Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea: What perturbs the largest habitat on Earth?

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 424, Issue , 2007, Pages 1-23

  Thomas, Ellen ^a,b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Deep sea benthic foraminifera; E O boundary; Extinction; Global cooling; Global warming; K Pg boundary; P E boundary

Indexed keywords

FOOD SUPPLY; GLOBAL WARMING; LIGHT EXTINCTION; PHYTOPLANKTON;

BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; BENTHO-PELAGIC COUPLING; COSMOPOLITAN SPECIES; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES; GLOBAL COOLING; MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE; PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY;

ECOSYSTEMS;

BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA; BIOMASS; CENOZOIC; CRETACEOUS; DEEP SEA; DISSOLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; FOOD SUPPLY; GLOBAL WARMING; MASS EXTINCTION; OLIGOCENE; OXYGENATION; PHOTIC ZONE; PHYTOPLANKTON; SEASONALITY; TURNOVER;

FORAMINIFERA;

EID: 75749101081     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/2007.2424(01)     Document Type: Article

References (357)

1. Adams, J.B., Mann, M.E., and D'Hondt, S., 2004, The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction: Modeling carbon flux and ecological response: Paleoceanog- raphy, v. 19, p. PA1002, doi: 10.1029/2002PA000849.
2. Agnini, C., Fornaciari, E., Giusberti, L., Backman, J., Capraro, L., and Grandesso, P., Luciani, V., Muttoni, G., Rio, D., and Tateo, F., 2005, The early Paleogene of the Valbelluna (Venetian Southern Alps), in Field Trip Guidebook Leg 208 Post-Cruise Meeting: Padua, Italy: University of Padua, 33 p.
3. Alegret, L., and Thomas, E., 2001, Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleogene benthic foraminifera from northeastern Mexico: Micropaleontology, v. 47, p. 269-316, doi: 10.2113/47.4.269.
4. Alegret, L., and Thomas, E., 2004, Benthic foraminifera and environmental turnover across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary at Blake Nose, Western Atlantic (ODP Hole 1049C): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 208, p. 59-83, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.028.
5. Alegret, L., and Thomas, E., 2005, Paleoenvironments across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the central North Pacific (DSDP Site 465), the Gulf of Mexico and the Tethys: The benthic foraminiferal record: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 224, p. 53-82, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.031.
6. Alegret, L., Molina, E., and Thomas, E., 2001, Benthic foraminifera at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary around the Gulf of Mexico: Geology, v. 29, p. 891-894, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0891:BFATCT>2.0.CO;2.
7. Alegret, L., Molina, E., and Thomas, E., 2003, Benthic foraminiferal turnover across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary at Agost (southeastern Spain): Paleoenvironmental inferences: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 48, p. 251-279.
8. Alegret, L., Kaminski, M.A., and Molina, E., 2004, Paleoenvironmental recovery after the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary crisis: Evidence from the marine Bidart section (SW France): Palaios, v. 19, p. 574-586.
9. Alegret, L., Ortiz, S., Arenillas, I., and Molina, E., 2005, Palaeoenvironmental turnover across the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary at the Stratotype section in Dababiya (Egypt) based on benthic foraminifera: Terra Nova, v. 17, p. 526-536, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2005.00645.x.
10. Altenbach, A.V., 1992, Short-term processes and patterns in the foraminiferal response to organic flux rates: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 19, p. 119-129, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(92)90024-E.
11. Altenbach, A.V., and Sarnthein, M., 1989, Productivity record in benthic foraminifers, in Berger, W.H., Smetacek, V.S., and Wefer G, eds., Productivity of the oceans: Present and past: New York, Springer, p. 255-269.
12. Altenbach, A.V., Pflaumann, U., Schiebel, R., Thies, A., Timm, M., and Trauth, M., 1999, Scaling percentages of benthic foraminifera with flux-rates of organic carbon: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 29, p. 173-185.
13. Alvarez, L.W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., and Michel, H.V., 1980, Extraterrest rial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction: Science, v. 208, p. 1095-1108, doi: 10.1126/science.208.4448.1095.
14. Alve, E., 1999, Colonization of new habitats by benthic foraminifera: A review: Earth Science Reviews, v. 46, p. 167-185, doi: 10.1016/S0012-8252(99) 00016-1.
15. Alve, E., and Goldstein, S.T., 2003, Propagule transport as a key method of dispersal in benthic foraminifera (Protista): Limnology and Oceanography, v. 48, p. 2163-2170.
16. Archer, D., 2007, Methane hydrates and anthropogenic climate change: Geophysical Review Letters (in press).
17. Archer, D., Martin, P., Buffett, B., Borvkin, V., Rahmstorf, S., and Ganopolky, A., 2004, The importance of ocean temperature to global biogeochemistry: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 222, p. 333-348, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.03.011.
18. 2 at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Evidence from terrestrial sediments: Palaios, v. 15, p. 314-322.
19. 13 C of a terrestrial biomarker at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary at Caravaca: Geology, v. 27, p. 723-726, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0723:SOPPAH>2.3.CO;2.
20. Armstrong, R.A., Lee, C., Hedges, J.L., Honjo, S., and Wakeham, S.G., 2001, A new, mechanistic model for organic carbon fluxes in the ocean, based on the quantitative association of POC with ballast minerals: Deep-Sea Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 49, p. 219-236, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00101-1.
21. Arthur, M.A., Scholle, P.A., and Hasson, P., 1979, Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon from Sites 398 and 116 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 47, p. 477-492.
22. Aubry, M.-P., Lucas, S.G., and Berggren, W.A., eds., 1998, Late Paleocene-early Eocene Biotic and Climatic events in the marine and terrestrial records: New York, Columbia University Press, 624 p.
23. Bach, W., Edwards, K.J., Hayes, J.M., Huber, J.A., Sievert, S.M., and Sogin, M.L., 2006, Energy in the dark: Fuel for life in the deep ocean and beyond: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 87, p. 73, 78.
24. Bains, S.R., Corfield, R., and Norris, R.D., 1999, Mechanisms of climate warming at the end of the Paleocene: Science, v. 285, p. 724-727, doi: 10.1126/science.285.5428.724.
25. Bak, K., 2005. Deep-water agglutinated foraminiferal changes across the Cretaceous/Tertiary and Paleocene/Eocene transitions in the deep flysch environment: Eastern Outer Carpathians (Bieszczady Mts., Poland), in Bubik, M., and Kaminski, M.A., eds., Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera: Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication, v. 8, p. 1-56.
26. Bambach, R.K., 1993, Seafood through time: Changes in biomass, energetics and productivity in the marine ecosystem: Paleobiology, v. 19, p. 372-397.
27. Barbieri, R., and Panieri, G., 2004, How are benthic foraminiferal faunas influenced by cold seeps? Evidence from the Miocene of Italy: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 204, p. 257-275, doi: 10.1016/S0031- 0182(03)00730-2.
28. Beaulieu, S.R., 2002, Accumulation and fate of phytodetritus on the sea floor: Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, v. 40, p. 171-428.
29. Beckmann, J.-P., 1960, Distribution of benthic foraminifera at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary of Trinidad (West Indies), in Report of the 21st session, Norden, v. 5: Copenhagen, International Geological Congress, p. 57-69.
30. Beerling, D.J., Lomax, B.H., Upchurch, G.R., Nichols, D.J., Pillmore, C.J., Handley, L.L., and Scrimgeous, C.M., 2001, Evidence for the recovery of terrestrial ecosystems ahead of marine primary production following a biotic crisis at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Geological Society [London] Journal, v. 158, p. 737-740.
31. 2 reconstruction across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary from leaf megafossils: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, v. 99, p. 7836-7840, doi: 10.1073/pnas.122573099.
32. Berger, W.H., and Wefer, G., 1990, Export production: Seasonality and inter-mittency, and palaeoceanographic implications: Palaeogeography, Palaeo-climatology, Palaeogeography, v. 89, p. 245-254, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182 (90)90065-F.
33. Berger, W.H., Fischer, K., Lai, C., and Wu, G., 1988, Ocean carbon flux: Global maps of primary production and export production, in Agegian, C.R., ed., Biogeochemical cycling and fluxes between the deep euphotic zone and other oceanic realms: National Underseas Research Program, Research Report, v. 1, p. 131-176.
34. Berggren, W.A., 1972, Cenozoic biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of the North Atlantic, in Laughton, A.S., Berggren, W.A., et al., eds., Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 12, p. 965-975.
35. Berggren, W.A., and Miller, K.G., 1989, Cenozoic bathyal and abyssal benthic foraminiferal zonations: Micropaleontology, v. 35, p. 308-320, doi: 10.2307/1485674.
36. Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C., and Aubry, M.-P., 1995, A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 54, p. 129-212.
37. Bernhard, J.M., 1986, Characteristic assemblages and morphologies of benthic foraminifera from anoxic, organic-rich deposits: Jurassic through Holocene: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 16, p. 207-215.
38. Bernhard, J.M., and Sen Gupta, B.K., 1999, Foraminifera of oxygen depleted environments, in Sen Gupta, B.K., ed., Modern Foraminifera: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 201-216.
39. Bernhard, J.M., Sen Gupta, B.K., and Borne, P.F., 1997, Benthic foraminiferal proxy to estimate dysoxic bottom water oxygen concentrations, Santa Barbara Basin, US Pacific continental margin: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 27, p. 301-310.
40. Bernhard, J.M., Buck, K.R., Farmer, M.A., and Bowser, S.S., 2000, The Santa Barbara Basin is a symbiosis oasis: Nature, v. 403, p. 77-80, doi: 10.1038/47476.
41. Bernhard, J.M., Buck, K.R., and Barry, J.P., 2001, Monterey Bay cold-seep biota: Assemblages, abundance and ultrastructure of living foraminifera: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 48, p. 2233-2249, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00017-6.
42. Bice, K., and Marotzke, J., 2002, Could changing ocean circulation have destabilized methane hydrate at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary?: Paleoceanography, doi: 10.1029/2001PA000678.
