Phanerozoic Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), HEATT (Haline Euxinic Acidic Thermal Transgression) episodes, and mass extinctions

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 295, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 162-191

  Kidder, David L ^a   Worsley, Thomas R ^a  

^a OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anoxia; Extinction; Paleoceanography; Paleoclimate; Volcanism

Indexed keywords

ANOXIA; BIOAVAILABILITY; CHEMICAL WEATHERING; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONTINENTAL COLLISION; ICE CAP; ICEBERG; MASS EXTINCTION; NITROGEN FIXATION; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOCLIMATE; PHANEROZOIC; PHOTIC ZONE; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SEA ICE; VOLCANISM;

CHLOROPHYTA; CYANOBACTERIA; EUKARYOTA;

EID: 77955282702     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.036     Document Type: Article

References (311)

1. Abbot D.S., Tziperman E. Sea ice, high-latitude convection, and equable climates. Geophysical Research Letters 2008, 35:1-5.
2. Adams D., Hurtgen M.T., Sageman B.B. Volcanic triggering of a biogeochemical cascade during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. Nature Geoscience 2010, 3:201-204.
3. Adatte T., Keller G., Stinnesbeck W. Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene climate and sea-level fluctuations: the Tunisian record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2002, 178:165-196.
4. Afonin S.A., Barinova S.S., Krassilov V.A. A bloom of Tympanicysta Balme (green algae of zygnematalean affinities) at the Permian-Triassic boundary. Geodiversitas 2001, 23:481-487.
5. Algeo T. Can marine anoxic events draw down the trace element inventory of seawater?. Geology 2004, 32:1057-1060.
6. 13C excursions at the Permian-Triassic boundary: evidence for upwelling of sulfidic deep-ocean water masses. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2008, 9:1-10.
7. Algeo T.J., Scheckler S.E. Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 1998, 353:113-130.
8. Alvarez L.W., Alvarez W., Asaro F., Michel H.V. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction: experimental results and theoretical interpretation. Science 1980, 208:1095-1108.
9. Ames L.L. The genesis of carbonate-apatite. Economic Geology 1959, 54:829-841.
10. Anbar A.D., Knoll A.H. Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: a bioinorganic bridge?. Science 2002, 297:1137-1142.
11. Armstrong H.A., Abbott G.D., Turner B.R., Makhlouf I.M., Bayawa Muhammad A., Pedentchouk N., Peters H. Black shale deposition in an Upper Ordovician-Silurian permanently stratified, peri-glacial basin, southern Jordan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 273:368-377.
12. Arnold G.L., Anbar A.D., Barling J., Lyons T.W. Molybdenum isotope evidence for widespread anoxia in mid-Proterozoic oceans. Science 2004, 304:87-90.
13. Arthur M.A., Dean W.E., Pratt L.M. Geochemical and climatic effects of increased marine organic carbon burial at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. Nature 1988, 335:714-717.
14. Arthur M.A., Schlanger S.O., Jenkyns H.C. The Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event, II. palaeoceanographic controls on organic-matter production and preservation. Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, Volume Geological Society Special Publication No. 26 1987, 401-420. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. J. Brooks, A.J. Fleet (Eds.).
15. Bailey T.R., Rosenthal Y., McArthur J.M., van de Schootbrugge B., Thirwall M.F. Paleoceanographic changes of the late Pliensbachian-early Toarcian interval: a possible link to the genesis of an ocean anoxic event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2003, 212:307-320.
16. Barnes C.R., Fortey R.A., Williams S.H. The pattern of global bio-events during the Ordovician period. Global Events and Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic 1996, 139-172. Springer-Verlag, Amsterdam. O.H. Walliser (Ed.).
17. Barry L., Craig G.C., Thuburn J. Poleward heat transport by the atmospheric heat engine. Nature 2002, 774-777.
18. Beerling D.J., Berner R.A. Biogeochemical constraints on the Triassic-Jurassic boundary carbon cycle event. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2002, 16:10-1-10-13.
19. Beerling D.J., Brentnall S.J. Numerical evaluation of mechanisms driving Early Jurassic changes in global carbon cycling. Geology 2007, 35:247-250.
20. 2 reconstruction across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary from leaf megafossils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2002, 99:7836-7840.
21. 2, and mass extinction. Nature 1989, 340:603-604.
22. Berner R.A. Examination of hypotheses for the Permo-Triassic boundary extinction by carbon cycle modeling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2002, 99:4172-4177.
23. Berner R.A. The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle 2004, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 150 pp.
24. 3 undersaturated ocean at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 244:368-373.
25. Berner R.A., Rao J.-L. Phosphorus in sediments of the Amazon River and estuary: implications for the global flux of phosphorus to the sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1994, 58:2333-2339.
26. Berry W.B.N., Ripperdan R.L., Finney S.C. Late Ordovician extinction: a Laurentian view. Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond: Boulder 2002, 463-471. Geological Society of America, Colorado. C. Koeberl, K.G. MacLeod (Eds.).
27. Berry W.B.N., Wilde P. Progressive ventilation of the oceans - an explanation for the distribution of the lower Paleozoic black shales. American Journal of Science 1978, 278:257-275.
28. Bice K.L., Marotzke J. Could changing ocean circulation have destabilized methane hydrate at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary?. Paleoceanography 2002, 17. 8-1-8-13.
29. Bond D., Wignall P.B. Evidence for Late Devonian (Kellwasser) anoxic events in the Great Basin, western United States. Understanding Late Devonian and Permian-Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events: Towards an Integrated Approach, Volume Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy 20 2005, 225-262. Elsevier, Amsterdam. D.J. Over, J.R. Morrow, P.B. Wignall (Eds.).
30. Bond D., Wignall P.B., Racki G. Extent and duration of marine anoxia during the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction in Poland, Germany, Austria, and France. Geological Magazine 2004, 141:173-193.
31. Bond D.P.G., Wignall P.B. The role of sea-level change and marine anoxia in the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 263:107-118.
32. Bottjer D.J., Clapham M.E., Fraiser M.L., Powers C.M. Understanding mechanisms for the end-Permian mass extinction and the protracted Early Triassic aftermath and recovery. GSA Today 2008, 18:4-10.
33. Bralower T.J., Arthur M.A., Leckie R.M., Sliter W.V., Allard D., Schlanger S.O. Timing and paleoceanography of oceanic dysoxia/anoxia in the late Barremian to early Aptian. Palaios 1994, 9:335-369.
34. Brand U. Global climatic changes during the Devonian-Mississippian: stable isotope biogeochemistry of brachiopods. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1989, 75:311-329.
35. 13C excursions spanning the Cambrian explosion to the Botomian crisis in Siberia. Geology 1994, 22:455-458.
36. Brass G.W., Southam J.R., Peterson W.H. Warm saline bottom water in the ancient ocean. Nature 1982, 296:620-923.
37. Brenchley P.J., Marshall J.D., Carden G.A.F., Robertson D.B.R., Long D.G.F., Meidla T., Hints L., Anderson T.F. Bathymetric and isotopic evidence for a short-lived Late Ordovician glaciation in a greenhouse period. Geology 1994, 22:295-298.
