B, Vanek PG, Coso OA, Gutkind S, Spiegel S. Suppression of ceramide-mediated programmed cell death by sphingosine-1-phosphate. Nature 1996;381:800-803.
27. Harder T, Simons K. Caveolae, DIGs, And the dynamics of sphingolipid-cholesterol microdomains. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997;9:534-542.
28. Pike LJ. Rafts defined: a report on the Keystone Symposium on Lipid Rafts and Cell Function. J Lipid Res 2006;47: 1597-1598.
29. Insel PA, Patel HH. Membrane rafts and caveolae in cardiovascular signaling. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009;18: 50-56.
30. Goligorsky MS, Li H, Brodsky S, Chen J. Relationships between caveolae and eNOS: everything in proximity and the proximity of everything. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 283:1-10.
31. Grassme H, Jekle A, Riehle A, Schwarz H, Berger J, Sandhoff K, Kolesnick R, Gulbins E. CD95 signaling via ceramide-rich membrane rafts. J Biol Chem 2001;276: 20589-20596.
32. Garcia-Cardena G, Oh P, Liu J, Schnitzer JE, Sessa WC. Targeting of nitric oxide synthase to endothelial cell caveolae via palmitoylation: implications for nitric oxide signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:6448-6453. (Pubitemid 26230326)
33. Ghosh S, Gachhui R, Crooks C, Wu C, Lisanti MP, Stuehr DJ. Interaction between caveolin-1 and the reductase domain of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. Consequences for catalysis. J Biol Chem 1998;273:22267-22271.
34. Razani B, Engelman JA, Wang XB, Schubert W, Zhang XL, Marks CB, Macaluso F, Russell RG, Li M, Pestell RG, Di Vizio D, Hou H, JR, Kneitz B, Lagaud G, Christ GJ, Edelmann W, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 null mice are viable but show evidence of hyperproliferative and vascular abnormalities. J Biol Chem 2001;276:38121-38138.
35. Murata T, Lin MI, Huang Y, Yu J, Bauer PM, Giordano FJ, Sessa WC. Reexpression of caveolin-1 in endothelium rescues the vascular, Cardiac, And pulmonary defects in global caveo-lin-1 knockout mice. J Exp Med 2007;204:2373-2382.
36. Klinge CM, Wickramasinghe NS, Ivanova MM, Dougherty SM. Resveratrol stimulates nitric oxide production by increasing estrogen receptor alpha-Src-caveolin-1 interaction and phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J 2008;22:2185-2197.
37. Souza HP, Liu X, Samouilov A, Kuppusamy P, Laurindo FR, Zweier JL. Quantitation of superoxide generation and substrate utilization by vascular NAD(P)H oxidase. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;282:466-474.
38. Sowa G, Pypaert M, Sessa WC. Distinction between signaling mechanisms in lipid rafts vs. caveolae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:14072-14077.
39. Simons K, Ikonen E. How cells handle cholesterol. Science 2000;290:1721-1726.
40. Alonso MA, Millan J. The role of lipid rafts in signalling and membrane trafficking in T lymphocytes. J Cell Sci 2001;114: 3957-3965.
41. Boniface JJ, Rabinowitz JD, Wulfing C, Hampl J, Reich Z, Altman JD, Kantor RM, Beeson C, McConnell HM, Davis MM. Initiation of signal transduction through the T cell receptor requires the multivalent engagement of peptide/MHC ligands [corrected]. Immunity 1998;9:459-466. (Pubitemid 28499197)
42. Bao JX, Xia M, Poklis JL, Han WQ, Brimson C, Li PL. Triggering role of acid sphingomyelinase in endothelial lyso-some-membrane fusion and dysfunction in coronary arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010;298:H992-H1002.
43. Zhang Y, Li X, Carpinteiro A, Gulbins E. Acid sphingo-myelinase amplifies redox signaling in Pseudomonas aerugi-nosa-induced macrophage apoptosis. J Immunol 2008; 181:4247-4254.
44. Argyris EG, Acheampong E, Nunnari G, Mukhtar M, Williams KJ, Pomerantz RJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enters primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells by a mechanism involving cell surface proteoglycans independent of lipid rafts. J Virol 2003;77:12140-12151.
45. Kiely JM, Hu Y, Garcia-Cardena G, Gimbrone MA, Jr. Lipid raft localization of cell surface E-selectin is required for ligation-induced activation of phospholipase C gamma. J Immunol 2003;171:3216-3224.
46. Ikeda S, Ushio-Fukai M, Zuo L, Tojo T, Dikalov S, Patrushev NA, Alexander RW. Novel role of ARF6 in vascular endo-thelial growth factor-induced signaling and angiogenesis. Circ Res 2005;96:467-475.