43. Boersma, A., Premoli-Silva, I., and Hallock, P., 1998, Trophic models for the well-mixed warm oceans across the Paleocene/Eocene epoch boundary, in Aubry, M.-P, Lucas, S.G., and Berggren, W.A., eds., Late Paleocene-early Eocene biotic and climatic events in the marine and terrestrial records: New York, Columbia University Press, p. 204-213.
44. Boltovskoy, E., 1980, On the benthonic bathyal zone foraminifera as stratigraphic guide fossils: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 10, p. 163-172.
45. Boltovskoy, E., 1984, On the size change of benthic foraminifera of the bathyal zone during the Oligocene-Quaternary interval: Revista Española de Micropaleontología, v. 16, p. 319-330.
46. Boltovskoy, E., 1987, Tertiary benthic foraminifera in bathyal deposits of the Quaternary world ocean: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 17, p. 279-285.
47. Boltovskoy, E., Scott, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1991, Morphological variations of benthic foraminiferal tests in response to changes in ecological parameters; a review: Journal of Paleontology, v. 65, p. 175-185.
48. Bornmalm, L., Corliss, B.H., and Tedesco, K., 1997, Laboratory observations of rates and patterns of movement of continental margin benthic foraminifera: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 29, p. 175-184, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(96)00013-8.
49. Bowen, G.J., Beerling, D.J., Koch, P., Zachos, J.C., and Quattelbaum, T., 2004, A humid climate state during the Palaeocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Nature, v. 432, p. 495-499, doi: 10.1038/nature03115.
50. Bowen, G.J., Bralower, T.J., Dickens, G.R., Delaney, M., Kelly, D.C., Koch, P.L., Kump, L.R., Meng, J., Sloan, L.C., Thomas, E., Wing, S.L., and Zachos, J.C., 2006, Disciplinary and cross-disciplinary study of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum gives new insight into greenhouse gas-induced environmental and biotic change: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 87, p. 165, 169.
51. Brady, H.B., 1884, Report on the foraminifera dredged by H.M.S. CHALLENGER during the years 1873-1876, in Murray, J., ed., Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876: Zoology, v. 9, 814 p.
52. Braga, G., De Biase, R., Gruenig, A., and Proto-Decima, F., 1975, Foraminiferi bentonici del Paleocene ed Eocene della Sezione de Possagno, in Bolli, H.M., ed., Monografia Micropaleontologica sul Paleocene e l'Eocene di Possagno, Provincia di Treviso, Italia: Schweizerische Palaeontologische Abhandlungen, Mémoires Suisses Paleontologiques, v. 97, p. 85-111.
53. Bralower, T.J., 2002, Evidence of surface water oligotrophy during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Nannofossil assemblage data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 690, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea: Paleoceanography, v. 17, 023, doi: 10.1029/2001PA000662.
54. Bralower, T.J., Thomas, D.J., Zachos, J.C., Hirschmann, M., Röhl, U., Sigurdsson, H., Thomas, E., and Whitney, D., 1997, High-resolution records of the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum and Caribbean volcanism: Is there a causal link?: Geology, v. 25, p. 963-965, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0963: HRROTL>2.3.CO;2.
55. Brasier, M.D., 1995a, Fossil indicators of nutrient levels. 1. Eutrophication and climate change, in Bosence, G.W.J., and Allison, P.A., eds., Marine palaeoenvironmental analysis from fossils: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 83, p. 113-132.
56. Brasier, M.D., 1995b, Fossil indicators of nutrient levels. 2. Evolution and extinction in relation to oligotrophy, in Bosence, G.W.J., and Allison, P.A., eds., Marine palaeoenvironmental analysis from fossils: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 83, p. 133-150.
57. Bremer, M.L., and Lohmann, G.P., 1982, Evidence for primary control of the distribution of certain Atlantic Ocean benthonic foraminifera by degree of carbonate saturation: Deep-Sea Research, v. 29, p. 987-998, doi: 10.1016/0198-0149(82)90022-X.
58. Buzas, M.A., Culver, S.J., and Jorissen, F.J., 1993, A statistical evaluation of the microhabitats of living (stained) infaunal benthic foraminifera: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 29, p. 73-76.
59. Cedhagen, T., Goldstein, S., and Gooday, A.J., 2002, A theme issue on the biology and biodiversity of "allogromiid" foraminifera: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 32, p. 331-333, doi: 10.2113/0320331.
60. Coccioni, R., and Galeotti, S., 1994, K-T boundary extinction: Geologically instantaneous or gradual event? Evidence from deep-sea ben- thic foraminifera: Geology, v. 22, p. 779-782, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994) 022<0779:KTBEGI>2.3.CO;2.
61. Coccioni, R., and Galeotti, S., 1998, What happened to small benthic foraminifera at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary?: Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 169, p. 271-279.
62. Coccioni, R., Fabbrucci, L., and Galeotti, S., 1993, Terminal Cretaceous deep-water benthic foraminiferal decimation, survivorship and recovery at Caravaca (SE Spain): Palaeopelagos, v. 3, p. 3-24.
63. Colosimo, A.B., Bralower, T.J., and Zachos, J.C., 2005, Evidence for lysocline shoaling at the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum on Shatsky rise, northwest Pacific, in Bralower, T.J., Premoli-Silva, I., and Malone, M.J., eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific results, v. 198, http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/198-SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/112.PDF.
64. Corliss, B.H., 1981, Deep-sea benthonic foraminiferal faunal turnover near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 6, p. 367-384, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(81)90007-4.
65. Corliss, B.H., 1985, Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera within deep-sea sediments: Nature, v. 314, p. 435-438, doi: 10.1038/314435a0.
66. Corliss, B.H., and Chen, C., 1988, Morphotype patterns of Norwegian Sea deep-sea benthic foraminifera and ecological implications: Geology, v. 16, p. 716-719, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0716:MPONSD>2.3.CO;2.
67. Coxall, H.K., D'Hondt, S., and Zachos, J.C., 2006, Pelagic evolution and environmental recovery after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction: Geology, v. 34, p. 297-300, doi: 10.1130/621702.1.
68. Cramer, B.S., and Kent, D.V., 2005, Bolide summer: The Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum as a response to an extraterrestrial trigger: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 224, p. 144-166, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo. 2005.03.040.
69. 13 C excursions in the late Paleocene-early Eocene (chrons C24n-C25n): Paleoceanography, v. 18, doi: 10.1029/2003PA000909.
70. Creaser, R.A., Gruetter, H., Carlson, J., and Crawford, B., 2004, Macrocrystal phlogopite Rb-Sr dates for the Ekati property kimberlites, Slave Province, Canada: Evidence for multiple intrusive episodes in the Paleocene and Eocene: Lithos, v. 76, p. 399-414, doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.039.
71. Crouch, E.M., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Brinkhuis, H., Morgans, H.E.G., Rogers, K.M., Egger, H., and Schmitz, B., 2001, Global dinoflagellate event associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Geology, v. 29, p. 315-318, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0315:GDEAWT>2.0.CO;2.
72. Culver, S.J., 1993, Foraminifera, in Lipps, J., ed., Fossil prokaryotes and protists: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Blackwell Scientific, p. 203-247.
73. Culver, S.J., 2003, Benthic foraminifera across the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary: A review: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 47, p. 177-226, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(02)00117-2.
74. Culver, S.J., and Buzas, M.A., 2000, Global latitudinal species diversity gradient in deep-sea benthic foraminifera: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 47, p. 259-262, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(99) 00055-2.
75. Culver, S.J., and Lipps, J., 2003, Predation on and by Foraminifera, in Kelley, P.H., Kowalewski, M., and Hansen, T.A., eds., Predator-prey interactions in the fossil record: New York, Kluwer Academic Publishers/Plenum Press, p. 7-32.
76. Cushman, J.A., 1940, Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use (third edition): Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 275 p.
77. Cushman, J.A., 1946, Upper Cretaceous foraminifera of the Gulf Coastal region of the United States and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 206, 241 p.
78. Day, S., and Maslin, M., 2005, Linking large impacts, gas hydrates and carbon isotope excursions through widespread sediment liquefaction and continental slope failure: The example of the K-T boundary event, in Kenkmann, T., Hörz, F., and Deutsch, A., eds., Large meteorite impacts III: Geological Society of America Special Paper 384, p. 239-258.
79. de Angelis, M.A., Lilley, M.D., Olson, E.J., and Baross, J.A., 1993, Methane oxidation in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceano- graphic Research Papers, v. 40, p. 1169-1186, doi: 10.1016/0967-0637(93)90132-M.
80. Del Giorgio, P.A., and Duarte, C.M., 2006, Respiration in the open ocean:Nature, v. 420, p. 379-384.
81. 2 during experimental blooms of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 19, p. GB2023, doi: 10.1029/2004GB002318.
82. D'Hondt, S., 2005, Consequences of the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction for marine ecosystems: Annual Reviews in Ecology and Systematics, v. 36, p. 295-317.
83. D'Hondt, S., Donaghay, P., Zachos, J.C., Luttenberg, D., and Lindinger, M., 1998, Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction: Science, v. 282, p. 276-279.
84. Dickens, G.R., 2001, Modeling the global carbon cycle with a gas hydrate capacitator: Significance for the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: Geophysical Monographs, v. 124, p. 19-38.
85. Dickens, G.R., O'Neil, J.R., Rea, D.K., and Owen, R.M., 1995, Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene: Paleoceanography, v. 10, p. 965-971, doi: 10.1029/95PA02087.
86. Dickens, G.R., Castillo, M.M., and Walker, J.C.G., 1997, A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: Simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate: Geology, v. 25, p. 259-264, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0259:ABOGIT>2.3.CO;2.
87. Di Napoli Alleata, E., Proto-Decima, F., and Pellegrini, G.B., 1970, Studio geologico, stratigrafico e micropaleontologico dei dintorni di Belluno: Memorie della Societá Geologica Italiana, v. 9, p. 1-128.
88. 3 He-Thymidine incorporation: Ecological significance: Microbial Ecology, v. 42, p. 549-561.
89. Dolenec, T., Pavsic, J., and Lojen, S., 2000, Ir anomalies and other elemental markers near the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary in a flysch sequence from the Western Tethys (Slovenia): Terra Nova, v. 12, p. 199-204, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00292.x.