38. Broecker W., Peacock S. An ecologic explanation for the Permo-Triassic carbon and sulphur isotope shifts. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1999, 13:1167-1172.
39. Buggisch W. The global Frasnian-Famennian "Kellwasser" event. Geologische Rundschau 1991, 80:49-72.
40. Bultitude R.J. Flood basalts of probable Early Cambrian age in northern Australia. Volcanism in Australia 1976, Elsevier Science, New York. R.W. Johnson (Ed.).
41. Burnett W.C. Geochemistry and origin of phosphorite deposits from off Peru and Chile. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1977, 88:813-823.
42. Cao C., Love G.D., Hays L.E., Wang W., Shen S., Summons R.E. Biogeochemical evidence for euxinic oceans and ecological disturbance presaging the end-Permian mass extinction event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 281:188-201.
43. Caputo M.V., Crowell J.C. Migration of glacial centers across Gondwana during Paleozoic Era. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1985, 96:1020-1036.
44. Chamberlin T.C. An attempt to frame a working hypothesis on the cause of glacial periods on at atmospheric basis. Journal of Geology 1899, 7. 545-584, 667-685, 751-787.
45. Chamberlin T.C. On a possible reversal of deep-sea circulation and its influence on geologic climates. Journal of Geology 1906, 14:363-373.
46. Charrassin J.-B., Hindell M., Rintoul S.R., Roquet F., Sokolov S., Bluw M., Costa D., Boehme L., Lovell P., Coleman R., Timmermann R., Meijers A., Meredith M., Park Y.-H., Bailleul F., Goebel M., Tremblay Y., Bost C.-A., McMahon C.R., Field I.C., Fedak M.A., Guinet C. Southern Ocean frontal structure and sea-ice formation rates revealed by elephant seals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2008, 105:11634-11639.
47. 86Sr isotope systematics. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 235:151-166.
48. Chenet A.-L., Fluteau F., Courtillot V., Gérard M., Subbarao K.V. Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: results from a 1200-m-thick section in the Mahabaleshwar escarpment. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113:1-27.
49. Clapham M.E., Shen S., Bottjer D.J. The double mass extinction revisited: reassessing the severity, selectivity, and causes of the end-Guadalupian biotic crisis (Late Permian). Paleobiology 2009, 35:32-50.
50. Claypool G.E., Holser W.T., Kaplan I.R., Sakai H., Zak I. The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate, and their mutual interpretation. Chemical Geology 1980, 28:199-259.
51. Coffin M.F., Pringle M.S., Duncan R.A., Gladczenko T.P., Storey M., Müller R.A., Gahagan L.A. Kerguelen hotspot magma output since 130Ma. Journal of Petrology 2002, 43:1121-1139.
52. Cohen A.S., Coe A.L. The impact of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province on climate and on the Sr- and Os-isotope evolution of seawater. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 244:374-390.
53. 2 by continental weathering. Geology 2004, 32:157-160.
54. Colling A. Ocean Circulation 2001, Butterworth-Heinemann and the Open University, Oxford, 286 pp.
55. Cook P.J., McElhinny P.J. A reevaluation of the spatial and temporal distribution of sedimentary phosphate deposits in the light of plate tectonics. Economic Geology 1979, 74:315-330.
56. Copper P. Frasnian/Famennian mass extinctions and cold water oceans. Geology 1986, 14:835-839.
57. Copper P. Silurian and Devonian reefs. 80MillionYears of Global Greenhouse between Two Ice Ages, Phanerozoic Reef Patterns, Volume SEPM Special Publication No. 72 2002, 181-238. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology, Tulsa.
58. Courtillot V., Besse J., Vandamme D., Montigny R., Jaeger J.J., Cappetta H. Deccan flood basalts at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1986, 80:361-374.
59. Courtillot V., Renne P.R. On the ages of flood basalt events. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 2003, 335:113-140.
60. Crowley T.J., North G.R. Abrupt climate change and extinction events in Earth history. Science 1988, 240:996-1002.
61. D'Hondt S. Consequences of the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction for marine ecosystems. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Evolutionary Systematics 2005, 36:295-317.
62. D'Hondt S., Pilson M.E.Q., Sigurdsson H., Hanson A.K., Carey S. Surface-water acidification and extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Geology 1994, 22:983-986.
63. 2 production by the anammox reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Nature 2003, 422:606-608.
64. Dilek Y., Ernst R. Links between ophiolites and Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) in Earth history: introduction. Lithos 2008, 100:1-13.
65. Downie C. Acritarchs in British Stratigraphy 1984, The Geological Society of London, London, 1-26 pp.
66. Dumitrescu M., Brassell S. Compositional and isotopic characteristics of organic matter for the early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event at Shatsky Rise, ODP Leg 198. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2006, 235:168-191.
67. Elsik W.C. Reduviasporonites Wilson 1962: Synonomy of the fungal organiam infolved in the Late Permian crisis. Palynology 1999, 23:37-41.
68. Emanuel K. Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30years. Nature 2005, 436:686-688.
69. Erba E., Bartolini A., Larson R.L. Valinginian Weissert oceanic anoxic event. Geology 2004, 32:149-152.
70. Erbacher J., Huber B.T., Norris R.D., Markey M. Increased thermohaline stratification as a possible cause for an ocean anoxic event in the Cretaceous period. Nature 2001, 409:325-327.
71. Erwin D.H. The Great Paleozoic Crisis: Life and Death in the Permian 1993, Columbia University Press, 327 pp.
72. Erwin D.H. Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250MillionYears Ago 2006, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 296 pp.
73. Fischer A.G., Arthur M.A. Secular variations in the pelagic realm. Deep Water Carbonate Environments, Volume SEPM Special Publication No. 25 1977, 19-50. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa. H.E. Cook, P. Enos (Eds.).
74. Follmi K.B. The phosphorus cycle, phosphogenesis and marine phosphate-rich deposits. Earth Science Reviews 1996, 40:55-124.
75. Forster A., Schouten S., Moriya K., Wilson P.A., Sinninghe Damsté J.S. Tropical warming and intermittent cooling during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2: sea surface temperature records from the equatorial Atlantic. Paleoceanography 2007, 22:1-14.
76. Fortey R.A., Cocks L.R.M. Late Ordovician global warming - the Boda event. Geology 2005, 33:405-408.
77. Foster C.A., Stephenson M.H., Marshall C., Logan G.A., Greenwood P.F. A revision of Reduviasporonites Wilson 1962: description, illustration, comparison, and biological affinities. Palynology 2002, 26:35-58.
78. Friedrich O., Erbacher J., Moriya K., Wilson P., Kuhnert H. Warm saline intermediate waters in the Cretaceous tropical Atlantic Ocean. Nature Geoscience 2008, 1:453-457.
79. Galimov E.M. The Biological Fractionation of Isotopes 1985, Academic Press, Orlando, 261 pp.
80. Ganino C., Arndt N.T. Climate changes caused by degassing of sediments during the emplacement of large igneous provinces. Geology 2009, 37:323-326.