47. Pritchard KA, Ackerman AW, Ou J, Curtis M, Smalley DM, Fontana JT, Stemerman MB, Sessa WC. Native low-density lipoprotein induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction: role of heat shock protein 90 and caveolin-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:52-62.
48. Yang B, Oo TN, Rizzo V. Lipid rafts mediate H2O2 pro-survival effects in cultured endothelial cells. Faseb J 2006;20: 1501-1503.
49. Ostrom RS, Bundey RA, Insel PA. Nitric oxide inhibition of adenylyl cyclase type 6 activity is dependent upon lipid rafts and caveolin signaling complexes. J Biol Chem 2004;279: 19846-19853.
50. Li YC, Park MJ, Ye SK, Kim CW, Kim YN. Elevated levels of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in cancer cells are correlated with apoptosis sensitivity induced by cholesterol-depleting agents. Am J Pathol 2006;168:1107-1118.
51. Sanchez FA, Savalia NB, Duran RG, Lal BK, Boric MP, Duran WN. Functional significance of differential eNOS translocation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;291: 1058-1064.
52. Patschan S, Li H, Brodsky S, Sullivan D, De Angelis DA, Patschan D, Goligorsky MS. Probing lipid rafts with proximity imaging: actions of proatherogenic stimuli. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;290:2210-2219.
53. Lopez JA, Del Conde I, Shrimpton CN. Receptors, Rafts, And microvesicles in thrombosis and inflammation. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1737-1744.
54. Li JM, Shah AM. Differential NADPH-versus NADH-dependent superoxide production by phagocyte-type endothe-lial cell NADPH oxidase. Cardiovasc Res 2001;52:477-486.
55. Deng S, Kruger A, Kleschyov AL, Kalinowski L, Daiber A, Wojnowski L. Gp91phox-containing NAD(P)H oxidase increases superoxide formation by doxorubicin and NADPH. Free Radic Biol Med 2007;42:466-473.
56. Wingler K, Wunsch S, Kreutz R, Rothermund L, Paul M, Schmidt HH. Upregulation of the vascular NAD(P) H-oxidase isoforms Nox1 and Nox4 by the renin-angiotensin system in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2001;31: 1456-1464.
57. Brandes RP, Kreuzer J. Vascular NADPH oxidases: molecular mechanisms of activation. Cardiovasc Res 2005;65:16-27.
58. El Benna J, Faust RP, Johnson JL, Babior BM. Phosphoryla-tion of the respiratory burst oxidase subunit p47phox as determined by two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C, Protein kinase A, And a mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1996;271: 6374-6378.
59. Rahman A, Anwar KN, Malik AB. Protein kinase C-zeta mediates TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 gene transcription in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000;279: 906-914.
60. Gulbins E, Grassme H. Ceramide and cell death receptor clustering. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002;1585:139-145.
61. Legler DF, Micheau O, Doucey MA, Tschopp J, Bron C. Recruitment of TNF receptor 1 to lipid rafts is essential for TNFalpha-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Immunity 2003; 18:655-664.
62. Zuo L, Ushio-Fukai M, Ikeda S, Hilenski L, Patrushev N, Alexander RW. Caveolin-1 is essential for activation of Rac1 and NAD(P)H oxidase after angiotensin II type 1 receptor stimulation in vascular smooth muscle cells: role in redox signaling and vascular hypertrophy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1824-1830.
63. Zhang S, Liu T, Liang H, Zhang H, Yan D, Wang N, Jiang X, Feng W, Wang J, Li P, Li Z. Lipid rafts uncouple surface expression of transmembrane TNF-alpha from its cytotoxicity associated with ICAM-1 clustering in Raji cells. Mol Immunol 2009;46:1551-1560.
64. Yi F, Jin S, Zhang F, Xia M, Bao JX, Hu J, Poklis JL, Li PL. Formation of lipid raft redox signalling platforms in glomeru-lar endothelial cells: an early event of homocysteine-induced glomerular injury. J Cell Mol Med 2009;13:3303-3314.
65. Shakibaei M, Schulze-Tanzil G, Takada Y, Aggarwal BB. Redox regulation of apoptosis by members of the TNF super-family. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005;7:482-496.
66. Jin S, Li P, Dong S, Wang Q, Fang Y. [Determination of active components in Radix astragali and its medicinal preparations by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection]. Se Pu 2009;27:229-232.
67. Jaiswal JK, Andrews NW, Simon SM. Membrane proximal lysosomes are the major vesicles responsible for calcium-dependent exocytosis in nonsecretory cells. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:625-635.
68. Huynh C, Roth D, Ward DM, Kaplan J, Andrews NW. Defective lysosomal exocytosis and plasma membrane repair in Chediak-Higashi/beige cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:16795-16800.