90. Edelman-Furstenberg, Y., Scherbacher, M., Hemleben, C., and Almogi-Labin, A., 2001, Deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the central Red Sea: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 31, p. 48-59, doi: 10.2113/0310048.
91. Eldholm, E., and Thomas, E., 1993, Environmental impact of volcanic margin formation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 117, p. 319-329, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90087-P.
92. Emanuel, K., 2001, Contribution of tropical cyclones to meridional heat transport: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, p. 14,771-14,781.
93. Emanuel, K., 2002, A simple model of multiple climate regimes: Journal of Geophysical Research: v. 107, p. 4077, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001002.
94. Engel, A., Thoms, U., Riebesell, U., Rochelle-Newall, E., and Zondervan, I., 2004, Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon: Nature, v. 428, p. 929-932, doi: 10.1038/nature02453.
95. Erez, J., 2003, The source of ions for biomineralization in foraminifera and their implications for paleoceanographic proxies, in Dove, P.M., De Yoreo, J.J., and Weiner, S., eds., Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Biomin-eralization: Washington D.C., Mineralogical Society of America, v. 54, p. 113-149.
96. Ernst, S.R., Guasti, E., Dupuis, C., and Speijer, R.P., 2006, Environmental perturbation in the southern Tethys across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 60, p. 89-111.
97. 3 system in the oceans: Science, v. 305, p. 362-366, doi: 10.1126/science.1097329.
98. Finkel, Z.V., Katz, M.E., Wright, J.D., Schofield, O.M., and Falkowski, P.G., 2005, Climatically driven macroevolutionary patterns in the size of marine diatoms over the Cenozoic: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, v. 102, p. 8927-8932, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409907102.
99. Fontanier, C., Jorissen, F.J., Licari, L., Alexandre, A., Anschutz, P., and Carbonel, P., 2002, Live benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Bay of Biscay: Faunal density, composition and microhabitats: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 49, p. 751-785, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(01) 00078-4.
100. Fontanier, C., Jorissen, F.J., Chaillou, G., David, C., Anschutz, P., and Lafon, V., 2003, Seasonal and interannual variability of benthic foraminiferal faunas at 550 m depth in the Bay of Biscay: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 50, p. 457-494, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02) 00167-X.
101. Fontanier, C., Jorissen, F.J., Chaillou, G., Anschutz, P., Gremare, A., and Grivaud, C., 2005, Foraminiferal faunas from a 2800 deep lower canyon station from the Bay of Biscay: Faunal response to focusing of refractory organic matter: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 52, p. 1189-1227, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2005.01.006.
102. François, R., Honjo, S., Kirshfield, R., and Manganini, S., 2002, Factors determining the flux of organic carbon to the bathypelagic zone: Global Bio- geochemical Cycles, v. 16, p. 1087, doi: 10.1029/2001GB001722.
103. Friedrich, O., and Meijer, K.J.S., 2003, Stable isotopic indication for the cyst formation depth of Campanian/Maastrichtian calcareous dinoflagellates: Micropaleontology, v. 49, p. 375-380.
104. Gage, J.D., 1996, Why are there so many species in deep-sea sediments?: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 200, p. 257-286, doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02638-X.
105. Gage, J.D., 1997, High benthic species diversity in deep-sea sediments: The importance of hydrodynamics, in Ormond, R.F.G., Gage, J.D., and Angel, M.V., eds., Marine biodiversity: Patterns and processes: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 148-177.
106. Gage, J.D., and Tyler, P.A., 1991, Deep-sea biology: A natural history of organisms at the deep-sea floor: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 495 p.
107. Galeotti, S., Kaminski, M.A., Coccioni, R., and Speijer, R., 2005, High resolution deep water agglutinated foraminiferal record across the Paleocene/Eocene transition in the Contessa Road Section (Italy), in Bubik, M., and Kaminski, M.A., eds., Proceedings, Sixth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera: Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication 8, p. 83-103.
108. Gardin, S., and Monechi, S., 1998, Palaeoecological change in middle to low latitude calcareous nannoplankton at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France, v. 169, p. 709-723.
109. Gavrilov, Y.O., Kodina, L.A., Lubchenko, I.Y., and Muzylev, N.G., 1997, The late Paleocene anoxic event in epicontinental seas of Peri-Tethys and formation of the sapropelite unit; sedimentology and geochemistry: Lithology and Mineral Resources, v. 32, p. 427-450.
110. Gavrilov, Y.O., Shcherbinina, E., and Oberhaensli, H., 2003, Paleocene-Eocene boundary events in the northeastern peri-Tethys, in Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D, Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., Causes and consequences of globally warm climates of the Paleogene: Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, p. 147-168.
111. Geslin, E., Heinz, P., Jorissen, F., and Hemleben, C., 2004, Migratory responses of deep-sea benthic foraminifera to variable oxygen conditions: Laboratory investigations: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 53, p. 227-243, doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2004.05.010.
112. Gillooly, J.F., Brown, J.H., West, G.B., Savage, V.N., and Charnov, E.L., 2001, Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate: Science, v. 293, p. 2248-2251, doi: 10.1126/science.1061967.
113. Gillooly, J.F., Allen, A.P., West, G.B., and Brown, J.H., 2004, The rate of DNA evolution: Effects of body size and temperature on the molecular clock: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, v. 102, p. 140-145, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407735101.
114. Goldstein, S.T., 1999, Foraminifera: A biological overview, in Sen Gupta, B., ed., Modern Foraminifera: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 37-55.
115. Goldstein, S.T., and Corliss, B.H., 1994, Deposit feeding in selected deep-sea and shallow-water benthic foraminifera: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 41, p. 229-241, doi: 10.1016/0967-0637(94) 90001-9.
116. Gooday, A.J., 1988, A response by benthic Foraminifera to the deposition of phytodetritus in the deep sea: Nature, v. 332, p. 70-73, doi: 10.1038/332070a0.
117. Gooday, A.J., 1993, Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal species which exploit phytodetritus: Characteristic features and controls on distribution: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 22, p. 187-205, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(93)90043-W.
118. Gooday, A.J., 1999, Biodiversity of foraminifera and other protists in the deep sea: Scales and patterns: Belgian Journal of Zoology, v. 129, p. 61-80.
119. Gooday, A.J., 2002, Biological responses to seasonally varying fluxes of organic matter to the deep sea: A review: Journal of Oceanography, v. 58, p. 305-332, doi: 10.1023/A:1015865826379.
120. Gooday, A.J., 2003, Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: Environmental influences on faunal characteristics: Advances in Marine Biology, v. 46, p. 1-90.
121. Gooday, A.J., and Rathburn, A.E., 1999, Temporal variability in living deep-sea foraminifera: A review: Earth Science Reviews, v. 46, p. 187-212, doi: 10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00010-0.
122. Gooday, A.J., Levin, L.A., Linke, P., and Heeger, T., 1992, The role of benthic foraminifera in deep-sea food webs and carbon cycling, in Rowe, G.T., and Pariente, V., eds., Deep-sea food chains and the global carbon cycle: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 63-91.
123. Gooday, A.J., Shires, R., and Jones, A.R., 1997, Large, deep-sea agglutinated Foraminifera: Two differing kinds of organization and their possible ecological significance: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 27, p. 278-291.
124. Gooday, A.J., Bett, B.J., Shires, R., and Lambshead, P.J.D., 1998, Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal diversity in the NE Atlantic and NW Arabian Sea: A synthesis: Deep-Sea Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 45, p. 165-201, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00041-6.
125. Grassle, J.F., and Maciolek, N.J., 1992, Deep-sea species richness: Regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom samples: American Naturalist, v. 139, p. 313-341, doi: 10.1086/285329.
126. Gross, O., 1998, Untersuchungen zur Autooekologie, Wanderung und Bioturbation lebender benthischer Tiefsee-Foraminiferen (Protozoa): Berichte aus dem Zentrum fuer Meeres- und Klimaforschung der Universitaet Hamburg, Reihe E, Hydrobiologie und Fischereiwissenschaft. Nr. 15, 226 p.
127. Gross, O., 2000, Influence of temperature, oxygen and food availability on the migrational activity of bathyal benthic foraminifera: Evidence by microcosm experiments: Hydrobiologia, v. 426, p. 123-127, doi: 10.1023/ A:1003930831220.
128. Guichard, S., Jorissen, F., Bertrand, P., Gervais, A., Martinez, P., Peypouquet, J.P., Pujol, C., and Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., 1997, Foraminifŝres benthiques et paléoproductivité: Réflexions sur une carotte de l'upwelling (NW Africain): Compte Rendu de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des Planŝtes, v. 325, p. 65-60.
129. Hallock, P., 1987, Fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum: A factor in global diversity cycles?: Paleoceanography, v. 2, p. 457-471.
130. Hallock, P., Premoli-Silva, I., and Boersma, A., 1991, Similarities between planktonic and larger foraminiferal trends through Paleogene paleoceanographic changes: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 83, p. 49-64, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90075-3.
131. Hansen, H.J., 1999, Shell construction in modern calcareous foraminifera, in Sen Gupta, B.K., ed., Modern Foraminifera: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 57-70.
132. Hay, W.W., Floegel, S., and Soeding, E., 2005, Is the initiation of glaciation on Antarctica related to a change in the structure of the ocean?: Global and Planetary Change, v. 45, p. 23-33, doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.09. 005.
133. Hayward, B.H., 2001, Global deep-sea extinctions during the Pleistocene ice ages: Geology, v. 29, p. 599-602, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0599: GDSEDT>2.0.CO;2.
134. Hayward, B.W., 2002, Late Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene extinctions of deep-sea benthic foraminifera ("Stilostomella extinction") in the southwest Pacific: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 32, p. 274-307, doi: 10.2113/32.3.274.
135. Hayward, B., 2004, Foraminifera-based estimates of paleobathymetry using Modern Analogue Technique, and the subsidence history of the early Miocene Waitemata Basin: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 47, p. 749-767.
136. Hedges, J.I., and Keil, R.G., 1995, Sedimentary organic matter preservation: An assessment and speculative synthesis: Marine Chemistry, v. 49, p. 81-115, doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(95)00008-F.