81. Gensel P.G. The earliest land plants. Annual Review of Ecology, and Evolution, and Systematics 2008, 39:459-477.
82. Gharaie M.H.M., Matsumoto R., Racki G., Kakuwa Y. Chemostratigraphy of Frasnian-Famennian transition, in Monechi. Large Ecosystem Perturbations: Causes and Consequences, Volume Geological Society of America Special Paper 424 2007, 109-125. Geological Society of America, Boulder, USA. S. Monechi, R. Coccioni, M.R. Rampino (Eds.).
83. Glass J.B., Wolfe-Simon F., Anbar A.D. Coevolution of metal availability and nitrogen assimilation in cyanobacteria and algae. Geobiology 2009, 7:100-123.
84. Glass L.M., Phillips D. The Kalkarindji continental flood basalt province: a new Cambrian large igneous province in Australia with possible links to faunal extinctions. Geology 2006, 34:461-464.
85. Goddéris Y., Joachimski M.M. Global change in the Late Devonian: Modeling the Frasnian-Famennian short-term carbon isotope excursions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2004, 202:309-329.
86. Grice K., Cao C., Love G.D., Böttcher M.E., Twitchett R.J., Grosjean E., Summons R.E., Turgeon S.C., Dunning W., Jin Y. Photic zone euxinia during the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event. Science 2005, 307:706-709.
87. Groves J.R., Rettori R., Payne J.L., Boyce M.D., Altiner D. End-Permian mass extinction of lagenide foraminifers in the southern Alps (Northern Italy). Journal of Paleontology 2007, 81:415-434.
88. Hallam A. Why was there a delayed radiation after the end-Palaeozoic extinctions?. Historical Biology 1991, 5:257-262.
89. Hallam A., Wignall P.B. Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath 1997, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 320 pp.
90. Hallam A., Wignall P.B. Mass extinctions and sea-level changes. Earth Science Reviews 1999, 48:217-250.
91. Haq B.U., Hardenbol J., Vail P.R. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 1987, 235:1156-1167.
92. Haq B.U., Schutter S.R. A chrolonology of Paleozoic sea-level changes. Science 2008, 322:64-68.
93. Heimhofer U., Hesselbo S.P., Pancost R.D., Martill D.M., Hochuli P.A., Guzzo J.V.P. Evidence for photic-zone euxinia in the early Albian Santana Formation (Araripe Basin, NE Brazil). Terra Nova 2008, 20:347-354.
94. Herschberger K.L., Barns S.M., Reysenbach A.-L., Dawson S.C., Pace N.R. Wide diversity of Crenarchaeota. Nature 1996, 384:420.
95. Hesselbo S.P., Grocke D.R., Jenkyns H.C., Bjerrum C.J., Farrimond P., Morgans Bell H.S., Green O.R. Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event. Nature 2000, 406:392-395.
96. Hesselbo S.P., Robinson S.A., Surlyk F. Sea-level change and facies development across potential Triassic-Jurassic boundary horizons, SW Britain. Journal of the Geological Society of London 2004, 161:365-379.
97. Hesselbo S.P., Robinson S.A., Surlyk F., Piasecki S. Terrestrial and marine extinction at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary synchronized with major carbon-cycle perturbation: a link to initiation of massive volcanism?. Geology 2002, 30:251-254.
98. Heydari E., Arzani N., Hassanzadeh J. Mantle plume: the invisible serial killer - application to the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 264:147-162.
99. Hillbun K., Ward P.D., Kirschvink J., Hocking R. First recognition of shallow water, low oxygen environments in the Devonian of the Canning Basin, Australia: importance of the Givetian/Frasnian mass extinction. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 2008, 40:97.
100. Hofmann M., Morales Maqueda M.A. Geothermal heat flux and its influence on the oceanic abyssal circulation and radiocarbon distribution. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36:1-4.
101. Holser W.T. Catastrophic chemical events in the history of the ocean. Nature 1977, 267:403-408.
102. Holser W.T., Schönlaub H.-P., Attrep M.J., Boeckelmann K., Klein P., Magaritz M., Orth C.J., Fenninger A., Jenny C., Kralik M., Mauritsch H., Pak E., Schramm J.-M., Stattegger K., Schmöller R. A unique geochemical record at the Permian/Triassic boundary. Nature 1989, 337:39-44.
103. Holser W.T., Magaritz M., Ripperday R.L. Global isotopic events. Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic 1996, 63-88. Springer, Berlin. O.H. Walliser (Ed.).
104. Hori R.S., Fujiki T., Inoue E., Kimura J.-I. Platinum group element anomalies and bioevents in the Triassic-Jurassic deep-sea sediments of Panthalassa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 244:391-406.
105. Hotinski R.M., Bice K.L., Kump L.R., Najjar R.G., Arthur M.A. Ocean stagnation and end-Permian anoxia. Geology 2001, 29:7-10.
106. Hotinski R.M., Kump L.R., Najjar R.G. Opening Pandora's box: the impact of open system modeling on interpretations of anoxia. Paleoceanography 2000, 15:267-279.
107. Hough M.L., Shields G.A., Evins L.Z., Strauss H., Henderson R.A., Mackenzie S. A major sulphur isotope event at c. 510Ma: a possible anoxia-extinction-volcanism connection during the Early-Middle Cambrian transition?. Terra Nova 2006, 18:257-263.
108. Hsu K.J., He Q., McKenzie J.A., Weissert H., Perch-Nielsen K., Oberhansli H., Kelts K., LaBreque J., Tauxe L., Krahenbuhl U., Percival S.F., Wright R., Karpoff A.M., Petersen N., Tucker P., Poore R.Z., Gombos A.M., Pisciotto K.A., Carman M.F., Schreiber E. Mass mortality and its environmental and evolutionary consequences. Science 1982, 216:249-256.
109. Huff W.D., Bergström S.M., Kolata D.R. Gigantic Ordovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Europe: biological, telemagmatic, and event-stratigraphy significance. Geology 1992, 20:875-878.
110. 2 as a possible trigger for the end-Triassic mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2005, 217:223-242.
111. Ingall E., Bustin R.M., Van Cappellen P. Influence of water column anoxia on the burial and preservation of carbon and phosphorus in marine shales. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1993, 57:303-316.
112. Isozaki Y. Permo-Triassic boundary superanoxia and stratified superocean: records from lost deep sea. Science 1997, 276:235-238.
113. Ito M., Ishigaki A., Nishikawa T., Saito T. Temporal variation in the wavelength of hummocky cross-stratification: implications for storm intensity through Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Geology 2001, 29:87-89.
114. Jahren A.H., Sternberg L.S.L. Humidity estimate for the middle Eocene Arctic rain forest. Geology 2003, 31:463-466.
115. Jenkyns H.C. Cretaceous anoxic events: from continents to oceans. Journal of the Geological Society 1980, 137.
116. Jenkyns H.C. The early Toarcian (Jurassic) anoxic event: stratigraphic, sedimentary, and geochemical evidence. American Journal of Science 1988, 288:101-151.
117. Jenkyns H.C. Evidence for rapid climate change in the Mesozoic-Palaeogene greenhouse world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2003, 361:1885-1916.
