Fire management for biodiversity conservation: Key research questions and our capacity to answer them

Biological Conservation

Volumn 143, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1928-1939

  Driscoll, Don A ^a   Lindenmayer, David B ^a   Bennett, Andrew F ^b   Bode, Michael ^c   Bradstock, Ross A ^d   Cary, Geoffrey J ^a   Clarke, Michael F ^e   Dexter, Nick ^f   Fensham, Rod ^g   Friend, Gordon ^h   Gill, Malcolm ^a   James, Stewart ^f   Kay, Geoff ^f   Keith, David A ⁱ   MacGregor, Christopher ^a   Russell Smith, Jeremy ^j   Salt, David ^a   Watson James E M , J E M ^k   Williams Richard J , R J ^l   York, Alan ^m  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG   (Australia)

^e LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^f Booderee National Park   (Australia)

^g QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM   (Australia)

^h Department of Sustainability and Environment ^*  (Australia)

ⁱ NSW Department Conservation and Climate Change   (Australia)

^j Bushfires NT and Tropical Savannas CRC   (Australia)

^k UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^l CSIRO   (Australia)

^m UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

more..

Author keywords

Management actions; Planned burn; Policy implications; Prescribed fire; Wildfire

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; BIODIVERSITY; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FIRE BEHAVIOR; FIRE MANAGEMENT; KNOWLEDGE; MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; NUMERICAL MODEL; POLICY APPROACH; PRESCRIBED BURNING; RESEARCH WORK; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; WILDFIRE; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 77955097169     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.05.026     Document Type: Review

References (197)