137. Heinz, P., Hemleben, Ch., and Kitazato, H., 2002, Response of cultured deep-sea benthic foraminifera to different algal diets: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 49, p. 517-537, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(01) 00070-X.
138. Helly, J., and Levin, L.A., 2004, Global distribution of naturally occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 51, p. 1159-1168, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03. 009.
139. Hemleben, C.H., Anderson, O.R., Berthold, W., and Spindler, M., 1986, Calcification and chamber formation in Foraminifera-A brief overview, in Leadbeater, B.S.C., and Riding, R., eds., Biomineralization in lower plants and animals: Oxford, UK, Clarendon Press, Systematics Association Special Volume 30, p. 237-249.
140. Herguera, J.C., and Berger, W.H., 1991, Paleoproductivity from benthic foraminifer abundance: Glacial to postglacial change in the west equatorial Pacific: Geology, v. 19, p. 1173-1176, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1173: PFBFAG>2.3.CO;2.
141. Herndl, G.H., Reinthaler, T., Teira, E., van Aken, H., Veth, C., Pernthaler, A., and Pernthaler, J., 2005, Contribution of Archaea to total
142. Hess, S., and Kuhnt, W.A., 1996, Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal recolonization of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo ash layer: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 28, p. 171-197, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(95)00080-1.
143. Hess, S., Kuhnt, W., Hill, S., Kaminski, M., Holbourn, A., and De Leon, M., 2001, Monitoring the recolonization of the Mt. Pinatubo 1991 ash layer by benthic foraminifera: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 43, p. 119-142, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(01)00025-1.
144. Hickman, C.A., and Lipps, J.H., 1983, Foraminiferivory: Selective ingestion of foraminifera and test alterations produced by the neogastropod Oliva Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 13, p. 108-114.
145. Higgins, J.A., and Schrag, D.P., 2004, Model simulations of the global carbon and sulfur cycles: Implications for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum [abs.]: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), Fall Meeting Supplement, v. 85, no. 47, Abstract PP14A-01.
146. Hildebrand, A.R., Penfield, G.T., Pilkington, D.A., Camargo, Z.A., Jacobsen, S.B., and Boynton, W.V., 1991, Chicxulub crater: A possible Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact crater: Geology, v. 19, p. 867-871, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:CCAPCT>2.3.CO;2.
147. Hsü, K.J., and McKenzie, J., 1985, A "Strangelove Ocean" in the earliest Tertiary, in Broecker, W.S., and Sundquist, E.T., eds., The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2: Natural variations, Archean to Present: Geophysical Monograph 32, p. 487-492.
148. Hsü, K.J., He, Q., McKenzie, J., Weissert, H., Perch-Nielsen, K., Oberhaensli, H., Kelts, K., LaBrecque, J., Tauxe, L., Kraehenbuehl, U., Percival, S.F., Wright, R., Karpoff, A.M., Petersen, N., Tucker, P., Poore, R.Z., Gombos, A., Pisciotto, K., Carman, M.F., Jr., and Schreiber, E., 1982, Mass mortality and its environmental and evolutionary consequences: Science, v. 216, p. 249-256, doi: 10.1126/science.216.4543.249.
149. Hudson, T., and Magoon, L., 2002, Tectonic controls on greenhouse gas flux to the Paleogene atmosphere from the Gulf of Alaska accretionary prism: Geology, v. 30, p. 547-550, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0547: TCOGGF>2.0.CO;2.
150. Hughes, J.A., and Gooday, A.J., 2004, Associations between living benthic foraminifera and dead tests of Syringammina gracilissima (Xenophyophorea) in the Darwin Mounds region (NE Atlantic): Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 51, p. 1741-1758, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.06.004.
151. 2 contents: Global and Planetary Change, v. 8, p. 17-25, doi: 10.1016/0921-8181(93)90060-2.
152. Ivany, L.C., and Salawitch, R.J., 1993, Carbon isotopic evidence for biomass burning at the K-T boundary: Geology, v. 21, p. 487-490, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0487:CIEFBB>2.3.CO;2.
153. Jablonski, D., 2005, Mass extinctions and macroevolution: Paleobiology, v. 31, p. 192-210, doi: 10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0192:MEAM]2.0.CO;2.
154. Jackson, G.A., 2001, Effect of coagulation on a model planktonic food web: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 48, p. 95-123, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00040-6.
155. Jannasch, H., 1994, The microbial turnover of carbon in the deep-sea environment: Global and Planetary Change, v. 9, p. 289-295, doi: 10.1016/0921- 8181(94)90022-1.
156. Jorissen, F.J., 1999, Benthic foraminiferal microhabitats below the sediment-water interface, in Sen Gupta, B.K., ed., Modern Foraminifera: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 161-179.
157. Jorissen, F.J., and Rohling, E., eds., 2000, Foraminiferal proxies of paleo-productivity: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 40, p. 131-134, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00035-9.
158. Jorissen, F.J., de Stigter, H.C., and Widmark, J.G.V., 1995, A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 26, p. 3-15, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(95)00047-X.
159. Jorissen, F.J., Wittling, I., Peypouquet, J.P., Rabouille, C., and Relexans, J.C., 1998, Live benthic foraminiferal faunas off Cap Blanc, NW Africa: Community structure and microhabitats: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 45, p. 2157-2188, doi: 10.1016/S0967- 0637(98)00056-9.
160. Jorissen, F.J., Fontanier, C., and Thomas, E., 2007, Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics, in HillaireMarcel, C., and Vernal, A. de, eds., Proxies in Late Cenozoic paleoceanog- raphy (pt. 2): Biological tracers and biomarkers: Amsterdam, in press.
161. Kaiho, K., 1991, Global changes of Paleogene aerobic/anaerobic benthic foraminiferal and deep-sea circulation: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 83, p. 65-85, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90076-4.
162. Kaiho, K., 1992, A low extinction rate of intermediate-water benthic foraminifera at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 18, p. 229-259, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(92)90014-B.
163. Kaiho, K., 1994a, Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal extinction events during the last 100 m.y.: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 111, p. 45-71, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(94)90347-6.
164. Kaiho, K., 1994b, Benthic foraminiferal dissolved oxygen index and dissolved oxygen levels in the modern ocean: Geology, v. 22, p. 719-722, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0719:BFDOIA>2.3.CO;2.
165. Kaiho, K., 1998, Phylogeny of deep-sea calcareous trochospiral benthic foraminifera: Evolution and diversification: Micropaleontology, v. 44, p. 291-311, doi: 10.2307/1486051.
166. Kaiho, K., 1999, Effect of organic carbon flux and dissolved oxygen on the benthic foraminiferal oxygen index (BFOI): Marine Micropaleontology, v. 37, p. 67-76, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(99)00008-0.
167. Kaiho, K., Arinobu, T., Ishiwatari, R., Morgans, H.E., Okada, H., Takeda, N., Tazaki, K., Zhou, G., Kajiwara, Y., Matsumoto, R., Hirai, A., Niitsuma, N., and Wada, H., 1996, Latest Paleocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and environmental changes at Tawanui, New Zealand: Paleoceanography, v. 11, p. 447-465, doi: 10.1029/96PA01021.
168. Kaiho, K., Kajiwara, Y., Tazaki, K., Ueshima, M., Takeda, N., Kawahata, H., Arinobu, T., Ishiwatari, R., Hirai, A., and Lamolda, M.A., 1999, Oceanic primary productivity and dissolved oxygen levels at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Their decrease, subsequent warming, and recovery: Paleoceanography, v. 14, p. 511-524, doi: 10.1029/1999PA900022.
169. Kaiho, K., Takeda, K., Petrizzo, M.R., and Zachos, J.C., 2006, Anomalous shifts in tropical Pacific planktonic and benthic foraminiferal test size during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 237, 456-464.
170. Kajiwara, Y., and Kaiho, K., 1992, Oceanic anoxia at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary supported by the sulfur isotope record: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 99, p. 151-162, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(92)90012-T.
171. Kaminski, M.A., and Gradstein, F.M., 2005, Atlas of Paleogene cosmopolitan deep-water agglutinated foraminifera: Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication, v. 10, 547 p.
172. Kaminski, M.A., Grassle, J.F., and Whitlash, R.B., 1988, Life history and recolonisation among agglutinated foraminifera in the Panama Basin: Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, v. 41, p. 229-243.
173. Kaminski, M.A., Kuhnt, W.A., and Radley, J.D., 1996, Palaeocene-Eocene deep water agglutinated foraminifera from the Namibian Flysch (Rif, Northern Morocco): Their significance for the palaeoceanography of the Gibraltar Gateway: Journal of Micropalaeontology, v. 15, p. 1-19.
174. Karner, M.B., DeLong, E.F., and Karl, D.M., 2001, Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean: Nature, v. 409, p. 507-510.
175. Katz, M.E., Pak, D.K., Dickens, G.R., and Miller, K.G., 1999, The source and fate of massive carbon input during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: Science, v. 286, p. 1531-1533, doi: 10.1126/science.286.5444.1531.
176. Katz, M.E., Cramer, B.S., Mountain, G.S., Katz, S., and Miller, K.G., 2001, Uncorking the bottle: What triggered the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum methane release?: Paleoceanography, v. 16, p. 549-562, doi: 10.1029/ 2000PA000615.
177. Katz, M.E., Finkel, Z.V., Grzebyk, D., Knoll, A.H., and Falkowski, P.G., 2004, Evolutionary trajectories and biogeochemical impacts of marine eukaryotic phytoplankton: Annual Reviews of Ecological and Evolutionary Systematics, v. 35, p. 523-526, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys. 35.112202.130137.
178. Katz, M.E., Wright, J.D., Miller, K.G., Cramer, B.S., Fennel, K., and Falkowski, P., 2005, Biological overprint of the geological carbon cycle: Marine Geology, v. 217, p. 323-338, doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.08.005.
179. Kawagata, S., Hayward, B.H., Grenfell, H.R., and Sabaa, A., 2005, Mid-Pleistocene extinction of deep-sea foraminifera in the North Atlantic gateway (ODP Sites 980 and 982): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 221, p. 267-291, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.001.
180. Kelly, D.C., 2002, Response of Antarctic (ODP Site 690) planktonic foraminifera to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Faunal evidence for ocean/climate change: Paleoceanography, v. 17, 1071, doi: 10.l029/2002PA000761.