118. Jenkyns H.C., Clayton C.J. Lower Jurassic epicontinental carbonates and mudstones from England and Wales: chemostratigraphic signals and the early Toarcian anoxic event. Sedimentology 1997, 44:687-706.
119. Jenkyns H.C., Gale A.S., Corfield R.M. Carbon-isotope and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of the English Chalk and Italian Scaglia and its paleoclimatic significance. Geological Magazine 1994, 131.
120. Jenkyns H.C., Gröcke D.R., Hesselbo S.P. Nitrogen isotope evidence for water mass denitrification during the early Toarcian (Jurassic) ocean anoxic event. Paleoceanography 2001, 16.
121. Jenkyns H.C., Matthews A., Tsikos H., Erel Y. Nitrate reduction, sulfate reduction, and sedimentary iron isotope evolution during the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event. Paleoceanography 2007, 22:1-17.
122. Jin Y.G., Wang Y., Wang W., Shang Q.H., Cao C.Q., Erwin D.H. Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China. Science 2000, 289:432-436.
123. Joachimski M.M. Comparison of organic and inorganic carbon isotopic patterns across the Frasnian-Famennian boundary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1997, 132:133-145.
124. Joachimski M.M., Breisig S., Buggisch W., Talent J.A., Mawson R., Gereke M., Morrow J.R., Day J., Weddige K. Devonian climate and reef evolution: insights from oxygen isotopes in apatite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 284:599-609.
125. Joachimski M.M., Buggisch W. Anoxic events in the late Frasnian - Causes of the Frasnian-Famennian faunal crisis?. Geology 1993, 21:675-678.
126. Joachimski M.M., Buggisch W. Conodont apatite ∂18O signatures indicate climate cooling as a trigger of the Late Devonian (F-F) mass extinction. Geology 2002, 30:711-714.
127. Joachimski M.M., Pancost R.D., Freeman K.H., Ostertag-Henning C., Buggisch W. Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Frasnian-Famennian transition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2002, 181:91-109.
128. 86Sr values over the Early-Middle Frasnian boundary (Late Devonian) recorded in well-preserved conodont elements from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 269:166-175.
129. Johnson J.G., Klapper G., Sandberg C.A. Devonian eustatic fluctuations in Euramerica. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1985, 96:567-587.
130. Johnston T.C., Alley R.B. Possible role for dust or other northern forcing of ice-age carbon dioxide changes. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:3198-3206.
131. Junium C.K., Arthur M.A. Nitrogen cycling during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event II. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2007, 8:1-18.
132. Kampschulte A., Strauss H. The sulfur isotopic evolution of Phanerozoic seawater based on the analysis of structurally substituted sulfate in carbonates. Chemical Geology 2004, 204:255-286.
133. Kashiyama Y., Ogawa N.O., Kuroda J., Shiro M., Nomoto S., Tada R., Kitazato H., Ohkouchi N. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria as the major photoautotrophs during mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: nitrogen and carbon isotopic evidence from sedimentary porphyrin. Organic Geochemistry 2008, 39:532-549.
134. Keith M.L. Violent volcanism, stagnant oceans and some inferences regarding petroleum, strata-bound ores and mass extinctions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1982, 46:2621-2637.
135. Keller G., Abramovich S., Berner Z., Adatte T. Biotic effects of the Chicxulub impact, K-T catastrophe and sea level change in Texas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 271:52-68.
136. Keller G., Adatte T., Stinnesbeck W., Rebolledo-Vieyra M., Fucugauchi J.U., Kramar U., Stuben D. Chicxulub impact predates the K-T boundary mass extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2004, 101. 3753-3578.
137. Keller G., Stinnesbeck W. Sea-level changes, clastic deposits, and metsunamis across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes 1996, 415-449. W.W. Norton and Company, New York. N. MacLeod, G. Keller (Eds.).
138. Kemp D.B., Coe A.L., Cohen A.S., Schwark L. Astronomical pacing of methane release in the Early Jurassic period. Nature 2005, 437:396-399.
139. Kennett J.P., Stott L.D. Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. Nature 1991, 353:225-229.
140. Kenrick P., Crane P.R. The origin and early evolution of plants on land. Nature 1997, 389:33-39.
141. Kerr A.C. Oceanic plateau formation: a cause of mass extinction and black shale deposition around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1998, 155:619-626.
142. Kerr A.C. Oceanic LIPs: the kiss of death. Elements 2005, 1:289-292.
143. Kidder D.L. Petrology and origin of phosphate nodules from the midcontinent Pennsylvanian epicontinental sea. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1985, 55:809-816.
144. Kidder D.L., Worsley T.R. Causes and consequences of extreme Permo-Triassic warming to globally equable climate and relation to the Permo-Triassic extinction and recovery. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2004, 203:207-237.
145. Kiehl J.T., Shields C.A. Climate simulation of the latest Permian: implications for mass extinction. Geology 2005, 33:757-760.
146. Kiehl J.T., Shields C.A. Modeling the Climates of the Mid and Latest Permian: American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, v. Abstract #PP22A-06 2007.
147. Knoll A.H., Bambach R.K., Canfield D.E., Grotzinger J.P. Comparative earth history and Late Permian mass extinction. Science 1996, 273:452-457.
148. Knoll A.H., Bambach R.K., Payne J.L., Pruss S., Fischer W.W. Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 256:295-313.
149. Korty R.L., Emanuel K.A., Scott J.R. Tropical cyclone-induced upper-ocean mixing and climate: application to equable climates. Journal of Climate 2008, 21:638-654.
150. Kump L.R. Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: Strangelove oceans. Geology 1991, 19:299-302.
151. Kump L.R., Arthur M.A. Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: carbonates and organic matter. Chemical Geology 1999, 161:181-198.
152. 2 during the Late Ordovician. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1999, 152:173-187.
153. Kump L.R., Pavlov A., Arthur M.A. Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia. Geology 2005, 33:397-400.
154. Kump L.R., Pollard D. Amplification of Cretaceous warmth by biological cloud feedbacks. Science 2008, 320:195.
155. Kuroda J., Nanako O., Tanimizu M., Coffin M.F., Tokuyama H., Kitazato H., Ohkouchi N. Contemporaneous massive subaerial volcanism and Late Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 256:211-223.
156. Kuypers M.M., Blokker P., Erbacher J., Kinkel H., Pancost R.D., Schouten S., Sinninghe Damsté J.S. Massive expansion of marine Archaea during a mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event. Science 2001, 293:92-94.
157. 2 concentration during Cretaceous times. Nature 1999, 399:342-345.
158. 2-fixing cyanobacteria supplied nutrient N for Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events. Geology 2004, 32:853-856.
159. Kuypers M.M.M., Pancost R.D., Nijenhuis L.A., Sinninghe Damsté J.S. Enhanced productivity led to increased organic carbon burial in the euxinic North Atlantic basin during the late Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event. Paleoceanography 2002, 17. 3-1 to 3-13.
160. Labandeira C. The origin of herbivory on land: initial patterns of plant tissue consumption by arthropods. Insect Science 2007, 14:259-275.
