Comparative earth history and late Permian mass extinction

Science

Volumn 273, Issue 5274, 1996, Pages 452-457

  Knoll, A H ^a   Bambach, R K ^b   Canfield, D E ^c   Grotzinger, J P ^d  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR MARINE MICROBIOLOGY   (Germany)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BICARBONATE; CARBON DIOXIDE; HYDROGEN SULFIDE;

ACID BASE BALANCE; CLIMATE; EVOLUTION; GEOGRAPHY; GEOLOGY; HYPERCAPNIA; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; PALEOANTHROPOLOGY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEA;

CARBON DIOXIDE; MASS EXTINCTION; PALAEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALAEOCLIMATE; PERMIAN;

EID: 0029663547     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5274.452     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. D. H. Erwin, Nature 367, 231 (1994).
2. J. J. Sepkoski Jr., J. Geol. Soc. London 146, 7 (1989).
3. D. M. Raup, Science 206, 217 (1979).
4. D. H. Erwin, The Great Paleozoic Crisis: Life and Death in the Permian (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1992).
5. E. M. Moores, Geology 19, 325 (1991); I. W. D. Dalziel, ibid, p. 598; P. F. Hoffman, Science 252, 1409 (1991).
6. E. M. Moores, Geology 19, 325 (1991); I. W. D. Dalziel, ibid, p. 598; P. F. Hoffman, Science 252, 1409 (1991).
7. E. M. Moores, Geology 19, 325 (1991); I. W. D. Dalziel, ibid, p. 598; P. F. Hoffman, Science 252, 1409 (1991).
8. A. J. Kaufman and A. H. Knoll, Precambrian Res. 73, 27 (1995); A. J. Kaufman, A. H. Knoll, G. M. Narbonne, unpublished data; A. J. Kaufman and P. F. Hoffman, unpublished data. C-isotopic values are calculated as equation presented
9. A. J. Kaufman and A. H. Knoll, Precambrian Res. 73, 27 (1995); A. J. Kaufman, A. H. Knoll, G. M. Narbonne, unpublished data; A. J. Kaufman and P. F. Hoffman, unpublished data. C-isotopic values are calculated as equation presented
10. A. J. Kaufman and A. H. Knoll, Precambrian Res. 73, 27 (1995); A. J. Kaufman, A. H. Knoll, G. M. Narbonne, unpublished data; A. J. Kaufman and P. F. Hoffman, unpublished data. C-isotopic values are calculated as equation presented
11. J. P. Grotzinger and A. H. Knoll, Palaios 10, 578 (1995).
12. J. L. Sarmiento, T. D. Herbert, J. R. Toggweiler, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 2, 115 (1988).
13. P. Van Cappellen and E. D. Ingall, Paleoceanography 9, 677 (1994).
14. W. B. N. Berry and P. Wilde, Am. J. Sci. 278, 257 (1982).
15. P. E. Wilde and W. B. N. Berry [Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 48, 143 (1984)] proposed that the potential for ocean-scale turnover is maximized when strong, high-latitude deep-water formation is imposed on a previously nonglacial ocean with a low vertical density gradient.
16. S. Kempe and J. Kazmierczak, in Past and Present Biomineralization Processes, F. Doumenge, Ed. (Monaco Mus. Oceanogr. Bull. 13, 1994), pp. 61-116.
17. S. Kempe and J. Kazmierczak, in Past and Present Biomineralization Processes, F. Doumenge, Ed. (Monaco Mus. Oceanogr. Bull. 13, 1994), pp. 61-116.
18. D. E. Canfield and R. Raiswell, in Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record, P. A. Allison and D. E. G. Briggs, Eds. (Plenum, London, 1991), pp. 411-453.
19. 2S (see Fig. 2).
20. K. Malkowski, M. Gruszczynski, A. Hoffman, S. Halas, Hist. Biol. 2, 289 (1989).
21. A. M. Ziegler, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 12, 363 (1990).
22. D. Y. Sumner and J. P. Grotzinger, Geology 24, 119 (1996).
23. Y. Isozaki, Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 17, 805 (1994).
24. Y. Kajiwara, S. Yamakita, K. Ishida, H. Ishiga, A. Imai, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 111, 367 (1994). S-isotopic values are calculated as equation presented per mil relative to the Canyon Diablo troilite standard.
25. W. T. Holser and M. Magaritz, Modem Geol. 11, 155 (1987); P. Scholle, in The Permian of Northern Pangea, vol. 1, Paleogeography, Paleoclimates. Stratigraphy, P. A. Scholle, T. M. Peryt, D. S. UmlerScholle, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995), pp. 133-149.