181. Kelly, D.C., Bralower, T.J., Zachos, J.C., Premoli-Silva, I., and Thomas, E., 1996, Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific (ODP Site 865) during the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Geology, v. 24, p. 423-426, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0423: RDOPFI>2.3.CO;2.
182. Kelly, D.C., Bralower, T.J., and Zachos, J.C., 1998, Evolutionary consequences of the latest Paleocene thermal maximum for tropical planktonic foraminifera: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 141, p. 139-161, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00017-0.
183. Kelly, D.C., Zachos, J.C., Bralower, T.J., and Schellenberg, S.A., 2005, Enhanced terrestrial weathering/runoff and surface-ocean carbonate production during the recovery stages of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Paleoceanography, v. 20, p. PA4023, doi: 10.1029/2005PA001163.
184. Kemp, A.E.S., Baldauf, J.G., and Pearce, R.B., 1995, Origins and paleoceanographic significance of laminated diatom ooze from the eastern equatorial Pacific: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, v. 138, p. 641-663.
185. Kemp, A.E.S., Pike, J., Pearce, R.B., and Lange, C.B., 2000, The "Fall Dump" - A new perspective on the role of a "shade flora" in the annual cycle of diatom production and export flux: Deep-Sea Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 47, p. 2129-2154, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00019-9.
186. Kennett, J.P., and Stott, L.D., 1991, Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene: Nature, v. 353, p. 225-229, doi: 10.1038/353225a0.
187. Kent, D.V., Cramer, B., Lanci, L., Wang, D., Wright, J., and van der Voo, R., 2003, A case for a comet impact trigger for the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal maximum and carbon isotope excursion: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 211, p. 13-26, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00188-2.
188. Kitazato, H., 1988, Locomotion of some benthic foraminifera in and on sediments: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 18, p. 344-349.
189. Kitchell, J.A., Clark, D.L., and Gombos, A.M., 1986, Biological selectivity of extinction: A link between background and mass extinction: Palaios, v. 1, p. 504-511.
190. Klaas, C., and Archer, D.E., 2002, Association of sinking organic matter with various types of mineral ballast in the deep sea; implications for the rain ratio: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 16, p. 1116, doi: 10.1029/2001GB001765.
191. Koch, P.L., Zachos, J.C., and Gingerich, P.D., 1992, Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary: Nature, v. 358, p. 319-322, doi: 10.1038/358319a0.
192. Koch, P.L., Clyde, W.C., Hepple, R.P., Fogel, M.L., Wing, S.L., and Zachos, J.C., 2003, Carbon and oxygen isotope records from paleosols spanning the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, in Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., Causes and consequences of globally warm climates of the Paleogene: Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, p. 49-64.
193. Kolber, Z.S., Van Dover, C.L., Niederman, R.A., and Falkowski, P.G., 2000, Bacterial photosynthesis in surface waters of the open ocean: Nature, v. 407, p. 177-179.
194. Kristensen, E., Ahmed, S.I., and Devol, A.H., 1995, Aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in marine sediment: Which is faster?: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, p. 1430-1437.
195. Kuhnt, W., 1992, Abyssal recolonization by benthic foraminifera after the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary anoxic event in the North Atlantic: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 19, p. 257-274, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398 (92)90032-F.
196. Kuhnt, W., and Kaminski, M.A., 1996, The response of benthic foraminifera to the K/T boundary event - A review, in Jardiné, S., Klasz, I. de, and Debenay, J.P, eds., Geologie de l'Afrique et de l'Atlantique Sud. Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploratoire et Productive, Elf-Aquitaine, Mémoires, v. 16, p. 433-442.
197. Kump, L.R., and Arthur, M.A., 1997, Global chemical erosion during the Cenozoic: Weatherability balances the budgets, in Ruddiman, W.R., ed., Tectonic uplift and climate change: New York, Plenum Press, p. 399-426.
198. Kurtz, A., Kump, L., Arthur, M., Zachos, J., and Paytan, A., 2003, Early Cenozoic decoupling of the global carbon and sulfur cycles: Paleoceanography, v. 18, p. 1090, doi: 10.1029/2003PA000908.
199. Lampitt, R.S., and Antia, A.N., 1997, Particle flux in deep seas: Regional characteristics and temporal variability: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 44, p. 1377-1403, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(97) 00020-4.
200. Laws, E.A., Falkowski, P.G., Smith, W.O., Jr., Dicklow, H., and McCarthy, J., 2000, Temperature effects on export production in the open ocean: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 14, p. 1231-1246, doi: 10.1029/1999GB001229.
201. Lee, J.J., 1980, Nutrition and physiology of the foraminifera, in Levansowsky, M., and Hunter, S.H., eds., Biochemistry and physiology of Protozoa: New York, Academic Press, p. 43-66.
202. Levin, L.A., 2003, Oxygen minimum zone benthos: Adaptation and community response to hypoxia: Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, v. 41, p. 1-45.
203. Levin, L.A., Etter, R.J., Rex, M.A., Gooday, A.J., Smith, C.R., Pineda, J., Stuart, C.T., Hessler, R.R., and Pawson, D., 2001, Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, v. 32, p. 51-93, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114002.
204. Levinton, J.S., 1996, Trophic groups and the end-Cretaceous extinction: Did deposit feeders have it made in the shade?: Paleobiology, v. 22, p. 104-112.
205. Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Boyer, T.P., and Stephens, C., 2000, Warming of the world ocean: Science, v. 287, p. 2225-2229, doi: 10.1126/science.287. 5461.2225.
206. Linke, P., and Lutze, G.F., 1993, Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera - A static concept or a dynamic adaptation to optimize food acquisition?: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 20, p. 215-234, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(93)90034-U.
207. Linke, P., Altenbach, A.V., Graf, G., and Heeger, T., 1995, Response of deep-sea benthic foraminifera to a simulated sedimentation event: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 25, p. 75-82.
208. Loeb, V., Siegel, V., Holm-Hansen, O., Hewitt, R., Fraser, W., Trivelpiece, W., and Trivelpiece, S., 1997, Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web: Nature, v. 387, p. 897-900, doi: 10.1038/43174.
209. Lohmann, G.P., 1978, Abyssal benthonic foraminifera as hydrographic indicators in the western South Atlantic: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 8, p. 6-34.
210. Lomax, B., Beerling, D.J., Upchurch, G., Jr., and Bliesner, B., 2001, Rapid (10-yr) recovery of terrestrial productivity in a simulation study of the terminal Cretaceous impact event: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 192, p. 137-144, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00447-2.
211. Loubere, P., 1991, Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage response to a surface ocean productivity gradient: A test: Paleoceanography, v. 6, p. 193-204.
212. Loubere, P., 1994, Quantitative estimation of surface ocean productivity and bottom water oxygen concentration using benthic foraminifera: Paleoceanography, v. 9, p. 723-737, doi: 10.1029/94PA01624.
213. Loubere, P., 1996, The surface ocean productivity and bottom water oxygen signals in deep water benthic foraminiferal assemblages: Marine Micro-paleontology, v. 28, p. 247-261, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(96)00004-7.
214. Loubere, P., 1998, The impact of seasonality on the benthos as reflected in the assemblages of deep-sea foraminifera: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 45, p. 409-432, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(97) 00092-7.
215. Loubere, P., and Fariduddin, M., 1999, Quantitative estimation of global patterns of surface ocean biological productivity and its seasonal variation on timescales from centuries to millennia: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 13, p. 115-133, doi: 10.1029/1998GB900001.
216. Lourens, L., Sluijs, A., Kroon, D., Zachos, J.C., Thomas, E., Roehl, U., Bowles, J., and Raffi, I., 2005, Astronomical modulation of late Palaeocene to early Eocene global warming events: Nature, v. 435, p. 1083-1087, doi: 10.1038/nature03814.
217. Mackensen, A., Schmiedl, G., Harloff, J., and Giese, M., 1995, Deep-sea foraminifera in the South Atlantic Ocean: Ecology and assemblage generation: Micropaleontology, v. 41, p. 342-358, doi: 10.2307/1485808.
218. Magioncalda, R., Dupuis, C., Smith, T., Steurbaut, E., and Gingerich, P.D., 2004, Paleocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion in organic carbon and pedogenic carbonate: Direct comparison in a continental stratigraphic section: Geology, v. 32, p. 553-556, doi: 10.1130/G20476.1.
219. Maslin, M.A., and Swann, G.E.A., 2006, Stable isotopes in marine sediments, in Leng, M.J., ed., Isotopes in Palaeoenvironmental Research: Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer, p. 227-290.
220. 13 C anomalies of carbonates and a new paradigm "gas hydrate hypothesis": Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, v. 101, p. 902-924.
221. Max, M.D., Dillon, W.P., Nishimura, C., and Hurdle, B.G., 1999, Sea-floor methane blow-out and global firestorm at the K-T boundary: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 18, p. 285-291, doi: 10.1007/s003670050081.
222. Milkov, A., 2004, Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: How much is really out there?: Earth Science Reviews, v. 66, p. 183-197, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2003.11.002.
223. Miller, K.G., Katz, M.E., and Berggren, W.A., 1992, Cenozoic deep-sea benthic foraminifera; a tale of three turnovers, in Studies in benthic foraminifera, BENTHOS '90, Sendai: Kanakawa, Japan, Tokai University Press, p. 67-75.
224. Moodley, L., van der Zwaan, Rutten, G.M.W., Boom, R.C.E., and Kempers, A.J., 1998, Subsurface activity of benthic foraminifera in relation to pore-water oxygen content: Laboratory experiments: Marine Micropaleontol- ogy, v. 34, p. 91-106.
225. Moodley, L., Boschker, H.T.S., Middleburg, J.J., Pel, R., Herman, P.M.J., De Deckere, E., and Heip, C.H.R., 2000, Ecological significance of benthic foraminifera: 13C labeling experiments: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 202, p. 289-295.
226. Moodley, L., Middelburg, J.J., Boschker, H.T.S., and Duineveld, G.C.A., Pel, R., Herman, P.M.J., and Heip, C.H.R., 2002, Bacteria and Foraminifera: Key players in a short-term deep-sea benthic response to phytodetritus: Marine Ecological Progress Series, v. 236, p. 23-29.
