Targeting P-selectin in acute pancreatitis

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets

Volumn 14, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 899-910

  Hackert, Thilo ^a   Bchler, Markus W ^a   Werner, Jens ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Acute pancreatitis; Coagulation; Inflammation; Microcirculation; P selectin

Indexed keywords

BIMOSIAMOSE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PADGEM PROTEIN; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PSI 697; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE PANCREATITIS; ASTHMA; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG ACTIVITY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION; LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSORIASIS; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANIMALS; CELL ADHESION; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; LEUKOCYTES; P-SELECTIN; PANCREATITIS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 77955452101     PISSN: 14728222     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.504717     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. McEver RP. GMP-140: a receptor for neutrophils and monocytes on activated platelets and endothelium. J Cell Biochem 1991;45:156-161
2. McEver RP. Properties of GMP-140, an inducible granule membrane protein of platelets and endothelium. Blood Cells 1990;16:73-80; discussion 80-83
3. Springer TA. Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 1990;346:425-434 (Pubitemid 120005914)
4. Barthel SR, Gavino JD, Descheny L, Dimitroff CJ. Targeting selectins and selectin ligands in inflammation and cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007;11:1473-91. (Pubitemid 350200482)
5. Eppihimer MJ, Granger DN. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced leukocyte-endothelial interactions in postcapillary venules. Shock 1997;8:16-25
6. Fujita T, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, et al. Phase-dependent roles of E-selectin during chronic contact hypersensitivity responses. Am J Pathol 2007;170:1649-1658 (Pubitemid 47339309)
7. Yoshikawa T, Yoshida N, Sugimoto N, Kondo M. Neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions in gastrointestinal diseases. Nippon Rinsho 1998;56:2240-2246
8. Taubert A, Krull M, Zahner H, Hermosilla C. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections of bovine endothelial cells induce endothelial adhesion molecule gene transcription and subsequent PMN adhesion. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006;112:272-283 (Pubitemid 43975154)
9. Uhlmann D, Lauer H, Serr F, Witzigmann H. Pathophysiological role of platelets and platelet system in acute pancreatitis. Microvasc Res 2008;76(2):114-123
10. Cramer E, Berger G. Immunoelectron microscopic changes of the platelet plasma membrane after activation. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1996;7:172-177 (Pubitemid 26171528)
11. Escolar G, White JG. Changes in glycoprotein expression after platelet activation: differences between in vitro and in vivo studies. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:371-386 (Pubitemid 30148348)
12. Berger G, Masse JM, Cramer EM. Alpha-granule membrane mirrors the platelet plasma membrane and contains the glycoproteins Ib, IX, and V. Blood 1996;87:1385-1395 (Pubitemid 26056902)
13. Adam F, Guillin MC, Jandrot-Perrus M. Glycoprotein Ib-mediated platelet activation. A signalling pathway triggered by thrombin. Eur J Biochem 2003;270:2959-2970 (Pubitemid 36876265)
14. Marshall SJ, Senis YA, Auger JM, et al. GPIb-dependent platelet activation is dependent on Src kinases but not MAP kinase or cGMP-dependent kinase. Blood 2004;103:2601-2609
15. Evangelista V, Manarini S, Sideri R, et al. Platelet/polymorphonuclear leukocyte interaction: P-selectin triggers protein-tyrosine phosphorylation- dependent CD11b/CD18 adhesion: role of PSGL-1 as a signaling molecule. Blood 1999;93:876-885 (Pubitemid 29067852)
16. Moore KL. Structure and function of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. Leuk Lymphoma 1998;29:1-15 (Pubitemid 28236535)
17. Yang J, Furie BC, Furie B. The biology of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1: its role as a selectin counterreceptor in leukocyte-endothelial and leukocyte-platelet interaction. Thromb Haemost 1999;81:1-7 (Pubitemid 29041639)
