Diversity in the person, diversity in the group: Challenges of identity complexity for social perception and social interaction

European Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-16

  Bodenhausen, Galen V ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955583792     PISSN: 00462772     EISSN: 10990992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.647     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
2. Amiot, C. E., de la Sablonnière, R., Terry, D. J., & Smith, J. R. (2007). Integration of social identities in the self: Toward a cognitive-developmental model. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 364-388.
3. Antonio, A. L., Chang, M. J., Hakuta, K., Kenny, D. A., Levin, S., & Milem, J. F. (2004). Effects of racial diversity on complex thinking in college students. Psychological Science, 15, 507-510.
4. Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20-39.
5. Banks, R. R., & Eberhardt, J. L. (1998). Social psychological processes and the legal bases of racial categorization. In J. L. Eberhardt, & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting racism: The problem and the response (pp. 54-75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
6. Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. B. (2004). Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 5-22.
7. Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2006). Psychological essentialism and stereotype endorsement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 228-235.
8. Benet-Martínez, V., & Haritatos, J. (2005). Bicultural identity integration (BII): Components and psychological antecedents. Journal of Personality, 73, 1015-1050.
9. Benet-Martínez, V., Leu, J., Lee, F., & Morris, M. W. (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 492-516.
10. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Macrae, C. N. (1998). Stereotype activation and inhibition. In R. S. Wyer, Jr (Ed.), Stereotype activation and inhibition: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 11, pp. 1-52). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Bodenhausen, G. V., Macrae, C. N., & Sherman, J.W. (1999). On the dialectics of discrimination: Dual processes in social stereotyping. In S. Chaiken, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 271-290). New York: Guilford.
12. Bodenhausen, G. V., & Peery, D. (2009). Social categorization and stereotyping in vivo: The VUCA challenge. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 133-151.
13. Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. K. Srull, & R. S. Wyer, Jr (Eds.), A dual process model of impression formation: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
14. Brewer,M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475-482.
15. Brewer, M. B., Ho, H., Lee, J., & Miller, N. (1987). Social identity and social distance among Hong Kong school children. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 156-165.
16. Brewer, M. B., & Pierce, K. P. (2005). Social identity complexity and outgroup tolerance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 428-437.
17. Burke, K. (1945). A grammar of motives. New York: Prentice-Hall.
18. Chakravarti, A. (2009). Kinship: Race relations. Nature, 457, 380-381.
19. Chao, M. M., Chen, J., Roisman, G. I., & Hong, Y-y. (2007). Essentializing race: Implications for bicultural individuals' cognition and physiological reactivity. Psychological Science, 18, 341-348.
20. Cheng, C.-Y., & Lee, F. (2009). Multiracial identity integration: Perceptions of conflict and distance among multiracial individuals. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 51-68.
21. Cheng, C.-Y., Sanchez-Burks, J., & Lee, F. (2007). Increasing individual-level innovation through identity-integration. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings.
22. Cheng, C.-Y., Sanders, M., Sanchez-Burks, J., Molina, K., Lee, F., Darling, E., et al. (2008). Reaping the rewards of diversity: The role of identity integration. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00103.x
23. Chiao, J. Y., Heck, H. E., Nakayama, K., & Ambady, N. (2006). Priming race in biracial observers affects visual search for Black and White faces. Psychological Science, 17, 387-392.
24. Crisp, R. J., & Hewstone, M. (2007). Multiple social categorization. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 39, pp. 163-254). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
25. Devine, P. G., & Baker, S. M. (1991). Measurement of racial stereotype subtyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 44-50.
26. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S., & Taguy, S. (2009). Commonality and the complexity of "we": Social attitudes and social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 3-20.
27. Eagly, A. H., & Kite, M. E. (1987). Are stereotypes of nationalities applied to both women and men? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 451-462.
28. Early, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2000). Creating hybrid team culture: An empirical test of international team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 26-49.
29. Eberhardt, J. L., Davies, P. G., Purdie-Vaughns, V. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2006). Looking deathworthy: Perceived stereotypicality of Black defendants predicts capital-sentencing outcomes. Psychological Science, 17, 383-386.
30. Ely, R. J., & Thomas, D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 229-273.
31. Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
32. Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum model of impression formation from category-based to individuation processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-74). New York: Academic Press.
33. Garcia-Marques, L., Santos, A. S. C., & Mackie, D. M. (2006). Stereotypes: Static abstractions or dynamic knowledge structures? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 814-831.
34. Garcia-Prieto, P., Bellard, E., & Schneider, S. C. (2003). Experiencing diversity, conflict, and emotions in teams. Applied Psychology, 52, 413-440.
35. Goff, P. A., Thomas, M. A., & Jackson, M. C. (2008). "Ain't I a woman?": Towards an intersectional approach to person perception and group-based harms. Sex Roles, 59, 392-403.
36. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books.
37. Golembiewski, R. T. (1995). Managing diversity in organizations. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
38. Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1199-1228.
39. Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., & Bell, M. P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface-and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 96-107.
40. Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2000). Essentialist beliefs about social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 113-127.
41. Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2002). Are essentialist beliefs associated with prejudice? British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 87-100.
42. Herman, M. (2004). Forced to choose: Some determinants of racial identification in multi-racial adolescents. Child Development, 75, 730-748.
43. Hirschfeld, L. A. (1996). Race in the making: Cognition, culture, and the child's construction of human kinds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44. Homan, A. C., van Knippenberg, D., Van Kleef, G. A., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2007). Bridging faultlines by valuing diversity: Diversity beliefs, information elaboration, and performance in diverse work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1189-1199.
45. Hong, Y-y., Morris, M.W., Chiu, C-y., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55, 709-720.
46. Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2000). Assimilation and diversity: An integrative model of subgroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 143-156.
47. Hugenberg, K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2004). Category membership moderates the inhibition of social identities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 233-238.
48. Hutter, R. R. C., & Crisp, R. J. (2005). The composition of category conjunctions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 647-657.
49. Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a cause: Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1204-1213.
50. Keller, J. (2005). In genes we trust: The biological component of psychological essentialism and its relationship to mechanisms of motivated social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 686-702.
51. Klauer, K. C., Ehrenberg, K., & Wegener, I. (2003). Crossed categorization and stereotyping: Structural analyses, effects patterns, and dissociative effects of context relevance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 332-354.
52. Kunda, Z., Miller, D. T., & Claire, T. (1990). Combining social concepts: The role of causal reasoning. Cognitive Science, 14, 551-577.
53. Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. (1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284-308.
54. Kurzban, R., Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2001). Can race be erased? Coalitional computation and social categorization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 98, 15387-15392.
55. Lau, D., & Murnighan, J. K. (1998). Demographic diversity and faultlines: The compositional dynamics of organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 23, 325-340.
56. Leung, A. K-y., Maddux, W.W., Galinsky, A. D., & Chiu, C-y. (2008). Multicultural experience enhances creativity: The when and how. American Psychologist, 63, 169-181.
57. Leyens, J.-P., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (1992). The ingroup overexclusion effect: Impact of valence and confirmation on stereotypical information search. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 549-569.
58. Lount, R. B., Jr., & Phillips, K. W. (2007). Working harder with the out-group: The impact of social category diversity on motivation gains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103, 214-224.
59. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Milne, A. B. (1995). The dissection of selection in social perception: Inhibitory processes in social stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 397-407.
60. Maddox, K. B. (2004). Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 383-401.
61. Mannix, E., & Neale, M. A. (2005). What differences make a difference? The promise and reality of diverse teams and organizations. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 6, 31-55.
62. Markus, H. R. (2005). On telling less than we can know: The too tacit wisdom of social psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 16, 180-184.
63. Medin, D. L., Goldstone, R. L., & Gentner, D. (1993). Respects for similarity. Psychological Review, 100, 254-278.
64. Medin, D. L., & Ortony, A. (1989). Psychological essentialism. In S. Vosniadou, & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 179-195). New York: Cambridge University Press.
65. Mendoza-Denton, R., Park, S. H., & O'Connor, A. (2008). Gender stereotypes as situation-behavior profiles. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 971-982.
66. Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity on organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21, 402-433.
67. Molden, D. C., & Dweck, C. S. (2006). Finding "meaning" in psychology: A lay theories approach to self-regulation, social perception, and social development. American Psychologist, 61, 192-203.
68. Mussweiler, T., Gabriel, S., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2000). Shifting social identities as a strategy for deflecting threatening social comparisons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 398-409.
69. Nelson, L. J., & Miller, D. T. (1995). The distinctiveness effect in social categorization: You are what makes you unusual. Psychological Science, 6, 246-249.
70. Oakes, P. J. (1987). The salience of social categories. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher, & M. S.Wetherell (Eds.), Rediscovering the social group (pp. 117-141). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
71. Obama, B. (2004). Dreams from my father: A story of race and inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press.
72. Page, S. E. (2007). The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
73. Pauker, K., & Ambady, N. (2009). Multiracial faces: How categorization affects memory at the boundaries of race. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 69-86.
74. Peery, D., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2008). Black+White=Black: Hypodescent in reflexive categorization of racially ambiguous faces. Psychological Science, 19, 973-977.
75. Peery, D., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2009). Ambiguity and ambivalence in the voting booth and beyond: A social-psychological perspective on racial attitudes and behavior in the Obama era. Du Bois Review, 6, DOI: 10.1017/S1742058X09090067.
76. Penner, A. M., & Saperstein, A. (2008). How social status shapes race. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105, 19628-19630.