227. Morigi, C., Jorissen, F.J., Gervais, A., Guichard, S., and Borsetti, A.M., 2001, Benthic foraminiferal faunas in surface sediments off NW Africa: Relationship with organic flux to the sea floor: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 31, p. 350-368, doi: 10.2113/0310350.
228. Murray, J., 1895, Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the Years 1873-76 under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N. F.R.S. and the late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N. Prepared under the Superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson, Knt., F.R.S., &c. Regius Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh, Director of the Civilian Scientific Staff on board and now of John Murray, LL.D., Ph.D. &c. Available online at http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/ HMSC-INDEX/index-linked.htm with linked indices to all botanical and zoological reports.
229. Murray, J.W., 1991, Ecology and palaeoecology of benthic foraminifera: Harlow, UK, Longman, 397 p.
230. Murray, J.W., 2001, The niche of benthic foraminifera, critical thresholds and proxies: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 41, p. 1-7, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00057-8.
231. 234 Th approach: Deep-Sea Research Part II, Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 43, p. 1095-1132, doi: 10.1016/0967-0645(96)00036-7.
232. Nomaki, H., Heinz, P., Nakatsuka, T., Shimanaga, M., and Kitazato, H., 2005, Species-specific ingestion of organic carbon by deep-sea benthic foraminifera and meiobenthos: In situ tracer experiments: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 50, p. 134-146.
233. Nomura, R., 1991, Paleoceanography of Upper Maestrichtian to Eocene ben- thic foraminiferal assemblages at sites 752, 753 and 754, Eastern Indian Ocean: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific results, Volume 121: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 3-29.
234. Nomura, R., 1995, Paleogene to Neogene deep-sea paleoceanography in the eastern Indian Ocean: Benthic foraminifera from ODP Sites 747, 757 and 758: Micropaleontology, v. 41, p. 251-290, doi: 10.2307/1485862.
235. Nomura, R., and Takata, H., 2005, Data Report: Paleocene/Eocene benthic foraminifers, ODP Leg 199, Sites 1215, 1220, and 1221, Equatorial Central Pacific Ocean, in Wilson, P.A., Lyle, M., and Firth, J.V., eds., Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific results, Volume 199: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 1-34, doi: 10.2973/odp.proc.sr.199.223.2005.
236. Norris, R.D., and Berger, W.H., 2003, Methane blowout during the End-Cretaceous Meteorite impact? Oceans 2003, Proceedings, v. 1: San Diego, California, p. 399-402, doi: 10.1109/OCEANS.2003.178601.
237. Norse, E.A., 1994, Capsizing the cradle of life: Global Biodiversity, v. 4, p. 4-7.
238. Nunes, F., and Norris, R.D., 2006, Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period: Nature, v. 439, p. 60-63, doi: 10.1038/nature04386.
239. Ohga, T., and Kitazato, H., 1997, Seasonal changes in bathyal foraminiferal populations in response to the flux of organic matter (Sagami Bay, Japan): Terra Nova, v. 9, p. 33-37, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3121.1997.d01-6.x.
240. Ohkushi, K., Thomas, E., and Kawahata, H., 1999, Abyssal benthic foraminifera from the Northwestern Pacific (Shatsky Rise) during the last 298 kyr: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 38, p. 119-147, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(99) 00040-7.
241. Orr, J.C., Fabry, V.J., Aumont, O., Bopp. L., Doney, S.C., Feely, R.A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R.M., Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A., Najjar, R., Plattner, G.-K., Rodgers, K.B., Sabine, C.L., Sarmiento, J.L., Schlitzer, R., Slater, R.D., Totterdell, I.J., Weirig, M.-F., Yamanaka, Y., and Yool, A., 2005, Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms: Nature, v. 437, p. 681-686.
242. Pagani, M., Zachos, J.C., Freeman, K.H., Tipple, B., and Bohaty, S., 2005, Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene: Science, v. 309, p. 600-603.
243. Pagani, M., Pedentchouk, N., Huber, M., Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Brinkhuis, H., Sinninghe Damste, J.S., Dickens, G.R., and the Expedition 302 Scientists, 2006, Arctic hydrology during global warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum: Nature, v. 442, p. 671-675.
244. Passow, U., 2004, Switching perspectives; do mineral fluxes determine particulate carbon fluxes or vice versa?: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 5, Q04002, doi: 10.1029/2003GC000670.
245. Pawlowski, J., and Holzmann, M., 2002, Molecular phylogeny of Foraminifera - A review: European Journal of Protistology, v. 38, p. 1-10, doi: 10.1078/0932-4739-00857.
246. Pawlowski, J., Bolivar, I., Fahrni, J., and de Vargas, C., 1999, Naked foraminiferans revealed: Nature, v. 399, p. 27, doi: 10.1038/19881.
247. Pawlowski, J., Holzmann, M., Berney, C., Fahrni, J., Gooday, A.J., Cedhagen, T., Habura, A., and Bowser, S.S., 2003, The evolution of early Foraminifera: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, v. 100, p. 11,494-11,498, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2035132100.
248. Perch-Nielsen, K., McKenzie, J., and He, Q., 1982, Biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy and the "catastrophic" extinction of calcareous nannoplankton at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, in Silver, L.T., and Schultz, P.H., eds., Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth: Geological Society of America Special Paper 190, p. 353-371.
249. Peryt, D., Lahodynsky, R., and Durakiewicz, T., 1997, Deep-water agglutinated foraminiferal changes and stable isotope profiles across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in the Rotwandgraben section, Eastern Alps (Austria): Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 132, p. 287-307, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00056-4.
250. Peryt, D., Alegret, L., and Molina, E., 2002, The Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) boundary at Ain Settara, Tunisia: Restructuring of benthic foraminiferal assemblages: Terra Nova, v. 14, p. 101-107, doi: 10.1046/J.1365-3121.2002.00394. x.
251. Petchey, O.L., McPhearson, T., Casey, T.M., and Morin, P.J., 1999, Environmental warming alters food-web structure and ecosystem function: Nature, v. 402, p. 69-72, doi: 10.1038/47023.
252. Phipps Morgan, J., Reston, T.J., and Ranero, C.R., 2004, Contemporaneous mass extinctions, continental flood basalts, and 'impact signals': Are mantle plume-induced lithospheric gas explosions the causal link?: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 217, p. 263-284, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00602-2.
253. Phleger, F.B., Parker, F.L., and Peirson, J.F., 1947-1948, 1953, North Atlantic foraminifera: Reports of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition, v. 7, p. 3-122.
254. Rathburn, A.E., and Corliss, B.H., 1994, The ecology of living (stained) deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the Sulu Sea: Paleoceanography, v. 9, p. 87-150, doi: 10.1029/93PA02327.
255. Rathburn, A.E., Levin, L.A., Held, Z., and Lohmann, K.C., 2000, Benthic foraminifera associated with cold methane seeps on the northern California margin: Ecology and stable isotope composition: Marine Micro-paleontology, v. 38, p. 247-266, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00005-0.
256. Rathburn, A.E., Williams, D.S., Perez, E., Levin, L.A., Gieskes, J.M., Martin, J.B., Ziebis, W., Smith, C.R., and Baco, A., 2005, Of dead whales, seeps and foraminifera: Comparisons of the ecology of whale falls and methane seeps on the eastern Pacific margin: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, no. 7, p. 189.
257. Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J., and Stuart, C.T., 1997, Large scale patterns of species diversity in the deep sea, in Ormond, R.F.G., Gage, J.D., and Angel, M.V., eds., Marine biodiversity: Patterns and processes: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 94-121.
258. Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T., and Coyne, G., 2000, Latitudinal gradients of species richness in deep-sea benthos of the North Atlantic: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, v. 97, p. 4082-1085, doi: 10.1073/pnas. 050589497.
259. Rex, M.A., McClain, C.R., Johnson, N.A., Etter, R.J., Allen, J.A., Bouchet, P., and Waren, A., 2005, A source-sink hypothesis for abyssal biodiversity: American Naturalist, v. 165, p. 163-178
260. Rice, A.L., Thurston, M.H., and Bett, B.J., 1994, The IOSDL DEEPSEAS programme: Introduction and photographic evidence for the presence and absence of a seasonal input of phytodetritus at contrasting sites in the northeastern Atlantic: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 41, p. 1305-1320, doi: 10.1016/0967-0637(94)90099-X.
261. Robison, B.H., Reisenbichler, K.R., and Sherlock, R.E., 2005, Giant larvacean houses: Rapid carbon transport to the deep sea floor: Science, v. 308, p. 1609-1611, doi: 10.1126/science.1109104.
262. Rohling, E., and Cooke, S., 1999, Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in foraminiferal carbonate shells, in Sen Gupta, B.K., ed., Modern Foraminifera: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 239-258.
263. Roehl, U., Bralower, T.J., Norris, R.D., and Wefer, G., 2000, New chronology for the late Paleocene thermal maximum and its environmental implications: Geology, v. 28, p. 927-930, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2000) 028<0927: NCFTLP>2.3.CO;2.
264. Roehl, U., Westerhold, T., Monechi, S., Thomas, E., Zachos, J.C., and Donner, B., 2005, The third and final early Eocene thermal maximum: Characteristics, timing, and mechanisms of the "X" event: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 37, no. 7, p. 264.
265. Roth, S., and Dymond, J., 1989, Transport and settling of organic material in a deep-sea hydrothermal plume: Evidence from particle flux measurements: Deep-Sea Research, v. 36, p. 1237-1254, doi: 10.1016/0198-0149(89) 90103-9.
266. 2 : Science, v. 305, p. 367-371, doi: 10.1126/science.1097403.
267. Sanders, H.L., Hessler, R.R., and Hampson, G.R., 1965, An introduction to the study of the deep-sea faunal assemblages along the Gay Head-Bermuda transect: Deep Sea Research, v. 12, p. 845-867.
268. Sarmiento, J., Slater, R., Barber, R., Bopp, L., Doney, S.C., Hirst, A.C., Kleypas, J., Matear, R., Mikolajewicz, U., Monfray, P., Soldatov, V., Spall, S.A., and Stouffer, R., 2004, Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 18, p. GB3003, doi: 10.1029/2003GB002134.