18. Evangelista V, Manarini S, Rotondo S, et al. Platelet/polymorphonuclear leukocyte interaction in dynamic conditions: evidence of adhesion cascade and cross talk between P-selectin and the beta 2 integrin CD11b/CD18. Blood 1996;88:4183-4194 (Pubitemid 26399164)
19. Nash GB. Adhesion between neutrophils and platelets: a modulator of thrombotic and inflammatory events? Thromb Res 1994;74(Suppl 1):S3-11 (Pubitemid 24154921)
20. Frenette PS, Johnson RC, Hynes RO, Wagner DD. Platelets roll on stimulated endothelium in vivo: an interaction mediated by endothelial P-selectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:7450-7454
21. Tedder TF, Steeber DA, Chen A, Engel P. The selectins: vascular adhesion molecules. FASEB J 1995;9:866-73
22. Tedder TF, Steeber DA, Pizcueta P. L-selectin-deficient mice have impaired leukocyte recruitment into inflammatory sites. J Exp Med 1995;181:2259-2264
23. Ley K, Bullard DC, Arbones ML, et al. Sequential contribution of L- and P-selectin to leukocyte rolling in vivo. J Exp Med 1995;181:669-675
24. Kuwano Y, Spelten O, Zhang H, et al. Rolling on E- or P-selectin induces the extended, but not high affinity conformation of LFA-1 in neutrophils. Blood 2010: published online 5 May 2010
25. Yago T, Fu J, McDaniel JM, et al. Core 1-derived O-glycans are essential E-selectin ligands on neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:9204-9209
26. Yago T, Shao B, Miner JJ, et al. E-selectin engages PSGL-1 and CD44 through a common signaling pathway to induce integrin alphaLbeta2-mediated slow leukocyte rolling. Blood 2010: published online 18 March 2010
27. Zarbock A, Polanowska-Grabowska RK, Ley K. Platelet-neutrophil- interactions: linking hemostasis and inflammation. Blood Rev 2007;21(2):99-111 (Pubitemid 46428465)
28. Gachet C. The platelet P2 receptors as molecular targets for old and new antiplatelet drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2005;108:180-192 (Pubitemid 41528788)
29. Bearer EL. Cytoskeletal domains in the activated platelet. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 1995;30:50-66
30. Holmsen H. Significance of testing platelet functions in vitro. Eur J Clin Invest 1994;24(Suppl 1):3-8 (Pubitemid 24223513)
31. Zhou ZG, Chen YQ, Liu XB, et al. Changes of cytosolic [Ca2+]i in neutrophils in pancreatic microcirculation of rats with caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis under fluid shear stress. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:3185-3187
32. Sheriff J, Bluestein D, Girdhar G, Jesty J. High-shear stress sensitizes platelets to subsequent low-shear conditions. Ann Biomed Eng 2010;38:1442-1450
33. Konstantopoulos K, Neelamegham S, Burns AR, et al. Venous levels of shear support neutrophil-platelet adhesion and neutrophil aggregation in blood via P-selectin and beta2-integrin. Circulation 1998;98:873-882 (Pubitemid 28397437)
34. Zhang JN, Bergeron AL, Yu Q, et al. Platelet aggregation and activation under complex patterns of shear stress. Thromb Haemost 2002;88:817-821 (Pubitemid 35345342)
35. Baldauf C, Schneppenheim R, Stacklies W, et al. Shear-induced unfolding activates von Willebrand factor A2 domain for proteolysis. J Thromb Haemost 2009;7:2096-2105
36. Merten M, Chow T, Hellums JD, Thiagarajan P. A new role for P-selectin in shear-induced platelet aggregation. Circulation 2000;102:2045-2050
37. Buchler MW, Gloor B, Muller CA, et al. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: treatment strategy according to the status of infection. Ann Surg 2000;232:619-626
38. Takeda K, Mikami Y, Fukuyama S, et al. Pancreatic ischemia associated with vasospasm in the early phase of human acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreas 2005;30:40-9. (Pubitemid 40070625)
39. Vollmar B, Menger MD. Microcirculatory dysfunction in acute pancreatitis. A new concept of pathogenesis involving vasomotion-associated arteriolar constriction and dilation. Pancreatology 2003;3:181-190 (Pubitemid 36677085)
40. Drachenberg CB, Papadimitriou JC, Farney A, et al. Pancreas transplantation: the histologic morphology of graft loss and clinical correlations. Transplantation 2001;71:1784-91. (Pubitemid 32622491)
41. Ceppa EP, Fuh KC, Bulkley GB. Mesenteric hemodynamic response to circulatory shock. Curr Opin Crit Care 2003;9:127-132