26. W. T. Holser and M. Magaritz, Modem Geol. 11, 155 (1987); P. Scholle, in The Permian of Northern Pangea, vol. 1, Paleogeography, Paleoclimates. Stratigraphy, P. A. Scholle, T. M. Peryt, D. S. UmlerScholle, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995), pp. 133-149.
27. D. E. Canfield and B. Thamdrup, Science 266, 1973 (1994).
28. A. Baud, M. Magaritz, W. T. Holser, Geol. Rundsch. 78, 649 (1989).
29. E. L. Grossman, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 288 (1994), p. 207.
30. C-isotopic shifts near the P-T boundary are also recorded in marine and terrestrial organic carbon and in the teeth of terrestrial vertebrates [J. F. Thackeray et al., Nature 347, 751 (1990); M. Magaritz, R. V. Krishnamurthy, W. T. Holser, Am. J. Sci. 292, 727 (1992); K. Wang, H. H. J. Geldsetzer, H. R. Krouse, Geology 22, 580 (1994)].
31. C-isotopic shifts near the P-T boundary are also recorded in marine and terrestrial organic carbon and in the teeth of terrestrial vertebrates [J. F. Thackeray et al., Nature 347, 751 (1990); M. Magaritz, R. V. Krishnamurthy, W. T. Holser, Am. J. Sci. 292, 727 (1992); K. Wang, H. H. J. Geldsetzer, H. R. Krouse, Geology 22, 580 (1994)].
32. C-isotopic shifts near the P-T boundary are also recorded in marine and terrestrial organic carbon and in the teeth of terrestrial vertebrates [J. F. Thackeray et al., Nature 347, 751 (1990); M. Magaritz, R. V. Krishnamurthy, W. T. Holser, Am. J. Sci. 292, 727 (1992); K. Wang, H. H. J. Geldsetzer, H. R. Krouse, Geology 22, 580 (1994)].
33. We divide Late Permian time into four stages: Wordian, Capitanian, Wujiapingian, and Changxingian. Commonly, the first two of these are grouped as the Guadalupian Stage and the other two as the Tatarian Stage (4). Wherever possible, we avoid this usage because the type Tatarian Stage, defined regionally in Russia, may begin before the end of the type Guadalupian Stage in the southwestern United States (37). Intercontinental correlation of Late Permian strata remains a challenge, limiting the resolution of global paleontological and geochemical databases.
34. M. Magaritz, R. Y. Anderson, W. T. Holser, E. S. Saltzman, J. Garber, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 66, 111 (1983).
35. O. G. Epshteyn, in Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981), pp. 270-273; N. M. Chumakov, Strat. Geol. Correl. 2, 426 (1994).
36. O. G. Epshteyn, in Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record, M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981), pp. 270-273; N. M. Chumakov, Strat. Geol. Correl. 2, 426 (1994).
37. J. N. Cameron, The Respiratory Physiology of Animals (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1989).
38. P. Dejours, Respiration in Water and Air (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988).
39. J. P. Truchot, Comparative Aspects of Extracellular Acid-Base Balance (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987).
40. K. B. Storey, in Surviving Hypoxia, P. W. Hochachka et al., Eds. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993), pp. 253-259.
41. H. A. Lowenstam and S. Weiner, On Biomineralization (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1989).
42. J. C. Massabau, P. Dejours, Y. Sakabara, J. Comp. Physiol. 154B, 65 (1984).
43. 2 concentrations that can be toxic.
44. Wilde and Berry (11) invoked oceanic overtum as a cause of mass extinction; they argued that organisms would be asphyxiated, poisoned, or both as anoxic waters flooded shallow marine environments. However, they specifically rejected this mechanism for P-T extinction because boundary sections do not contain the widespread black shales required by their model. After P-T boundary overturn, deepwater anoxia may have been reestablished, influencing post-extinction rediversification before dissipating near the end of the Early Triassic [A. Hallam, Hist. Biol. 5, 257 (1991)].
45. J. J. Sepkoski Jr., Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions to Biology 83 (1992); Paleobiology 19, 43 (1993).
46. J. J. Sepkoski Jr., Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions to Biology 83 (1992); Paleobiology 19, 43 (1993).
47. W. C. Sweet, Yang Zunyi, J. M. Dickins, Yin Hongfu, Eds., Permo-Triassic Events in the Eastem Tethys (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1992).