161. Lai X., Wang W., Wignall P.B., Bond D.P.G., Jiang H., Ali J.R., John E.H., Sun Y. Palaeoenvironmental change during end-Guadalupian (Permian) mass extinction in Sichuan, China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2008, 269:78-93.
162. LaPorte D.F., Holmden C., Patterson W.P., Loxton J.D., Melchin M.J., Mitchell C.E., Finney S.C., Sheets H.D. Local and global perspectives on carbon and nitrogen cycling during the Hirnantian glaciation. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 2009, 276:182-195.
163. Large Igneous Provinces Commision website: http://www.largeigneousprovinces.org.
164. Larson R.L. Geological consequences of superplumes. Geology 1991, 19:963-966.
165. Lehmann B., Nagler T.F., Holland H.D., Wille M., Mao J., Pan J., Ma D., Dulski P. Highly metalliferous carbonaceous shale and Early Cambrian seawater. Geology 2007, 35:403-406.
166. Levman B.G., von Bitter P.H. The Frasnian-Famennian (mid-Late Devonian) boundary in the type section of the Long Rapids Formation, James Bay Lowlands, northern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2002, 39:1795-1818.
167. Li L., Keller G. Abrupt deep-sea warming at the end of the Cretaceous. Geology 1998, 26:995-998.
168. Litchman E. Resource competition and the ecological success of phytoplankton. Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea 2007, 351-375. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P.G. Falkowski, A.H. Knoll (Eds.).
169. Ludvigson G.A., González L.A., Pagani M. Stable Isotope Proxies for Polar Paleoprecipitation in Ancient Greenhouse Worlds: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 2008.
170. Marshall J.D., Brenchley P.J., Mason P., Wolff G.A., Astini R.A., Hints L., Meidla T. Global carbon isotopic events associated with mass extinction and glaciation in the late Ordovician. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1997, 132:195-210.
171. 2 exchange: the iron hypothesis. Paleoceanography 1990, 5:1-13.
172. Marzoli A., Bertrand H., Knight K.B., Cirilli S., Buratti N., Verati C., Nomade S., Renne P.R., Youbi N., Martini R., Allenbach K., Neuwerth R., Rapaille C., Zaninetti L., Bellieni G. Synchrony of the Central Atlantic magmatic province and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary climatic and biotic crisis. Geology 2004, 32:973-976.
173. Mayhew P.J., Jenkins G.B., Benton T.G. A long-term association between global temperature and biodiversity, origination and extinction in the fossil record. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2007, 1-7.
174. McElwain J.C., Beerling D.J., Woodward F.I. Fossil plants and global warming at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Science 1999, 285:1386-1390.
175. McElwain J.C., Wade-Murphy J., Hesselbo S.P. Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to the intrusion into Gondwana coals. Nature 2005, 435:479-482.
176. McGhee G.R.J. The Late Devonian Mass Extinction: The Frasnian/Famennian Crisis 1996, Columbia University Press, New York, 378 pp.
177. Miller K.G., Sugarman P.J., Browning J.V., Kominz M.A., Hernandez J.C., Olsson R.K., Wright J.D., Feigenson M.D., Van Sickel W. Late Cretaceous chronology of large, rapid sea-level changes: glacioeustasy during the greenhouse world. Geology 2003, 31:585-588.
178. Mingram B., Bräuer K. Ammonium concentrations and nitrogen isotope composition in metasedimentary rocks from different tectonometamorphic units of the European Variscan Belt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2001, 65:273-287.
179. Moore T.L., Worsley T.R. Orogenic enhancement of weathering and continental ice-sheet initiation. Special Paper 1994, 288:75-89. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. G.D. Klein (Ed.).
180. Morante R. Permian and Early Triassic isotopic records of carbon and strontium in Australia and a scenario of events about the Permian-Triassic boundary. Historical Biology 1996, 11:289-310.
181. Murphy A.E., Sageman B.B., Hollander D.J. Eutrophication by decoupling of the marine biogeochemical cycles of C, N, and P: a mechanism for the Late Devonian mass extinction. Geology 2000, 28:427-430.
182. Murphy J.B., Nance R.D., Cawood P.A. Contrasting modes of supercontinent formation and the conundrum of Pangea. Gondwana Research 2009, 15:408-420.
183. Newell N.D. Revolutions in the history of life. Geological Society of America Special Paper 1967, 89:63-91.
184. Nielsen J.K., Shen Y., Piasecki S., Stemmerik L. No abrupt change in redox condition caused the end-Permian marine ecosystem collapse in the East Greenland Basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 291:32-38.
185. Norris R.D., Bice K.L., Magno E.A., Wilson P.A. Jiggling the tropical thermostat in the Cretaceous hothouse. Geology 2002, 30:299-302.
186. Nunes F., Norris R.D. Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period. Nature 2006, 439:60-63.
187. Ohkouchi N., Kawamura K., Kajiwara Y., Wada E., Okada M., Kanamatsu T., Taira A. Sulfur isotope records around Livello Bonarelli (northern Apennines, Italy) black shale at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Geology 1999, 27:535-538.
188. Ouyang S., Utting J. Palynology of Upper Permian and Lower Triassic rocks, Meishan, Chanxing County, Zhejiang Province, China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 1990, 66:65-103.
189. Pálfy J., Demeny A., Haas J., Hetenyi M., Orchard M.T., Veto I. Carbon isotope anomaly and other geochemical changes at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Geology 2001, 29:1047-1050.
190. Pálfy J., Smith P.L. Synchrony between Early Jurassic extinction, oceanic anoxic event, and the Karoo-Ferrar flood basalt volcanism. Geology 2000, 28:747-750.
191. Pálfy J., Smith P.L., Mortensen J.K. Dating the end-Triassic and Early Jurassic mass extinctions, correlative large igneous provinces, and isotopic events. Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond 2002, 523-532. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. C. Koeberl, K.G. MacLeod (Eds.).
192. Palliani R.B., Mattioli E., Riding J.B. The response of marine phytoplankton and sedimentary organic matter to the early Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) ocean anoxic event in northern England. Marine Micropaleontology 2002, 46:223-245.
193. Panchuk K., Ridgwell A., Kump L.R. Sedimentary response to Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum carbon release: a model-data comparison. Geology 2008, 36:315-318.
194. Pancost R.D., Crawford N., Magness S., Turner A., Jenkyns H.C., Maxwell J.R. Further evidence for the development of photic-zone euxinic conditions during Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events. Journal of the Geological Society of London 2004, 161:353-364.
195. Papineau D., Mojzsis S.J., Karhu J.A., Marty B. Nitrogen isotopic composition of ammoniated phyllosilicates: case studies from Precambrian metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Chemical Geology 2005, 216:37-58.
196. Parra M., Moscardelli L., Lorente M.A. Late Cretaceous anoxia and lateral microfacies changes in the Tres Esquinas Member, La Luna Formation, Western Venezuela. Palaios 2003, 18:321-333.
197. Payne J.L., Kump L.R. Evidence for recurrent Early Triassic massive volcanism from quantitative interpretation of carbon isotope fluctuations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 256:264-277.