42. Durrani NK, Trisal V, Mittal V, Hans SS. Gastrointestinal complications after ruptured aortic aneurysm repair. Am Surg 2003;69:330-3; discussion 333 (Pubitemid 36348241)
43. Ahmed S, Siddiqui AK, Siddiqui RK, et al. Acute pancreatitis during sickle cell vaso-occlusive painful crisis. Am J Hematol 2003;73:190-3 (Pubitemid 36753962)
44. Reilly PM, Wilkins KB, Fuh KC, et al. The mesenteric hemodynamic response to circulatory shock: an overview. Shock 2001;15:329-343
45. Hackert T, Hartwig W, Fritz S, et al. Ischemic acute pancreatitis: clinical features of 11 patients and review of the literature. Am J Surg 2009;197:450-454
46. Lerch MM, Hernandez CA, Adler G. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1994;331(14):948-949
47. Werner J. Fulminant pancreatitis surgical point of view. Prax 2006;95(48):1887-1892 (Pubitemid 44885031)
48. Adler G. Fulminant pancreatitis internal point of view. Prax 2006;95:1882-1886 (Pubitemid 44885030)
49. Hartwig W, Maksan SM, Foitzik T, et al. Reduction in mortality with delayed surgical therapy of severe pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:481-487 (Pubitemid 40433555)
50. Uhl W, Isenmann R, Curti G, et al. Influence of etiology on the course and outcome of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 1996;13:335-343 (Pubitemid 26357294)
51. Uhl W, Muller CA, Krahenbuhl L, et al. Acute gallstone pancreatitis: timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in mild and severe disease. Surg Endosc 1999;13:1070-6
52. UK Working Party on Acute Pancreatitis. UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Gut 2005;54:1-9
53. Werner J, Feuerbach S, Uhl W, Buchler MW. Management of acute pancreatitis: from surgery to interventional intensive care. Gut 2005;54:426-36 (Pubitemid 40299103)
54. Werner J, Uhl W, Buchler M. Surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2003;6:359-368
55. Branum G, Galloway J, Hirchowitz W, et al. Pancreatic necrosis: results of necrosectomy, packing, and ultimate closure over drains. Ann Surg 1998;227:870-877 (Pubitemid 29119534)
56. Fernandez-del Castillo C, Rattner DW, Makary MA, et al. Debridement and closed packing for the treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1998;228:676-84 (Pubitemid 30198312)
57. Tsiotos GG, Luque-de Leon E, Sarr MG. Long-term outcome of necrotizing pancreatitis treated by necrosectomy. Br J Surg 1998;85:1650-1653 (Pubitemid 28548340)
58. Menger MD, Plusczyk T, Vollmar B. Microcirculatory derangements in acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2001;8:187-194 (Pubitemid 33690536)
59. Wang XD, Wang Q, Andersson R, Ihse I. Alterations in intestinal function in acute pancreatitis in an experimental model. Br J Surg 1996;83:1537-1543 (Pubitemid 26365069)
60. Zhou ZG, Chen YD. Influencing factors of pancreatic microcirculatory impairment in acute panceatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2002;8:406-12
61. Klar E, Herfarth C, Messmer K. Therapeutic effect of isovolemic hemodilution with dextran 60 on the impairment of pancreatic microcirculation in acute biliary pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1990;211:346-353 (Pubitemid 20105989)
62. Saif MW. DIC secondary to acute pancreatitis. Clin Lab Haematol 2005;27:278-282
63. Chen HM, Shyr MH, Lau YT, et al. Leukocyte-endothelial adherence correlates with pancreatic nitric oxide production in early cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats. Shock 1998;10:218-222
64. Hartwig W, Jimenez RE, Fernandez-del Castillo C, et al. Expression of the adhesion molecules Mac-1 and L-selectin on neutrophils in acute pancreatitis is protease- and complement-dependent. Ann Surg 2001;233:371-378 (Pubitemid 32187816)
65. Poch B, Gansauge F, Rau B, et al. The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and oxygen-derived free radicals in experimental acute pancreatitis: mediators of local destruction and activators of inflammation. FEBS Lett 1999;461:268-272 (Pubitemid 29533345)
66. Mayadas TN, Johnson RC, Rayburn H, et al. Leukocyte rolling and extravasation are severely compromised in P selectin-deficient mice. Cell 1993;74:541-554 (Pubitemid 23244619)
67. Mithofer K, Schmidt J, Gebhard MM, et al. Measurement of blood flow in pancreatic exchange capillaries with FITC-labeled erythrocytes. Microvasc Res 1995;49:33-48
68. Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Direct fluorescent labeling of cells with fluorescein or rhodamine isothiocyanate. I. Technical aspects. J Immunol Methods 1980;37:97-108
69. Baatz H, Steinbauer M, Harris AG, et al. Kinetics of white blood cell staining by intravascular administration of rhodamine 6G. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1994;22:587-592
70. Atherton A, Born GV. Quantitative investigations of the adhesiveness of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes to blood vessel walls. J Physiol 1972;222:447-474
71. Johnson RC, Mayadas TN, Frenette PS, et al. Blood cell dynamics in P-selectin-deficient mice. Blood 1995;86:1106-1114
72. Polley MJ, Phillips ML, Wayner E, et al. CD62 and endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) recognize the same carbohydrate ligand, sialyl-Lewis x. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:6224-6228 (Pubitemid 21914919)
73. Hackert T, Pfeil D, Hartwig W, et al. Platelet function in acute experimental pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2007;11:439-444
74. Piccardoni P, Sideri R, Manarini S, et al. Platelet/polymorphonuclear leukocyte adhesion: a new role for SRC kinases in Mac-1 adhesive function triggered by P-selectin. Blood 2001;98:108-116
75. Xu T, Zhang L, Geng ZH, et al. P-selectin cross-links PSGL-1 and enhances neutrophil adhesion to fibrinogen and ICAM-1 in a Src kinase-dependent, but GPCR-independent mechanism. Cell Adhes Migr 2007;1:115-123
76. Blanks JE, Moll T, Eytner R, Vestweber D. Stimulation of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 on mouse neutrophils activates beta2-integrin mediated cell attachment to ICAM-1. Eur J Immunol 1998;28:433-443 (Pubitemid 28101717)
77. Atarashi K, Hirata T, Matsumoto M, et al. Rolling of Th1 cells via P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 stimulates LFA-1-mediated cell binding to ICAM-1. J Immunol 2005;174:1424-1432
78. Hackert T, Pfeil D, Hartwig W, et al. Platelet function in acute experimental pancreatitis induced by ischaemia-reperfusion. Br J Surg 2005;92:724-728 (Pubitemid 40863192)
79. Massberg S, Enders G, Matos FC, et al. Fibrinogen deposition at the postischemic vessel wall promotes platelet adhesion during ischemia-reperfusion in vivo. Blood 1999;94:3829-3838
80. Massberg S, Enders G, Leiderer R, et al. Platelet-endothelial cell interactions during ischemia/reperfusion: the role of P-selectin. Blood 1998;92:507-515 (Pubitemid 28323713)
81. Hartwig W, Klafs M, Kirschfink M, et al. Leukocytes in severe acute pancreatitis: potential for therapeutic intervention. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;291:G844-50
82. Lundberg AH, Granger DN, Russell J, et al. Quantitative measurement of P- and E-selectin adhesion molecules in acute pancreatitis: correlation with distant organ injury. Ann Surg 2000;231:213-222 (Pubitemid 30078804)
83. Zhou ZG, Chen YD, Sun W, Chen Z. Pancreatic microcirculatory impairment in experimental acute pancreatitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2002;8:933-6
84. Cooper D, Chitman KD, Williams MC, Granger DN. Time-dependent platelet-vessel wall interactions induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003;284:G1027-33 (Pubitemid 36597346)
85. Fritz S, Hartwig W, Lehmann R, et al. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment is superior to therapy on-demand in experimental necrotising pancreatitis. Crit Care 2008;12(6):R141
86. Katayama T, Ikeda Y, Handa M, et al. Immunoneutralization of glycoprotein Ibalpha attenuates endotoxin-induced interactions of platelets and leukocytes with rat venular endothelium in vivo. Circ Res 2000;86:1031-1037 (Pubitemid 30367861)
87. Andre P, Denis CV, Ware J, et al. Platelets adhere to and translocate on von Willebrand factor presented by endothelium in stimulated veins. Blood 2000;96:3322-3328
88. Kleinhans H, Kaifi JT, Mann O, et al. The role of vascular adhesion molecules PECAM-1 (CD 31), VCAM-1 (CD 106), E-selectin (CD62E) and P-selectin (CD62P) in severe porcine pancreatitis. Histol Histopathol 2009;24:551-557
89. Xiping Z, Jie Z, Qin X, et al. Influence of baicalin and octreotide on NF-kappaB and P-selectin expression in liver and kidney of rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Inflammation 2009;32:1-11