269. Schmiedl, G., and Mackensen, A., 1997, Late Quaternary paleoproductivity and deep water circulation in the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: Evidence from benthic foraminifera: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 130, p. 43-80, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00137-X.
270. Schmiedl, G., Mackensen, A., and Mueller, P.J., 1997, Recent benthic foraminifera from the eastern South Atlantic Ocean: Dependence on food and water masses: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 32, p. 249-287, doi: 10.1016/S0377- 8398(97)00023-6.
271. Schmiedl, G., de Bovee, F., Buscail, R., Charriere, B., Hemleben, C., Medernach, L., and Picon, P., 2000, Trophic control of benthic foraminiferal abundance and microhabitat in the bathyal Gulf of Lions, western Mediterranean Sea: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 40, p. 167-188, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(00) 00038-4.
272. Schmidt, D.N., Thierstein, H.R., Bollman, J., and Schiebel, R., 2004, Abiotic forcing of plankton evolution in the Cenozoic: Science, v. 303, p. 207-210, doi: 10.1126/science.1090592.
273. Schmitz, B., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Aberg, G., Asaro, F., and Lee, C.T., 2004, Basaltic explosive volcanism, but no comet impact at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: High resolution chemical and isotope records from Egypt, Spain and Denmark: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 225, p. 1-17, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.06.017.
274. Schnitker, D., 1974, West Atlantic abyssal circulation during the last 120,000 years: Nature, v. 248, p. 385-387, doi: 10.1038/248385a0.
275. Schnitker, D., 1994, Deep-sea benthic foraminifers: Food and bottom water masses, in Zahn, R., Pedersen, T.F., Kaminski, M.A., and Labeyrie, L, eds., Carbon cycling in the glacial ocean: Constraints on the ocean's role in global change: Berlin, Springer-Verlag, NATO ASI Series, I 17, p. 539-554.
276. Schoenfeld, J., 1996, Structure and dynamics of the last turnover in deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblages, in Moguielksy, E.A., and Whatley, R., eds., Microfossils and oceanic environments: Aberystwyth, Wales, University of Wales, Aberystwyth Press, p. 27-37.
277. Schoenfeld, J., 2002, A new benthic foraminiferal proxy for near-bottom current velocities in the Gulf of Cadiz, northeastern Atlantic Ocean: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 49, p. 1853-1875, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00088-2.
278. Schröder, C.J., Scott, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1987, Can smaller benthic foraminifera be ignored in paleoenvironmental analyses?: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 17, p. 101-105.
279. Sen Gupta, B.K., ed., 1999a, Modern Foraminifera: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 371 p.
280. Sen Gupta, B.K., 1999b, Systematics of modern Foraminifera, in Sen Gupta, B.K., ed., Modern Foraminifera: Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 7-35.
281. Sen Gupta, B.K., and Machain-Castillo, M.L., 1993, Benthic foraminifera in oxygen-poor habitats: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 20, p. 183-201, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(93)90032-S.
282. Shipboard Scientific Party ODP Leg 198, 2002, Extreme warmth in the Cretaceous and Paleogene: A depth transect on Shatsky Rise, Central Pacific: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports, v. 198, http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/ 198-IR/198ir.htm.
283. Shipboard Scientific Party ODP Leg 208, 2004, Leg 208: Early Cenozoic extreme climates: The Walvis Ridge Transect, 6 March-6 May 2003: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial reports, v. 208, http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/208-IR/ 208ir.htm.
284. Sluijs, A., Schouten, S., Pagani, M., Woltering, M., Brinkhuis, H., Sinninghe-Damste, J.S., Dickens, G.R., Huber, M., Reichart, G.-J., Stein, R., Matthiessen, J., Lourens, L.J., Pedentchouk. N., Backman, J., Moran, K., and Expedition 302 scientists, 2006, Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Palaecene/Eocene Thermal Maximum: Nature, v. 441, p. 610-613.
285. Sluijs, A., Bowen, G.J., Brinkhuis, H., Lourens, L.J., and Thomas, E., 2007, The Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal maximum super greenhouse: biotic and geochemical signatures, age models and mechanisms of climate change: Geological Society [London] Special Publication (in press).
286. Smart, C.W., 2002, Environmental applications of deep-sea benthic foraminifera, in Haslett, S.K., ed., Quaternary environmental micropalaeontology: London, Arnold, p. 14-58.
287. Smart, C.W., King, S.C., Gooday, A.J., Murray, J.W., and Thomas, E., 1994, A benthic foraminiferal proxy of pulsed organic matter paleofluxes: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 23, p. 89-99, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(94)90002-7.
288. Smith, C.R., and Baco, A.R., 2003, Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor, in Gibson, R.N., and Atkinson, R.J.A., eds., Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, v. 41, p. 311-354.
289. Smith, K.L., and Kaufmann, R.S., 1999, Long-term discrepancy between food supply and demand in the deep eastern North Pacific: Science, v. 284, p. 1174-1177, doi: 10.1126/science.284.5417.1174.
290. Smith, C.R., Berelson, W., DeMaster, D.J., Dobbs, F.C., Hammond, D., Hoover, D.J., Pope, R.H., and Stephens, M., 1997, Latitudinal variations in benthic processes in the abyssal equatorial Pacific: Control by biogenic particle flux: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 44, p. 2295-2317, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00022-2.
291. Smith, K.L., Baldwin, R.J., Karl, D.M., and Boetius, A., 2002, Benthic community responses to pulses in pelagic food supply: North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: Deep-Sea Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers, v. 49, p. 971-990, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00006-7.
292. Snelgrove, P. V.R., and Smith, C.R., 2002, A riot of species in an environmental calm; the paradox of the species-rich deep-sea floor: Oceanography and Marine Biology, v. 40, p. 311-342.
293. Speijer, R.P., and Schmitz, B., 1998, A benthic foraminiferal record of Paleocene sea level and trophic/redox conditions at Gebel Aweina, Egypt: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 137, p. 79-101, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00107-7.
294. Speijer, R.P., and Van der Zwaan, G.J., 1996, Extinction and survivorship of Southern Tethyan benthic foraminifera across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, in Hart, M.B., ed., Biotic recovery from mass extinction events: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 102, p. 343-371.
295. Speijer, R.P., and Wagner, T., 2002, Sea-level changes and black shales associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum (LPTM): Organic geochemical and micropaleontologic evidence from the southern Tethyan margin (Egypt-Israel), in Koeberl, C., and MacLeod, K., eds., Catastrophic events and mass extinctions: Impacts and beyond: Geological Society of America Special Paper 356, p. 533-550.
296. Speijer, R.P., Schmitz, B., and van der Zwaan, G.J., 1997, Benthic foraminiferal repopulation in response to latest Paleocene Tethyan anoxia: Geology, v. 25, p. 683-686, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0683: BFEARI>2.3.CO;2.
297. Stoll, H.M., and Bains, S., 2003, Coccolith Sr/Ca records of productivity during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum from the Weddell Sea: Paleoceanography, v. 18, p. 1049, doi: 10.1029/2002PA000875, doi: 10.1029/2002PA000875.
298. Stoll, H.M., and Ziveri, P., 2002, Separation of monospecific and restricted coccolith assemblages from sediments using differential settling velocity: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 46, p. 209-221, doi: 10.1016/S0377- 8398(02)00040-3.
299. Streeter, S.S., 1973, Bottom water and benthonic foraminifera in the North Atlantic - Glacial-interglacial contrasts: Quaternary Research, v. 3, p., 131-141.
300. Stupin, S.I., and Muzylöv, N.G., 2001, The late Paleocene Ecologic crisis in epicontinental basins of the Eastern Peri-Tethys: Microbiota and accumulation conditions of sapropelitic bed: Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, v. 9, no. 5, p. 501-507.
301. Suhr, S.B., Pond, D.W., Gooday, A.J., and Smith, C.R., 2003, Selective feeding by benthic foraminifera on phytodetritus on the western Antarctic Peninsula shelf: Evidence from fatty acid biomarker analysis: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 262, p. 153-162.
302. Svensen, H., Planke, S., Malthe-Sorenssen, A., Jamtveit, B., Myklebust, R., Rasmussen-Eidem, T., and Rey, S.S., 2004, Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming: Nature, v. 429, p. 542-545, doi: 10.1038/nature02566.
303. Tappan, H., 1986, Phytoplankton: Below the salt at the global table: Journal of Paleontology, v. 60, p. 545-554.
304. Tappan, H., and Loeblich, A.R., Jr., 1988, Foraminiferal evolution, diversification, and extinction: Journal of Paleontology, v. 62, p. 695-714.
305. Thiel, H., Pfannkuche, O., Theeg, R., and Schriever, G., 1987, Benthic metabolism and standing stock in the central and northern Red Sea: Marine Ecology, v. 8, p. 1-20.
306. Thierstein, H., 1981, Late Cretaceous nannoplankton and the change at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 32, p. 355-394.
307. Thomas, D.J., Bralower, T.J., and Zachos, J.C., 1999, New evidence for subtropical warming during the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Stable isotopes from Deep Sea Drilling Project 527: Walvis Ridge: Paleoceanography, v. 14, p. 561-570, doi: 10.1029/1999PA900031.
308. Thomas, E., 1985, Late Eocene to Recent deep-sea benthic foraminifers from the central equatorial Pacific Ocean: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 85, p. 655-679.
309. Thomas, E., 1986, Changes in composition of Neogene benthic foraminiferal faunas in equatorial Pacific and north Atlantic: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 53, p. 47-61, doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(86) 90038-6.
310. Thomas, E., 1987, Late Oligocene to Recent benthic foraminifers from DSDP Sites 608 and 610, northeastern Atlantic Ocean: Initial Reports Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 94, p. 997-1032.
311. Thomas, E., 1989, Development of Cenozoic deep-sea benthic foraminiferal faunas in Antarctic waters: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 47, p. 283-296.
312. Thomas, E., 1990a, Late Cretaceous through Neogene deep-sea benthic foraminifers (Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctica): Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific results, Volume 113: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 571-594.