198. Payne J.L., Lehrmann D.J., Wei J., Orchard M.J., Schrag D.P., Knoll A.H. Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the End-Permian Extinction. Science 2004, 305:506-509.
199. Pearce C.R., Cohen A.S., Coe A.L., Burton K.W. Molybdenum isotope evidence for global ocean anoxia coupled with perturbations to the carbon cycle during the Early Jurassic. Geology 2008, 36:231-234.
200. Powell M.G. Climatic basis for sluggish macroevolution during the late Paleozoic ice age. Geology 2005, 33:381-384.
201. Prauss M.L. Availability of reduced nitrogen chemospecies in photic-zone waters as the ultimate cause for fossil prasinophyte prosperity. Palaios 2007, 22:489-499.
202. Qing H., Barnes C.R., Buhl D., Veizer J. The strontium isotopic composition of Ordovician and Silurian brachiopods and conodonts: relationships to geological events and implications for coeval seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1998, 62:1721-1733.
203. Quan T.M., van de Schootbrugge B., Field M.P., Rosenthal Y., Falkowski P.G. Nitrogen isotope and trace metal analysis from the Mingolsheim core (Germany): evidence of redox variations across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2008, 22:1-14.
204. Railsback L.B., Ackerly S.C., Anderson T.F., Cisne J.L. Paleontological and isotope evidence for warm saline deep waters in Ordovician oceans. Nature 1990, 343:156-159.
205. Raup D.M. Large-body impact and extinction in the Phanerozoic. Paleobiology 1992, 18:80-88.
206. Raymo M.E. Geochemical evidence supporting T.C. Chamberlin's theory of glaciation. Geology 1991, 19:344-347.
207. Redecker D., Kodner R., Graham L.E. Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician. Science 2000, 289:1920-1921.
208. Reichow M.K., Pringle M.S., Al'Mukhamedov A.I., Allen M.B., Andreichev V.L., Bulslov M.M., Davies C.E., Fedoseev G.S., Fitton J.G., Inger S., Medvedev A.Y., Mitchell C., Puchkov V.N., Safonova I.Y., Scott R.A., Saunders A.D. The timing and extent of the eruption of the Siberian Traps large igneous province: implications for the end-Permian environmental crisis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 277:9-20.
209. Retallack G.J. Postapocalyptic greenhouse paleoclimate revealed by earliest Triassic paleosols in the Sydney Basin, Australia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1999, 111:52-70.
210. Retallack G.J. Carbon dioxide and climate over the past 300 Myr. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A 2002, 360:659-673.
211. Retallack G.J., Feakes C.R. Trace fossil evidence for Late Ordovician animals on land. Science 1987, 235:61-63.
212. Retallack G.J., Metzger C.A., Greaver T., Jahren A.H., Smith R.M.H., Sheldon N.D. Middle-Late Permian mass extinction on land. Geological Society of America Bulletin 2006, 118:1398-1411.
213. Riccardi A., Kump L.R., Arthur M.A., D'Hondt S. Carbon isotopic evidence for chemocline upward excursions during the end-Permian event. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 248:73-81.
214. Richoz S., van de Schootbrugge B., Püttmann W., Heunisch C., Quan T.M., Fiebig J. Repeated photic zone euxinia after the Triassic-Jurassic mass-extinction event. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 2008.
215. 188Os record for the late Maastrichtian: distinguishing the chemical fingerprints of Deccan volcanism and the KP impact event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2009, 281:159-168.
216. Rohde R.A., Muller R.A. Cycles in fossil diversity. Nature 2005, 434:208-210.
217. Romps D.M., Kuang Z. Overshooting convection in tropical cyclones. Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36:1-5.
218. Rowland S.M. Archaeocyatha: a history of phylogenetic interpretation. Journal of Paleontology 2001, 75:1065-1078.
219. Rowland S.M., Gangloff R.A. Structure and paleoecology of Lower Cambrian reefs. Palaios 1988, 3:111-135.
220. Rowland S.M., Shapiro R.S. Reef patterns and environmental influences in the Cambrian and earliest Ordovician. Phanerozoic Reef Patterns, Volume SEPM Special Publication Number 72 2002, 95-128. Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM, Tulsa, USA. W. Kiessling, E. Flügel, J. Golonka (Eds.).
221. Saltzman M.R. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and the redox evolution of the Paleozoic oceans. Geology 2005, 33:573-576.
222. 13C) event and the Sauk II-Sauk III regression: new evidence from Laurentian basins in Utah, Iowa, and Newfoundland. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2004, 74:366-377.
223. Saltzman M.R., Davidson J.P., Holden P., Runnegar B., Lohman K.C. Sea-level-driven changes in ocean chemistry at an Upper Cambrian extinction horizon. Geology 1995, 23:893-896.
224. Saltzman M.R., Ripperdan R.L., Brasier M.D., Lohmann K.C., Robison R.A., Chang W.T., Peng S., Ergaliev E.K., Runnegar B. A global carbon excursion (SPICE) during the Late Cambrian: relation to trilobite extinctions, organic-matter burial and sea level. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2000, 162:211-223.
225. Saltzman M.R., Gonzalez L.A., Lohmann K.C. Earliest Carboniferous cooling step triggered by the Antler orogeny?. Geology 2000, 28:347-350.
226. Sandberg C.A., Morrow J.R., Ziegler W. Late Devonian sea-level changes, catastrophic events, and mass extinction. Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond 2002, 473-487. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. C. Koeberl, K.G. MacLeod (Eds.).
227. Saunders W.B., Ramsbottom W.H.C. The mid-Carboniferous eustatic event. Geology 1986, 14:208-212.
228. Schlanger S.O., Jenkyns H.C. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geologie en Mijnbouw 1976, 55:179-184.
229. 13C excursion. Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, Volume Geological Society Special Publication No. 26 1987, 371-399. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. J. Brooks, A.J. Fleet (Eds.).
230. Schouten S., van Kaam-Peters H.M.E., Rijpstra W.I.C., Schoell M., Sinninghe Damsté J.S. Effects of an oceanic anoxic event on the stable carbon isotopic composition of Early Toarcian carbon. American Journal of Science 2000, 300:1-22.
231. Schröder S., Grotzinger J.P. Evidence for anoxia at the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary: the record of redox-sensitive trace elements and rare earth elements in Oman. Journal of the Geological Society 2007, 164:175-187.
232. Schwark L., Empt P. Sterane biomarkers as indicators of Palaeozoic algal evolution and extinction events. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2006, 240:225-236.
233. Scott J.R., Marotzke J., Adcroft A. Geothermal heating and its influence on the meriodonal overturning circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:31141-31154.
234. Sephton M.A., Amor K., Franchi L.A., Wignall P.B., Newton R., Zonneveld J.-P. Carbon and nitrogen isotope disturbance and an end-Norian (Late Triassic) extinction event. Geology 2002, 30:1119-1122.
235. Sepkoski J.J. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 2002, 363:1-560.
236. Sepúlveda J., Wendler J.E., Summons R.E., Hinrichs K.-U. Rapid resurgence of marine productivity after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction. Science 2009, 326:129-132.
237. Sheehan P.M. The Late Ordovician mass extinction. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 2001, 29:331-364.