90. Donnelly SC, Haslett C, Dransfield I, et al. Role of selectins in development of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet 1994;344:215-219 (Pubitemid 24229007)
91. Folch E, Salas A, Panes J, et al. Role of P-selectin and ICAM-1 in pancreatitis-induced lung inflammation in rats: significance of oxidative stress. Ann Surg 1999;230:792-8; discussion 798-799 (Pubitemid 30191814)
92. Eichhorn ME, Ney L, Massberg S, Goetz AE. Platelet kinetics in the pulmonary microcirculation in vivo assessed by intravital microscopy. J Vasc Res 2002;39:330-339 (Pubitemid 34983864)
93. Folch E, Closa D, Neco P, et al. Pancreatitis induces HSP72 in the lung: role of neutrophils and xanthine oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;273:1078-1083 (Pubitemid 30481081)
94. Folch E, Salas A, Prats N, et al. H2O2 and PARS mediate lung P-selectin upregulation in acute pancreatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1286-1294
95. Zhang XP, Wang L, Zhou YF. The pathogenic mechanism of severe acute pancreatitis complicated with renal injury: a review of current knowledge. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:297-306 (Pubitemid 351170009)
96. Schneider L, Pietschmann M, Hartwig W, et al. Alcohol pretreatment increases hepatic and pulmonary injury in experimental pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2009;9:258-266
97. Wolf P, Reiser JR, Fellow JE, Haghighi P. Pancreatitis in patients with AIDS presumptively due to CMV. J Clin Lab Anal 1989;3:152-5 (Pubitemid 20199265)
98. Morcos NC, McHugh H. Pancreatitis associated with measles in a young adult. J Natl Med Assoc 1997;89:435-437
99. Argiris A, Mathur-Wagh U, Wilets I, Mildvan D. Abnormalities of serum amylase and lipase in HIV-positive patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1248-1252 (Pubitemid 29214637)
100. Takebayashi K, Aso Y, Wakabayashi S, et al. Measles encephalitis and acute pancreatitis in a young adult. Am J Med Sci 2004;327:299-303 (Pubitemid 38657619)
101. Hackert T, Werner J, Uhl W, et al. Reduction of ischemia/reperfusion injury by antithrombin III after experimental pancreas transplantation. Am J Surg 2005;189:92-97 (Pubitemid 40215514)
102. Hackert T, Werner J, Gebhard MM, Klar E. Effects of heparin in experimental models of acute pancreatitis and post-ERCP pancreatitis. Surgery 2004;135:131-138 (Pubitemid 38130763)
103. Ping C, Yongping Z, Minmin Q, et al. Activated protein C improves the severity of severe acute pancreatitis via up-regulating the expressions of endothelial cell protein C receptor and thrombomodulin. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:1599-1609
104. Chen P, Zhang Y, Qiao M, Yuan Y. Activated protein C, an anticoagulant polypeptide, ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis via regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Gastroenterol 2007;42:887-896 (Pubitemid 350142769)
105. Yamanel L, Mas MR, Comert B, et al. The effect of activated protein C on experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Crit Care 2005;9:R184-90
106. Kakafika A, Papadopoulos V, Mimidis K, Mikhailidis DP. Coagulation, platelets, and acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2007;34:15-20 (Pubitemid 46045718)
107. Mimidis K, Papadopoulos V, Kotsianidis J, et al. Alterations of platelet function, number and indexes during acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2004;4:22-27 (Pubitemid 38453119)
108. Gloor B, Uhl W, Tcholakov O, et al. Hydrocortisone treatment of early SIRS in acute experimental pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46:2154-2161 (Pubitemid 32955225)
109. Xiping Z, Jun F, Jie Z, et al. Influence of dexamethasone on the expression levels of P-selectin protein in multiple organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Inflamm Res 2010;59:31-39
110. Kusske AM, Rongione AJ, Ashley SW, et al. Interleukin-10 prevents death in lethal necrotizing pancreatitis in mice. Surgery 1996;120:284-8; discussion 289
111. Dumot JA, Conwell DL, Zuccaro G Jr, et al. A randomized, double blind study of interleukin 10 for the prevention of ERCP-induced pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2098-2102
112. Isaji S, Hayashi J, Higashiguchi T, et al. Effect of IS-741 (a new synthetic antiinflammatory agent) on acute necrotizing pancreatitis in dogs. Significance of its inhibitory effect on cytosolic phospholipase A2. Surgery 1996;120:284-8; discussion 289