313. Thomas, E., 1990b, Late Cretaceous-early Eocene mass extinctions in the deep sea, in Sharpton, V.L., and Ward, P.D, eds., Global catastrophes in earth history: Geological Society of America Special Publication 247, p. 481-495.
314. Thomas, E., 1992a, Cenozoic deep-sea circulation: Evidence from deep-sea benthic foraminifera: Antarctic Research Series, v. 56, p. 141-165.
315. Thomas, E., 1992b, Middle Eocene-late Oligocene bathyal benthic foraminifera (Weddell Sea): Faunal changes and implications for ocean circulation, in Prothero, D.R., and Berggren, W.A., eds., Late Eocene-Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, p. 245-271.
316. Thomas, E., 1998, The biogeography of the late Paleocene benthic foraminiferal extinction, in Aubry, M.-P, Lucas, S.G., and Berggren, W.A., eds., Late Paleocene-early Eocene biotic and climatic events in the marine and terrestrial records: New York, Columbia University Press, p. 214-243.
317. Thomas, E., 2003, Extinction and food at the sea floor: A high-resolution benthic foraminiferal record across the Initial Eocene Thermal Maximum, Southern Ocean Site 690, in Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., Causes and consequences of globally warm climates of the Paleogene: Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, p. 319-332.
318. Thomas, E., and Gooday, A.J., 1996, Deep-sea benthic foraminifera: Tracers for Cenozoic changes in oceanic productivity?: Geology, v. 24, p. 355-358, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0355:CDSBFT>2.3.CO;2.
319. Thomas, E., and Röhl, U., 2002, The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in Ceara Rise Hole 929E, ODP Leg 154: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 34, no. 6, p. 462.
320. Thomas, E., and Shackleton, N.J., 1996, The Palaeocene-Eocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and stable isotope anomalies: Geological Society [London] Special Publication 101, p. 401-441.
321. Thomas, E., and Vincent, E., 1987, Major changes in benthic foraminifera in the equatorial Pacific before the middle Miocene polar cooling: Geology, v. 15, p. 1035-1039, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<1035: EPDBFF>2.0.CO;2.
322. Thomas, E., and Vincent, E., 1988, Early to middle Miocene deep-sea benthic foraminifera in the equatorial Pacific: Revue de Paleobiologie Special Volume 2 (BENTHOS '86), p. 583-588.
323. Thomas, E., and Zachos, J.C., 2000, Was the late Paleocene thermal maximum a unique event?: GFF, v. 122, p. 169-170.
324. Thomas, E., Booth, L., Maslin, M., and Shackleton, N.J., 1995, Northeastern Atlantic benthic foraminifera during the last 45,000 years: Changes in productivity seen from the bottom up: Paleoceanography, v. 10, p. 545-562, doi: 10.1029/94PA03056.
325. Thomas, E., Zachos, J.C., and Bralower, T.J., 2000, Deep-sea environments on a warm Earth: Latest Paleocene-early Eocene, in Huber, B.T, MacLeod, K.G., and Wing, S.L., eds., Warm climates in earth history: Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, p. 132-160.
326. Thomas, E., Brinkhuis, H., Huber, M., and Röhl, U., 2006, An ocean view of the early Cenozoic Greenhouse World: Oceanography (Special Volume on Ocean Drilling), v. 19, p. 63-72.
327. Tjalsma, R.C., and Lohmann, G.P., 1983, Paleocene-Eocene bathyal and abyssal benthic foraminifera from the Atlantic Ocean: Micropaleontology Special Publication 4, p. 1-90.
328. Todo, Y., Kitazato, H., Hashimoto, J., and Gooday, A.J., 2005, Simple foraminifera flourish at the Ocean's deepest point: Science, v. 307, p. 689, doi: 10.1126/science.1105407.
329. Toyofuku, T., and Kitazato, H., 2005, Micromapping of Mg/Ca values in cultures specimens of high magnesium benthic foraminifera: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 6, no. 11, doi: 10.1029/2005GC000961.
330. Tremolada, F., and Bralower, T.J., 2004, Nannofossil assemblage fluctuations during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sites 213 (Indian Ocean) and 401(North Atlantic Ocean): Palaeoceanographic implications: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 52, p. 107-116, doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2004.04.002.
331. Tripati, A., and Elderfield, H., 2004, Abrupt hydrographic changes in the equatorial Pacific and subtropical Atlantic from foraminiferal Mg/Ca indicate greenhouse origin for the thermal maximum at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 5, Q02006, doi; 10.1029/2003GC000631.
332. Tripati, A., and Elderfield, H., 2005, Deep-sea temperatures and circulation changes at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Science, v. 308, p. 1894-1898, doi: 10.1126/science.1109202.
333. Turley, C., 2002, The importance of 'marine snow': Microbiology Today, v. 29, p. 177-179.
334. Tziperman, E., and Gildor, H., 2003, On the mid-Pleistocene transition to 100 kyr glacial cycle and the asymmetry between glaciation and deglaciation times: Paleoceanography, v. 18, p. 1001, doi: 10.1029/2001PA000627.
335. van der Zwaan, G.J., Duijnstee, I.A.P., den Dulk, M., Ernst, S.R., Jannink, N.T., and Kouwenhoven, T.J., 1999, Benthic foraminifers: Proxies or problems? A review of paleoecological concepts: Earth Science Reviews, v. 46, p. 213-236.
336. van Morkhoven, F.P.C.M., Berggren, W.A., and Edwards, A.S., 1986, Cenozoic cosmopolitan deep-water benthic foraminifera: Bulletin du Centre des Recherches Exploratoire et Productive, Elf-Aquitaine, Mémoires, v. 11, 421 p.
337. van Santvoort, P.J.M., de Lange, G.J., Thomson, J., Cussen, H., Wilson, T.R.S., Krom, M.D., and Stroehle, K., 1996, Active post-deposition oxidation of the most recent sapropel (S1) in sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 4007-4024, doi: 10.1016/S0016- 7037(96)00253-0.
338. Verity, P.G., Smetacek, V., and Smayda, T., 2002, Status, trends and the future of the marine pelagic ecosystem: Environmental Conservation, v. 29, p. 207-237, doi: 10.1017/S0376892902000139.
339. Vermeij, G.J., 1977, The Mesozoic Marine Revolution: Evidence from snails, predators and grazers: Paleobiology, v. 3, p. 245-258.
340. Von Hillebrandt, A., 1962, Das Palaeozaen und seine Foraminiferenfauna im Becken von Reichenhall und Salzburg: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abhandlungen, Neue Folge, v. 108, 182 p.
341. Weinholz, P., and Lutze, G.F., 1989, The Stilostomella extinction: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific results, Volume 108: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, p. 113-117.
342. Westerhold, T., Röhl, U., Laskar, J., Raffi, I., Bowles, J., Lourens, L.J., and Zachos, J.C., 2007, On the duration of Magnetochrons C24r and C25n, and the timing of early Eocene global warming events: Implications from the ODP Leg 208 Walvis Ridge depth transect: Paleoceanography, in press.
343. Weston, N.B., and Joye, S.B., 2005, Temperature-driven decoupling of key phases of organic matter degradation in marine sediments: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, v. 102, p. 17,036-17,040, doi:
344. 10.1073/pnas.0508798102.
345. Widmark, J., and Malmgren, B., 1992, Benthic foraminiferal changes across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the deep sea: DSDP Sites 525, 527 and 465: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 22, p. 81-113.
346. Wing, S.L., Gingerich, P.D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., eds., 2003, Causes and consequences of globally warm climates of the Paleogene: Geological Society of America Special Paper 369, 614 p.
347. Wing, S.L., Harrington, G.J., Smith, F.A., Bloch, J.I., Boyer, D.M., and Freeman, K.H., 2005, Transient floral change and rapid global warming at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: Science, v. 310, p. 993-996, doi: 10.1126/science.1116913.
348. Woodruff, F., and Douglas, R.G., 1981, Response of deep-sea benthic foraminifera to Miocene paleoclimate events, DSDP Site 289: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 6, p. 617-632, doi: 10.1016/0377-8398(81)90024-4.
349. Woodruff, F., and Savin, S.M., 1989, Miocene deepwater oceanography: Paleoceanography, v. 4, p. 87-140.
350. Wyville Thomson, C., 1873, The depths of the sea, An account of the general results of the dredging cruises of H.M. SS. 'Porcupine' and 'Lightning' during the summers of 1868, 1869 and 1870, under the scientific direction of Dr. Carpenter, F. R. S., J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F. R. S., and Dr. Wyville Thomson, F. R. S: London, Macmillan, 527 p. [Online at http://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/ HMSC-INDEX/index-linked.htm.]
351. Zachos, J.C., and Arthur, M.A., 1986, Paleoceanography of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event: Inferences from stable isotope and other data: Paleoceanography, v. 1, p. 5-26.
352. Zachos, J.C., Arthur, M.A., and Dean, W.E., 1989, Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Nature, v. 337, p. 61-64, doi: 10.1038/337061a0.
353. Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present: Science, v. 292, p. 686-693, doi: 10.1126/science.1059412.
354. Zachos, J.C., Wara, M.W., Bohaty, S., Delaney, M.L., Petrizzo, M.R., Brill, A., Bralower, T.J., and Premoli-Silva, I., 2003, A transient rise in tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Science, v. 302, p. 1551-1554, doi: 10.1126/science.1090110.
355. Zachos, J.C., Röhl, U., Schellenberg, S.A., Sluijs, A., Hodell, D.A., Kelly, D.C., Thomas, E., Nicolo, M., Raffi, I., Lourens, L., Dick Kroon, D., and McCarren, H., 2005, Extreme acidification of the Atlantic Ocean at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (∼ 55Mya): Science, v. 308, p. 1611-1615, doi: 10.1126/science.1109004.
356. Ziveri, P., Stoll, H.M., Probert I., Klaas, C., Geisen, M., Ganssen, G., and Young, J., 2003, Stable isotope vital effects in coccolith calcite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 210, p. 137-149.
357. Zonneveld, K., 2004, Potential use of stable oxygen isotope composition of Thoracosphaera heimii (Dinophyceae) for upper watercolumn (thermocline) temperature reconstruction: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 50, p. 307-317, doi: 10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00097-5.