48. Jin Yugan, Zhang Jin, Shang Qinhua, Acta Palaeontol. Sin. 34, 410 (1995).
49. The generic database [J. J. Sepkoski Jr., in Global Bio-Events, O. Walliser, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986), pp. 47-61] is updated regularly.
50. S. M. Stanley and X. Yang, Science 266, 1340 (1994).
51. Y. Ezaki, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 107, 165 (1994).
52. J. R. P. Ross, Palaeontology 21, 341 (1978).
53. P. W. Signor and L. H. Lipps, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 790 (1982), p. 291.
54. D. M. Raup, ibid., p. 277.
55. M. C. Rhodes and C. W. Thayer, Geology 19, 877 (1991).
56. M. J. S. Rudwick, Living and Fossil Brachiopods (Hutchinson Univ. Library, London, 1970).
57. F. K. McKinney, Paleobiology 19, 335 (1993).
58. D. K. Jacobs and N. H. Landman, Lethaia 26, 101 (1993).
59. M. J. Wells, in The Molluca, vol. 5, Physiology, part 2, A. S. M. Saleuddin and K. M. Wilbur, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1983), pp. 239-290; J. R. Redmond, in Nautilus: The Biology and Paleobiology of a Living Fossil, W. B. Saunders and N. H. Landman, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1987), pp. 305-312.
60. M. J. Wells, in The Molluca, vol. 5, Physiology, part 2, A. S. M. Saleuddin and K. M. Wilbur, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1983), pp. 239-290; J. R. Redmond, in Nautilus: The Biology and Paleobiology of a Living Fossil, W. B. Saunders and N. H. Landman, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1987), pp. 305-312.
61. L. V. Doguzhaeva and H. Mutvei, Geobios Mem. Spec. 15, 111 (1993).
62. T.S. Engeser, in Major Evolutionary Radiations, P.D. Taylor and G. P. Larwood, Eds. (Clarendon, Oxford, 1990), pp. 129-138.
63. W. J. Kennedy and W. A. Cobban, Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 17, 1 (1976); U. Lehmann, The Ammonites: Their Life and Their World (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981); A. G. Fischer and D. J. Bottjer, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 195, 133 (1995).
64. W. J. Kennedy and W. A. Cobban, Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 17, 1 (1976); U. Lehmann, The Ammonites: Their Life and Their World (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981); A. G. Fischer and D. J. Bottjer, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 195, 133 (1995).
65. W. J. Kennedy and W. A. Cobban, Spec. Pap. Palaeontol. 17, 1 (1976); U. Lehmann, The Ammonites: Their Life and Their World (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981); A. G. Fischer and D. J. Bottjer, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 195, 133 (1995).
66. A. W. Keyser and R. M. H. Smith, Ann. S. Afr. Geol. Surv. 12, 1 (1979); R. M. H. Smith, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 117, 81 (1995).
67. A. W. Keyser and R. M. H. Smith, Ann. S. Afr. Geol. Surv. 12, 1 (1979); R. M. H. Smith, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 117, 81 (1995).
68. E. H. Colbert, in The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-Like Reptiles, N. Hotton III, P. D. MacLean, J. J. Roth, E. C. Roth, Eds. (Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 1986), pp. 133-145.
69. D. M. Kermack and K. A. Kermack, The Evolution of Mammalian Characters (Kapitan Szabo, Washington, DC, 1984); A. F. Bennett and J. A. Ruben, in (54), pp. 207-218; W. J. Hillenius, Evolution 48, 207 (1994); J. A. Hopson, Paleontol. Soc. Short Courses Paleontol. 7, 190 (1994).
70. D. M. Kermack and K. A. Kermack, The Evolution of Mammalian Characters (Kapitan Szabo, Washington, DC, 1984); A. F. Bennett and J. A. Ruben, in (54), pp. 207-218; W. J. Hillenius, Evolution 48, 207 (1994); J. A. Hopson, Paleontol. Soc. Short Courses Paleontol. 7, 190 (1994).
71. D. M. Kermack and K. A. Kermack, The Evolution of Mammalian Characters (Kapitan Szabo, Washington, DC, 1984); A. F. Bennett and J. A. Ruben, in (54), pp. 207-218; W. J. Hillenius, Evolution 48, 207 (1994); J. A. Hopson, Paleontol. Soc. Short Courses Paleontol. 7, 190 (1994).