113. Rau BM, Kruger CM, Hasel C, et al. Effects of immunosuppressive and immunostimulative treatment on pancreatic injury and mortality in severe acute experimental pancreatitis. Pancreas 2006;33:174-183 (Pubitemid 44174566)
114. van der Leij J, van den Berg A, Blokzijl T, et al. Dimeric galectin-1 induces IL-10 production in T-lymphocytes: an important tool in the regulation of the immune response. J Pathol 2004;204:511-518 (Pubitemid 39585949)
115. Liu FT. Galectins: novel anti-inflammatory drug targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2002;6:461-468
116. Hackert T, Sperber R, Hartwig W, et al. P-selectin inhibition reduces severity of acute experimental pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2009;9:369-374
117. Rossi B, Constantin G. Anti-selectin therapy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2008;7:85-93
118. Romano SJ. Selectin antagonists: therapeutic potential in asthma and COPD. Treat Respir Med 2005;4:85-94 (Pubitemid 40613956)
119. Schon MP. Inhibitors of selectin functions in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2005;1:201-208
120. Schon MP, Drewniok C, Boehncke WH. Targeting selectin functions in the therapy of psoriasis. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2004;3:163-168 (Pubitemid 38832746)
121. Friedrich M, Bock D, Philipp S, et al. Pan-selectin antagonism improves psoriasis manifestation in mice and man. Arch Dermatol Res 2006;297:345-351 (Pubitemid 43144265)
122. Chelliah R, Lucking AJ, Tattersall L, et al. P-selectin antagonism reduces thrombus formation in humans. J Thromb Haemost 2009;7:1915-1919
123. Myers DD Jr, Rectenwald JE, Bedard PW, et al. Decreased venous thrombosis with an oral inhibitor of P selectin. J Vasc Surg 2005;42:329-336
124. Bedard PW, Clerin V, Sushkova N, et al. Characterization of the novel P-selectin inhibitor PSI-697 [2-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3- hydroxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydrobenzo[h] quinoline-4-carboxylic acid] in vitro and in rodent models of vascular inflammation and thrombosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;324:497-506 (Pubitemid 351185831)
125. Theoret JF, Chahrour W, Yacoub D, Merhi Y. Recombinant P-selectin glycoprotein-ligand-1 delays thrombin-induced platelet aggregation: a new role for P-selectin in early aggregation. Br J Pharmacol 2006;148:299-305 (Pubitemid 43801177)
126. Theoret JF, Bienvenu JG, Kumar A, Merhi Y. P-selectin antagonism with recombinant P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (rPSGL-Ig) inhibits circulating activated platelet binding to neutrophils induced by damaged arterial surfaces. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001;298:658-664 (Pubitemid 32673417)
127. Fernandes LS, Conde ID, Wayne Smith C, et al. Platelet-monocyte complex formation: effect of blocking PSGL-1 alone, and in combination with alphaIIbbeta3 and alphaMbeta2, in coronary stenting. Thromb Res 2003;111:171-177
128. Singbartl K, Green SA, Ley K. Blocking P-selectin protects from ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute renal failure. FASEB J 2000;14:48-54 (Pubitemid 30051522)
129. Kanwar S, Smith CW, Kubes P. An absolute requirement for P-selectin in ischemia/reperfusion-induced leukocyte recruitment in cremaster muscle. Microcirculation 1998;5:281-287 (Pubitemid 128644130)
130. Riaz AA, Wan MX, Schaefer T, et al. Fundamental and distinct roles of P-selectin and LFA-1 in ischemia/reperfusion-induced leukocyte-endothelium interactions in the mouse colon. Ann Surg 2002;236:777-84; discussion 784 (Pubitemid 35403233)
131. Schon MP, Krahn T, Schon M, et al. Efomycine M, a new specific inhibitor of selectin, impairs leukocyte adhesion and alleviates cutaneous inflammation. Nat Med 2002;8:366-372 (Pubitemid 34407031)
132. Rijcken EM, Laukoetter MG, Anthoni C, et al. Immunoblockade of PSGL-1 attenuates established experimental murine colitis by reduction of leukocyte rolling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004;287:G115-24 (Pubitemid 38802125)
133. Borges E, Eytner R, Moll T, et al. The P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is important for recruitment of neutrophils into inflamed mouse peritoneum. Blood 1997;90:1934-1942 (Pubitemid 27377304)