69. Bao JX, Jin S, Zhang F, Wang ZC, Li NJ, Li PL. Activation of Membrane NADPH Oxidase Associated with Lysosome-Targeted Acid Sphingomyelinase in Coronary Endothelial Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010;12:703-712.
70. Bao JX, Xia M, Poklis JL, Brimson C, Li PL. Triggering role of acid sphingomyelinase in endothelial lysosome-membrane fusion and dysfunction in coronary arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010;298:H992-H1002.
71. Yang B, Rizzo V. TNF{alpha} potentiates protein-tyrosine nitration through activation of NADPH oxidase and eNOS localized in membrane rafts and caveolae of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;292:H954-H962.
72. Chakraborti T, Ghosh SK, Michael JR, Batabyal SK, Chakraborti S. Targets of oxidative stress in cardiovascular system. Mol Cell Biochem 1998;187:1-10.
73. Sen CK. Redox signaling and the emerging therapeutic potential of thiol antioxidants. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;55: 1747-1758.
74. Dumitru CA, Zhang Y, Li X, Gulbins E. Ceramide: a novel player in reactive oxygen species-induced signaling? Antioxid Redox Signal 2007;9:1535-1540.
75. Obeid LM, Linardic CM, Karolak LA, Hannun YA. Programmed cell death induced by ceramide. Science 1993; 259:1769-1771.
76. Castro BM, Silva LC, Fedorov A, De Almeida RF, Prieto M. Cholesterol-rich fl uid membranes solubilize ceramide domains: implications for the structure and dynamics of mammalian intracellular and plasma membranes. J Biol Chem 2009;284:22978-22987.
77. Babiychuk EB, Monastyrskaya K, Draeger A. Fluorescent annexin A1 reveals dynamics of ceramide platforms in living cells. Traffic 2008;9:1757-1775.
78. Cremesti A, Paris F, Grassme H, Holler N, Tschopp J, Fuks Z, Gulbins E, Kolesnick R. Ceramide enables fas to cap and kill. J Biol Chem 2001;276:23954-23961. (Pubitemid 37410795)
79. Gulbins E, Kolesnick R. Raft ceramide in molecular medicine. Oncogene 2003;22:7070-7077.
80. Gulbins E, Li PL. Physiological and pathophysiological aspects of ceramide. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006;290:11-26.
81. Gulbins E, Kolesnick R. Acid sphingomyelinase-derived ceramide signaling in apoptosis. Subcell Biochem 2002;36: 229-244.
82. Bainton DF. The discovery of lysosomes. J Cell Biol 1981; 91:66s-76s.
83. McNeil PL, Kirchhausen T. An emergency response team for membrane repair. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005;6:499-505.
84. Zhang F, Zhang G, Zhang AY, Koeberl MJ, Wallander E, Li PL. Production of NAADP and itsrole in Ca2+ mobilization associated with lysosomes in coronary arterial myocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;291:274-282.
85. Kinnear NP, Boittin FX, Thomas JM, Galione A, Evans AM. Lysosome-sarcoplasmic reticulum junctions. A trigger zone for calcium signaling by nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate and endothelin-1. J Biol Chem 2004;279: 54319-54326.
86. Lee HC. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP)-mediated calcium signaling. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33693-33696.
87. Chini EN, Beers KW, Dousa T P. Nicotinate adenine dinucle-otide phosphate (NAADP) triggers a specific calcium release system in sea urchin eggs. J Biol Chem 1995;270:3216-3223.
88. Ni X, Morales CR. The lysosomal trafficking of acid sphin-gomyelinase is mediated by sortilin and mannose 6-phos-phate receptor. Traffic 2006;7:889-902.
89. Rodighiero S, De Simoni A, Formenti A. The voltage-dependent nonselective cation current in human red blood cells studied by means of whole-cell and nystatin-perforated patch-clamp techniques. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004;1660:164-170.
90. Tsunoda S, Mazda O, Oda Y, Iida Y, Akabame S, Kishida T, Shin-Ya M, Asada H, Gojo S, Imanishi J, Matsubara H, Yoshikawa T. Sonoporation using microbubble BR14 promotes pDNA/siRNA transduction to murine heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;336:118-127.
91. Gerst JE. SNAREs and SNARE regulators in membrane fusion and exocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999;55:707-734.
92. Novick P, Medkova M, Dong G, Hutagalung A, Reinisch K, Grosshans B. Interactions between Rabs, Tethers, SNAREs and their regulators in exocytosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34:683-686.
93. Giraudo CG, Hu C, You D, Slovic AM, Mosharov EV, Sulzer D, Melia TJ, Rothman JE. SNAREs can promote complete fusion and hemifusion as alternative outcomes. J Cell Biol 2005;170:249-260.
94. Toonen RF. Role of Munc18-1 in synaptic vesicle and large dense-core vesicle secretion. Biochem Soc Trans 2003;31:848-850.