72. D. M. Kermack and K. A. Kermack, The Evolution of Mammalian Characters (Kapitan Szabo, Washington, DC, 1984); A. F. Bennett and J. A. Ruben, in (54), pp. 207-218; W. J. Hillenius, Evolution 48, 207 (1994); J. A. Hopson, Paleontol. Soc. Short Courses Paleontol. 7, 190 (1994).
73. S. Meyen, Biol. Mem. 7, 1 (1982); A. M. Ziegler et al., Philos. Trans, R. Soc. London Ser. B 341, 297 (1993); G. Retallack, Science 267, 77 (1995).
74. S. Meyen, Biol. Mem. 7, 1 (1982); A. M. Ziegler et al., Philos. Trans, R. Soc. London Ser. B 341, 297 (1993); G. Retallack, Science 267, 77 (1995).
75. S. Meyen, Biol. Mem. 7, 1 (1982); A. M. Ziegler et al., Philos. Trans, R. Soc. London Ser. B 341, 297 (1993); G. Retallack, Science 267, 77 (1995).
76. Y. Eshet, M. R. Rampino, H. Visscher, Geology 23, 11 (1995).
77. 2+ toxicity as a major consequence of the overturn of deep anoxic oceans.
78. C. A. Ross and J. P. Ross, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 42, 227 (1988); T. J. Algeo and K. B. Seslavinsky, Am. J. Sci. 295, 787 (1995).
79. C. A. Ross and J. P. Ross, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 42, 227 (1988); T. J. Algeo and K. B. Seslavinsky, Am. J. Sci. 295, 787 (1995).
80. 2 as high as 239,000 μatm. Although diverse reef communities flourish nearby, only a few animal species thrive in surface waters of the lake [S. Kempe and J. Kazmierczak, Chem. Geol. 81, 299 (1990)], all of which belong to groups that suffered relatively few Late Permian extinctions.
81. P. R. Renne, Z. Zichao, M. A. Richards, M. T. Black, A. R. Basu, Science 269, 1413 (1995).
82. 2 in the biological dissolution of carbonate shells or reduced stomatal density in leaves.
83. 2 in the biological dissolution of carbonate shells or reduced stomatal density in leaves.
84. 2 in the biological dissolution of carbonate shells or reduced stomatal density in leaves.
85. J. D. Marshall and P. D. Middleton, J. Geol. Soc. London 147, 1 (1990); D. G. F. Long, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 104, 49 (1993); Wang Kun et al., ibid., p. 61; P. J. Brenchley et al., Geology 22, 295 (1994).
86. J. D. Marshall and P. D. Middleton, J. Geol. Soc. London 147, 1 (1990); D. G. F. Long, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 104, 49 (1993); Wang Kun et al., ibid., p. 61; P. J. Brenchley et al., Geology 22, 295 (1994).
87. J. D. Marshall and P. D. Middleton, J. Geol. Soc. London 147, 1 (1990); D. G. F. Long, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 104, 49 (1993); Wang Kun et al., ibid., p. 61; P. J. Brenchley et al., Geology 22, 295 (1994).
88. J. D. Marshall and P. D. Middleton, J. Geol. Soc. London 147, 1 (1990); D. G. F. Long, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 104, 49 (1993); Wang Kun et al., ibid., p. 61; P. J. Brenchley et al., Geology 22, 295 (1994).
89. E. T. Degens and P. Stoffers, Nature 263, 22 (1976); V. R. Wright, Sediment. Geol. 93, 1 (1994); D. J. Bottjer, K. A. Campbell, J. K. Schubert, M. L. Droser, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 83, 7 (1995).
90. E. T. Degens and P. Stoffers, Nature 263, 22 (1976); V. R. Wright, Sediment. Geol. 93, 1 (1994); D. J. Bottjer, K. A. Campbell, J. K. Schubert, M. L. Droser, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 83, 7 (1995).
91. E. T. Degens and P. Stoffers, Nature 263, 22 (1976); V. R. Wright, Sediment. Geol. 93, 1 (1994); D. J. Bottjer, K. A. Campbell, J. K. Schubert, M. L. Droser, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 83, 7 (1995).
92. C. A. Ross, in The Permian of Northern Rangea, vol. 1, Paleogeography, Paleoclimates, Stratigraphy, P. A. Scholle, T. M. Peryt, D. S. Umler-Scholle, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995), pp. 167-185.
93. We thank J. J. Sepkoski Jr. for making available his database on fossil genera, T. K. Baumiller for help in analyzing the database, and A. J. Kaufman, R. Buick, S. J. Gould, and the late C. R. Taylor for helpful discussions. Supported by NASA Exobiology, NSF, and the Max Planck Institute.