238. Shergold J.H., Brasier M.D. Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites - specialist studies: biochronology of Proterozoic and Cambrian phosphorites. Phosphate Deposits of the World, Volume 1: Proterozoic and Cambrian Phosphorites, Volume International Geological Correlation Programme Project 156: Phosphorites 1986, 295-326. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. P.J. Cook, J.H. Shergold (Eds.).
239. Signor P.W.I., Lipps J.H. Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns and catastrophes in the fossil record. Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth, Volume Geological Society of America Special Publication 190 1982, 291-296. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, USA. L.T. Silver, P.H. Schultz (Eds.).
240. Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Köster J. A euxinic southern North Atlantic Ocean during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1998, 158:165-173.
241. Sluijs A., Brinkhuis H., Schouten S., Bohaty S.M., John C.M., Zachos J.C., Reichart G.-J., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Crouch E.M., Dickens G.R. Environmental precursors to rapid light carbon injection at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature 2007, 450:1218-1221.
242. Sluijs A., Schouten S., Pagani M., Woltering M., Brinkhuis H., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Dickens J.R., Huber M., Reichart G.-J., Stein R., Matthiessen J., Lourens L.J., Pedenchouk N., Backman J., Moran K., Scientists T.E. Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum. Nature 2006, 441:610-613.
243. Sorauf J.E., Pedder A.E.H. Late Devonian rugose corals and the Frasnian-Famennian crisis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1986, 23:1265-1287.
244. Speijer R.P., Wagner T. Sea-level changes and black shales associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum: organic-geochemical and micropaleontologic evidence from the southern Tethyan margin (Egypt-Israel). Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, Volume Geological Society of America Special Paper 356 2002, 533-549. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. C. Koeberl, K.G. MacLeod (Eds.).
245. Stanley S.M. Paleozoic mass extinctions: shared patterns suggest global cooling as a common cause. American Journal of Science 1988, 288:334-352.
246. Stanley S.M., Powell M.G. Depressed rates of origination and extinction during the late Paleozoic ice age: a new state for the global marine ecosystem. Geology 2003, 31:877-880.
247. Stanley S.M., Yang X. A double mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic Era. Science 1994, 266:1340-1344.
248. Stephens N.P., Sumner D.Y. Late Devonian carbon isotope stratigraphy and sea level fluctuations, Canning Basin, Western Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2003, 191:203-219.
249. Stommel H. Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus 1961, 13:131-149.
250. Storey M., Duncan R.A., Swisher C.C.I. Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and the opening of the northeast Atlantic. Science 2007, 316:587-589.
251. Strother P.K. Acritarchs. Palynology: Principles and Applications, Volume 1. Principles 1996, 81-106. American Association of Stratigraphic Paleontologists Foundation, Dallas. J. Jansonius, D.C. McGregor (Eds.).
252. Summerhayes C.P. Organic-rich Cretaceous sediments from the North Atlantic. Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, Volume Geological Society Special Publication No. 26 1987, 301-316. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. J. Brooks, A.J. Fleet (Eds.).
253. Svensen H., Planke S., Malthe-Sorenssen A., Jamtveit B., Myklebust R., Eidem T.R., Rey S.S. Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warmup. Nature 2004, 429:542-545.
254. Swett K., Crowder R.K. Primary phosphatic oolites from the Lower Cambrian of Spitsbergen. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1982, 52:587-593.
255. Tanner L.H., Lucas S.G., Chapman M.G. Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions. Earth Science Reviews 2004, 65:103-139.
256. Taylor E.L., Ryberg P.E. Tree growth at polar latitudes based on fossil tree ring analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 255:246-264.
257. Thickpenny A., Legget J.K. Stratigraphic distribution and palaeo-oceanographic significance of European early Palaeozoic organic-rich sediments. Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, Volume Geological Society Special Publication No. 26 1987, 231-247. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. J. Brooks, A.J. Fleet (Eds.).
258. Thomas E. Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea: what perturbs the largest habitat on Earth?. Large Ecosystem Perturbations: Causes and Consequences, Volume Geological Society of America Special Paper 424 2007, 1-23. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, USA. S. Monechi, R. Coccioni, M.R. Rampino (Eds.).
259. Thompson J.B., Newton C.R. Late Devonian mass extinction: episodic climatic cooling or warming. Devonian of the World, Volume Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14 1988, 29-34. Calgary. N.J. McMillan, A.F. Embry, D.J. Glass (Eds.).
260. Trappe J. Pangean phosphorites - ordinary phosphorites genesis in an extraordinary world?. Pangea: Global Environments and Resources, Volume Memoir 17 1994, 469-478. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. A.F. Embry, B. Beauchamp, D.J. Glass (Eds.).
261. Trappe J. Phanerozoic Phosphorite Depositional Systems 1998, Springer-Verlag, 316 pp.
262. Trela W. Upper Ordovician mudrock facies and trace fossils in the northern Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, and their relation to oxygen- and sea-level dynamics. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 246:488-501.
263. Tremolada F., van de Schootbrugge B., Erba E. Early Jurassic schizosphaerllid crisis in Cantabria, Spain: implications for calcification rates and phytoplankton evolution across the Toarcian anoxic event. Paleoceanography 2005, 20. 11 pp.
264. Tripati A., Elderfield H. Deep-sea temperature and circulation changes at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science 2005, 308:1894-1898.
265. Turgeon S.C., Creaser R.A. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode. Nature 2008, 454:323-326.
266. Ufnar D.F., Gonzalez L.A., Ludvigson G.A., Brenner R.L., Witzke B.J. Evidence for increased latent heat transport during the Cretaceous (Albian) greenhouse warming. Geology 2004, 32:1049-1052.
267. Valentine J.W., Moores E.M. Plate-tectonic regulation of faunal diversity and sea level: a model. Nature 1970, 228:657-659.
268. 13C of fossil isorenieratene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 235:421-434.
269. Van Cappellen P., Ingall E.D. Benthic phosphorus regeneration, net primary production, and ocean anoxia: a model of the coupled marine biogeochemical cycles of carbon and phosphorus. Paleoceanography 1994, 9:677-692.
270. van de Schootbrugge B., Bailey T.R., Rosenthal Y., Katz M.E., Wright J.D., Miller K.G., Feist-Burkhardt S., Falkowski P.G. Early Jurassic climate change and the radiation of organic-walled phytoplankton in the Tethys Ocean. Paleobiology 2005, 31:73-97.
271. van de Schootbrugge B., McArthur J.M., Bailey T.R., Rosenthal Y., Wright J.D., Miller K.G. Toarcian ocean anoxic event: an assessment of global causes using belemnite C isotope records. Paleoceanography 2005, 20.
272. van de Schootbrugge B., Tremolada F., Rosenthal Y., Bailey T.R., Feist-Burkhardt S., Brinkhuis H., Pross J., Kent D.V., Falkowski P.G. End-Triassic calcification crisis and blooms of organic-walled 'disaster species'. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 244:126-141.
273. van Geldern R., Joachimski M.M., Day J., Jansen U., Alvarez F., Yolkin E.A., Ma X.-P. Carbon, oxygen and strontium records of Devonian brachiopod shell calcite. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2006, 240:47-67.