95. Dremina ES, Sharov VS, Schoneich C. Protein tyrosine nitration in rat brain is associated with raft proteins, Fl otil-lin-1 and alpha-tubulin: effect of biological aging. J Neurochem 2005;93:1262-1271.
96. Kawabe J, Okumura S, Nathanson MA, Hasebe N, Ishikawa Y. Caveolin regulates microtubule polymerization in the vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;342:164-169.
97. Donati RJ, Rasenick MM. Chronic antidepressant treatment prevents accumulation of gsalpha in cholesterol-rich, Cytoskeletal-associated, Plasma membrane domains (lipid rafts). Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:1238-1245.
98. Head BP, Patel HH, Roth DM, Murray F, Swaney JS, Niesman IR, Farquhar MG, Insel PA. Microtubules and actin microfilaments regulate lipid raft/caveolae localization of adenylyl cyclase signaling components. J Biol Chem 2006;281:26391-26399.
99. Caroni P. New EMBO members ' review: actin cytoskeleton regulation through modulation of PI(4,5)P(2) rafts. EMBO J 2001;20:4332-4336.
100. Pollard TD, Borisy GG. Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. Cell 2003;112:453-465.
101. Plowman SJ, Muncke C, Parton RG, Hancock JF. H-ras, K-ras, And inner plasma membrane raft proteins operate in nanoclusters with differential dependence on the actin cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:15500-15505.
102. Jaksits S, Bauer W, Kriehuber E, Zeyda M, Stulnig TM, Stingl G, Fiebiger E, Maurer D. Lipid raft-associated GTPase signaling controls morphology and CD8+ T cell stimulatory capacity of human dendritic cells. J Immunol 2004;173: 1628-1639.
103. Johns DG, Osborn H, Webb RC. Ceramide: a novel cell signaling mechanism for vasodilation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;237:95-97.
104. Jin Z, El-Deiry WS. Overview of cell death signaling pathways. Cancer Biol Ther 2005;4:139-163.
105. Gajate C, An F, Mollinedo F. Rapid and selective apoptosis in human leukemic cells induced by Aplidine through a Fas/CD95-and mitochondrial-mediated mechanism. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:1535-1545.
106. Gajate C, Mollinedo F. Cytoskeleton-mediated death receptor and ligand concentration in lipid rafts forms apoptosis-promoting clusters in cancer chemotherapy. J Biol Chem 2005;280:11641-11647.
107. Stickney JT, Bacon WC, Rojas M, Ratner N, Ip W. Activation of the tumor suppressor merlin modulates its interaction with lipid rafts. Cancer Res 2004;64:2717-2724.
108. Dhanabal M, Ramchandran R, Waterman MJ, Lua Knebelmann B, Segal M, Sukhatme VP. Endostatin induces endothelial cell apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1999;274: 11721-11726.
109. Choy JC, Granville DJ, Hunt DW, McManus BM. Endothelial cell apoptosis: biochemical characteristics and potential implications for atherosclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33:1673-1690.
110. Sim BK. Angiostatin and endostatin: endothelial cell-specific endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Angiogenesis 1998;2:37-48.
111. Chang Q, Tepperman BL. Effect of selective PKC isoform activation and inhibition on TNF-alpha-induced injury and apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2003;140:41-52.
112. Berk BC, Abe JI, Min W, Surapisitchat J, Yan C. Endothelial atheroprotective and anti-infl ammatory mechanisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001;947:93-109; discussion 109-111.
113. Cain BS, Harken AH, Meldrum DR. Therapeutic strategies to reduce TNF-alpha mediated cardiac contractile depression following ischemia and reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1999;31:931-947.
114. Davignon J, Ganz P. Role of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004;109:III27-III32.
115. Teggatz EG, Zhang G, Zhang AY, Yi F, Li N, Zou AP, Li PL. Role of cyclic ADP-ribose in Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and vasoconstriction in small renal arteries. Microvasc Res 2005;70:65-75.
116. Zhang DX, Yi FX, Zou AP, Li PL. Role of ceramide in TNF-alpha-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in coronary arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;283:1785-1794.
117. Lefer AM, Ma XL. Cytokines and growth factors in endothelial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 1993;21:9-14.
118. Lum H, Roebuck KA. Oxidant stress and endothelial cell dysfunction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001;280: 719-741.
119. Eum SY, Andras I, Hennig B, Toborek M. NADPH oxidase and lipid raft-associated redox signaling are required for PCB153-induced upregulation of cell adhesion molecules in human brain endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009;240:299-305.
120. Peshavariya H, Dusting GJ, Di Bartolo B, Rye KA, Barter PJ, Jiang F. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein suppresses leukocyte NADPH oxidase activation by disrupting lipid rafts. Free Radic Res 2009:43:772-782.