77. Phinney, J. S., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K., & Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: An interactional perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 493-510.
78. Pittinsky, T. L., Shih, M. J., & Trahan, A. (2006). Identity cues: Evidence from and for intra-individual perspectives on positive and negative stereotyping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2215-2239.
79. Polletta, F., & Jasper, J. M. (2001). Collective identity and social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 283-305.
80. Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (2006). Essentializing differences between women and men. Psychological Science, 17, 129-135.
81. Ramírez-Esparza, N., Gosling, S. D., Benet-Martínez, V., Potter, J. P., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2006). Do bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of cultural frame switching. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 99-120.
82. Randel, A. E., (2002). Identity salience: A moderator of the relationship between group gender composition and work group conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 749-766.
83. Richards, Z., & Hewstone, M. (2001). Subtyping and subgrouping: Processes for the prevention and promotion of stereotype change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 52-73.
84. Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). Social identity complexity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 88-106.
85. Rothbart, M., & Taylor, M. (1992). Category labels and social reality: Do we view social categories as natural kinds? In G. Semin, & K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition (pp. 11-36). London: Sage.
86. Sanchez, D. T. (in press). How do forced-choice dilemmas affect multiracial people? The role of identity autonomy and public regard in depressive symptoms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology.
87. Sanchez-Burks, J., & Lee, F. (2007). Culture and workways. In S. Kitayama, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 346-369). New York: Guilford.
88. Sherif, M. (1948). An outline of social psychology. New York: Harper & Brothers.
89. Shih, M., & Sanchez, D. T. (2005). Perspectives and research on the positive and negative implications of having multiple racial identities. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 569-591.
90. Sommers, S. R. (2006). On racial diversity and group decision making: Identifying multiple effects of racial composition on jury deliberations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 597-612.
91. Sommers, S. R., Warp, L. S., & Mahoney, C. C. (2008). Cognitive effects of racial diversity: White individuals' information processing in heterogeneous groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1129-1136.
92. Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. (1992). Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 207-218.
93. Stryker, S. (1968). Identity salience and role performance: The relevance of symbolic interaction theory for family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30, 558-564.
94. Stryker, S., & Serpe, R. T. (1982). Commitment, identity salience, and role behavior: Theory and research. In W. Ickes, & E. Knowles (Eds.), Personality, roles, and social behavior (pp. 199-218). New York: Springer.
95. Swann,W. B., Jr., Polzer, J. T., Seyle, D. C., & Ko, S. J. (2004). Finding value in diversity: Verification of personal and social self-views in diverse groups. Academy of Management Review, 29, 9-27.
96. Tadmore, C. T., & Tetlock, P. E. (2006). Biculturalism: A model of the effects of second-culture exposure on acculturation and integrative complexity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 173-190.
97. Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behavior. Social Science Information, 14, 65-93.
98. Taylor, S. E., Fiske, S. T., Etcoff, N., & Ruderman, A. (1978). The categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 778-793.
99. Thatcher, S. M. B., Jehn, K. A., & Zanutto, E. (2003). Cracks in diversity research: The effects of diversity faultlines on conflict and performance. Group Decision and Negotiation, 12, 217-241.
100. Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & Bergsieker, H. B. (2009). My choice, your categories: The denial of multiracial identities. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 185-204.
101. Travassos, C., & Williams, D. R. (2004). The concept and measurement of race and their relationship to public health: A review focused on Brazil and the United States. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 20, 660-678.
102. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
103. Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & McGarty, C. (1994). Self and collective: Cognition and social context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 454-463.
104. Urban, L. M., & Miller, N. M. (1998). A meta-analysis of crossed categorization effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 894-908.
105. van Dick, R., van Knippenberg, D., Hägele, S., Guillaume, Y. R. F., & Brodbeck, F. C. (2008). Group diversity and group identification: The moderating role of diversity beliefs. Human Relations, 61, 1463-1492.
106. van Knippenberg, D., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Homan, A. C. (2004). Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 1008-1022.
107. van Rijswijk, W., & Ellemers, N. (2002). Context effects on the application of stereotype content to multiple categorizable targets. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 90-101.
108. Wegener, I., & Klauer, K. C. (2004). Inter-category versus intra-category fit: When social categories match social context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 567-593.
109. Wenzel, M., Mummendey, A., & Waldzus, S. (2007). Superordinate identities and intergroup conflict: The ingroup projection model. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 331-372.
110. Williams, K. Y., & O'Reilly, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. In B. M. Staw, & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 20, pp. 77-140). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
111. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context: Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 815-827.
112. Zellmer-Bruhn, M. E., Maloney, M. M., Bhappu, A. D., & Salvador, R. (2008). When and how do differences matter? An exploration of perceived similarity in teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 107, 41-59.