274. Vaughan A.P.M., Scarrow J.H. Ophiolite obduction pulses as a proxy indicator of superplume events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2003, 213:407-416.
275. Veron J.E.N. Mass extinctions and ocean acidification: biological constraints on geological dilemmas. Coral Reefs 2008, 27:459-472.
276. Visscher H., Brinkhuis H., Dilcher D.L., Elsik W.C., Eshet Y., Looy C.V., Rampino M.R., Traverse A. The terminal Paleozoic fungal event: evidence of terrestrial ecosystem destabilization and collapse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1996, 93:2155-2158.
277. Voigt S., Gale A.S., Voigt T. Sea-level change, carbon cycling and palaeoclimate during the Late Cenomanian of northwest Europe; an integrated palaeoenvironmental analysis. Cretaceous Research 2006, 27:836-858.
278. Walker J.G.C., Hays P.B., Kasting J.K. A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research 1981, 86:9776-9782.
279. Ward P.D. Under a Green Sky: Global Warming, the Mass Extinctions of the Past, and What They Mean for Our Future 2007, Smithsonian Books, New York, 242 pp.
280. Ward P.D., Haggart J.W., Carter E.S., Wilbur D., Tipper H.W., Evans T. Sudden productivity collapse associated with the Triassic-Jurassic boundary mass extinction. Science 2001, 292:1148-1151.
281. Ward P.D., Garrison G.H., Williford K.H., Kring D.A., Goodwin D., Beattie M.J., McRoberts C.A. The organic carbon isotopic and paleontological record across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary at the candidate GSSP section at Ferguson Hill, Muller Canyon, Nevada, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 244:281-289.
282. Wellman C.H., Osterloff P.L., Mohiuddin U. Fragments of the earliest land plants. Nature 2003, 425:282-285.
283. Wells N. The Atmosphere and Ocean: A Physical Introduction 1997, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 394 pp.
284. White R.V., Saunders A.D. Volcanism, impact and mass extinctions: incredible or credible coincidences?. Lithos 2005, 79:299-316.
285. Whiteside J.H., Olsen P.E., Eglinton T., Brookfield M.E., Sambrotto R.N. Compound-specific carbon isotopes from Earth's largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2010, 107:6721-6725.
286. Whiteside J.H., Olsen P.E., Kent D.V., Fowell S.J., Et-Touhami M. Synchrony between the Central Atlantic magmatic province and the Triassic-Jurassic mass-extinction event?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 244:345-367.
287. Wignall P.B. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. Earth Science Reviews 2001, 53:1-33.
288. Wignall P.B., Hallam A. Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1992, 93:21-46.
289. Wignall P.B., Hallam A. Griesbachian (Earliest Triassic) palaeoenvironmental changes in the Salt Range, Pakistan and southeast China and their bearing on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1993, 102:215-237.
290. Wignall P.B., Twitchett R.J. Oceanic anoxia and the end Permian mass extinction. Science 1996, 272:1155-1158.
291. Wignall P.B., Twitchett R.J. Extent, duration, and nature of the Permian-Triassic superanoxic event. Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, Volume Special Paper 356 2002, 395-413. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. C. Koeberl, K.C. MacLeod (Eds.).
292. Wignall P.B., Hallam A., Newton R.J., Sha J.G., Reeves E., Mattioli E., Crowley S. An eastern Tethyan (Tibetan) record of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) mass extinction event. Geobiology 2006, 4:179-190.
293. Wignall P.B., Zonneveld J.-P., Newton R.J., Amor K., Sephton M.A., Hartley S. The end Triassic mass extinction record of Williston Lake, British Columbia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 253:385-406.
294. Wignall P.B., Sun Y., Bond D., Izon G., Newton R.J., Védrine S., Widdowson M., Ali J.R., Lai X., Jiang H., Cope H., Bottrell S.H. Volcanism, mass extinction, and carbon isotope fluctuations in the Middle Permian of China. Science 2009, 324:1179-1182.
295. Wignall P.B., Védrine S., Bond D.P.G., Wang W., Lai X.-L., Ali J.R., Jiang H.-S. Facies analysis and sea-level change at the Guadalupian-Lopingian global stratotype (Laibin, South China), and its bearing on the end-Guadalupian mass extinction. Journal of the Geological Society of London 2009, 166:655-666.
296. Wilde P., Berry W.B.N. Progressive ventilation of the oceans - potential for return to anoxic conditions in the post-Paleozoic. Nature and Origin of Cretaceous Carbon-rich Facies 1982, 209-224. Academic Press, New York. S.O. Schlanger, M.B. Cita (Eds.).
297. Wilkin R.T., Barnes H.L., Brantley S.L. The size distribution of framboidal pyrite in modern sediments: an indicator of redox conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1996, 60:3897-3912.
298. Wilkin R.T., Barnes H.L. Formation processes of framboidal pyrite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1997, 61:323-339.
299. Wille M., Nägler T.F., Lehmann B., Schröder S., Kramers J.D. Hydrogen sulphide release to surface waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary. Nature 2008, 453:767-769.
300. Wilson P.A., Norris R.D. Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period. Nature 2001, 412:425-429.
301. Worsley T.R., Nance R.D. Carbon redox and climate control through Earth history: a speculative reconstruction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1989, 75:259-282. (Global & Planetary Change Section).
302. 2 levels and global temperatures inferred from changing paleogeography. Special Paper 1994, vol. 288:57-73. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. G.D. Klein (Ed.).
303. Zachos J. Rapid climate change during the Cenozoic. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 2008, 40:19-20.
304. Zachos J.C., Arthur M.A. Paleoceanography of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event: inferences from stable isotopic and other data. Paleoceanography 1986, 1:5-26.
305. Zachos J., Arthur M.A., Dean W.E. Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 1989, 337:61-64.
306. Zachos J.C., Rohl R., Schellenberg S.A., Sluijs A., Hodell D.A., Kelly D.C., Thomas E., Nicolo M., Raffi I., Lourens L.J., McCarren H., Kroon D. Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science 2005, 308:1611-1615.
307. Zachos J.C., Schouten S., Bohaty S., Quattlebaum T., Sluijs A., Brinkhuis H., Gibbs S.J., Bralower T.J. Extreme warming of mid-latitude coastal ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: inferences from TEX86 and isotope data. Geology 2006, 34:737-740.
308. Zachos J., Dickens G.R., Zeebe R.E. An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics. Nature 2008, 451:279-283.
309. Zhang R., Follows M.J., Grotzinger J.P., Marshall J. Could the Late Permian deep ocean have been anoxic?. Paleoceanography 2001, 16:317-329.
310. Zhou C., Jiang S.-Y. Palaeoceanographic redox environments for the lower Cambrian Hetang Formation in South China: evidence from pyrite framboids, redox sensitive trace elements, and sponge biota occurrence. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2009, 271:279-286.
311. Zhuravlev A.Y., Wood R.A. Anoxia as the cause of the mid-Early Cambrian (Botomian) extinction event. Geology 1996, 24:311-314.