1. Abrahamson W.G., Abrahamson J.R. Effects of a low-intensity winter fire on long-unburned Florida sand pine scrub. Natural Areas Journal 1996, 16:171-183.
2. Akçakaya H.R., Root W. RAMAS Metapop: Viability Analysis for Stage-Structured Metapopulations (Version 4.0) 2002, Applied Biomathematics, Setauket, New York.
3. Andersen A.N. Responses of ground-foraging ant communities to three experimental fire regimes in a savanna forest of tropical Australia. Biotropica 1991, 23:575-585.
4. Andersen A.N., Braithwaite R.W., Cook G.D., Corbett L.K., Williams R.J., Douglas M.M., Gill A.M., Setterfield S.A., Muller W.J. Fire research for conservation management in tropical savannas: introducing the Kapalga fire experiment. Australian Journal of Ecology 1998, 23:95-110.
5. Andersen A.N., Cook G.D., Corbett L.K., Douglas M.M., Eager R.W., Russell-Smith J., Setterfield S.A., Williams R.J., Woinarski J.C.Z. Fire frequency and biodiversity conservation in Australian tropical savannas: implications from the Kapalga fire experiment. Austral Ecology 2005, 30:155-167.
6. Auld T.D., Denham A.J. The impact of seed predation by mammals on post-fire seed accumulation in the endangered shrub Grevillea caleyi (Proteaceae). Biological Conservation 2001, 97:377-385.
7. Bailey J.K., Whitham T.G. Interactions among fire, aspen, and elk affect insect diversity: reversal of a community response. Ecology 2002, 83:1701-1712.
8. Barlow J., Peres C.A. Avifaunal responses to single and recurrent wildfires in Amazonian forests. Ecological Applications 2004, 14:1358-1373.
9. Bird R.B., Bird D.W., Codding B.F., Parker C.H., Jones J.H. The "fire stick farming" hypothesis: Australian aboriginal foraging strategies, biodiversity, and anthropogenic fire mosaics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:14796-14801.
10. Blackhall M., Raffaele E., Vebleyl T.T. Cattle affect early post-fire regeneration in a Nothofagus dombeyi-Austrocedrus chilensis mixed forest in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Biological Conservation 2008, 141:2251-2261.
11. Bond W.J., Archibald S. Confronting complexity: fire policy choices in South African savanna parks. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2003, 12:381-389.
12. Bond W.J., Smythe K.A., Balfour D.A. Acacia species turnover in space and time in an African savanna. Journal of Biogeography 2001, 28:117-128.
13. Bourg N.A., McShea W.J., Gill D.E. Putting a cart before the search: successful habitat prediction for a rare forest herb. Ecology 2005, 86:2793-2804.
14. Bowman D.M.J.S. Tansley Review No. 101 - the impact of aboriginal landscape burning on the Australian biota. New Phytologist 1998, 140:385-410.
15. Bowman D.M.J.S. Australian Rainforests: Islands of Green in a Land of Fire 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
16. Bradstock R.A. Effects of large fires on biodiversity in south-eastern Australia: disaster or template for diversity?. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2008, 17:809-822.
17. Bradstock R.A., Kenny B.J. An application of plant functional types to fire management in a conservation reserve in southeastern Australia. Journal of Vegetation Science 2003, 14:345-354.
18. Bradstock R.A., Keith D.A., Auld T.D. Fire and conservation: imperatives and constraints on managing for diversity. Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions 1995, 323:333.
19. Bradstock R.A., Bedward M., Kenny B.J., Scott J. Spatially-explicit simulation of the effect of prescribed burning on fire regimes and plant extinctions in shrublands typical of south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 1998, 86:83-95.
20. Bradstock R.A., Bedward M., Gill A.M., Cohn J.S. Which mosaic? A landscape ecological approach for evaluating interactions between fire regimes, habitat and animals. Wildlife Research 2005, 32:409-423.
21. Bradstock R.A., Bedward M., Cohn J.S. The modelled effects of differing fire management strategies on the conifer Callitris verrucosa within semi-arid mallee vegetation in Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 2006, 43:281-292.
22. Briani D.C., Palma A.R.T., Vieira E.M., Henriques R.P.B. Post-fire succession of small mammals in the Cerrado of central Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation 2004, 13:1023-1037.
23. Britton A.J., Fisher J.M. Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition, fire and grazing on diversity and composition of low-alpine prostrate Calluna vulgaris heathland. Journal of Applied Ecology 2007, 44:125-135.
24. Brockett B.H., Biggs H.C., van Wilgen B.W. A patch mosaic burning system for conservation areas in southern African savannas. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2001, 10:169-183.
25. Brown S., Clarke M., Clarke R. Fire is a key element in the landscape-scale habitat requirements and global population status of a threatened bird: the Mallee Emu-wren (Stipiturus mallee). Biological Conservation 2009, 142:432-445.
26. Burgman M.A., Lamont B.B. A stochastic model for the viabililty of Banksia cuneata populations. Environmental, demographic and genetic effects. Journal of Applied Ecology 1992, 29:719-727.
27. Bury R.B. Wildfire, fuel reduction, and herpetofaunas across diverse landscape mosaics in northwestern forests. Conservation Biology 2004, 18:968-975.
28. Bush M.B., Silman M.R., McMichael C., Saatchi S. Fire, climate change and biodiversity in Amazonia: a Late-Holocene perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2008, 363:1795-1802.
29. Butz R.J. Traditional fire management: historical fire regimes and land use change in pastoral East Africa. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2009, 18:442-450.
30. Cary G.J., Keane R.E., Gardner R.H., Lavorel S., Flannigan M.D., Davies I.D., Li C., Lenihan J.M., Rupp T.S., Mouillot F. Comparison of the sensitivity of landscape-fire-succession models to variation in terrain, fuel pattern, climate and weather. Landscape Ecology 2006, 21:121-137.
31. Cary G., Flannigan M., Keane R., Bradstock R., Davies I., Lenihan J., Li C., Logan K., Parson R. Relative importance of fuel management, ignition management and weather for area burned: evidence from five landscape-fire-succession models. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2009, 18:147-156.
32. Catling P.C., Coops N.C., Burt R.J. The distribution and abundance of ground-dwelling mammals in relation to time since wildfire and vegetation structure in south-eastern Australia. Wildlife Research 2001, 28:555-564.
33. Charrette N.A., Cleary D.F.R., Mooers A.O. Range-restricted, specialist Bornean butterflies are less likely to recover from enso-induced disturbance. Ecology 2006, 87:2330-2337.
34. Clarke M.F. Catering for the needs of fauna in fire management: science or just wishful thinking?. Wildlife Research 2008, 35:385-394.
35. Cleary D.F.R., Fauvelot C., Genner M.J., Menken S.B.J., Mooers A.O. Parallel responses of species and genetic diversity to El Nino Southern Oscillation-induced environmental destruction. Ecology Letters 2006, 9:301-307.
36. Cleary D.F.R., Priadjati A., Suryokusumo B.K., Menken S.B.J. Butterfly, seedling, sapling and tree diversity and composition in a fire-affected Bornean rainforest. Austral Ecology 2006, 31:46-57.
37. Cochrane M.A. Synergistic interactions between habitat fragmentation and fire in evergreen tropical forests. Conservation Biology 2001, 15:1515-1521.
38. Cochrane M.A., Barber C.P. Climate change, human land use and future fires in the Amazon. Global Change Biology 2009, 15:601-612.
39. Collins S.L. Disturbance frequency and community stability in native tallgrass prairie. American Naturalist 2000, 155:311-325.
40. Converse S.J., White G.C., Farris K.L., Zack S. Small mammals and forest fuel reduction: national-scale responses to fire and fire surrogates. Ecological Applications 2006, 16:1717-1729.
41. Cook W.M., Holt R.D. Fire frequency and mosaic burning effects on a tallgrass prairie ground beetle assemblage. Biodiversity and Conservation 2006, 15:2301-2323.
42. Coops N.C., Catling P.C. Prediction of the spatial distribution and relative abundance of ground-dwelling mammals using remote sensing imagery and simulation models. Landscape Ecology 2002, 17:173-188.
43. Curtis J.T., Partch M.L. Effect of fire on the competition between blue grass and certain prairie plants. American Midland Naturalist 1948, 39:437-443.
44. D'Antonio C.M., Vitousek P.M. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1992, 23:63-87.
45. DellaSala D.A., Williams J.E., Williams C.D., Franklin J.E. Beyond smoke and mirrors: a synthesis of fire policy and science. Conservation Biology 2004, 18:976-986.
46. Ding T.S., Liao H.C., Yuan H.W. Breeding bird community composition in different successional vegetation in the montane coniferous forests zone of Taiwan. Forest Ecology and Management 2008, 255:2038-2048.
47. Drechsler M., Burgman M.A., Menkhorst P.W. Uncertainty in population dynamics and its consequences for the management of the orange-bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster. Biological Conservation 1998, 84:269-281.
48. Driscoll D.A. Few beetle species can be detected with 95% confidence using pitfall-traps. Austral Ecology 2010, 35:13-23.
49. Driscoll D.A., Henderson M.K. How many common reptile species are fire specialists? A replicated natural experiment highlights the predictive weakness of a fire succession model. Biological Conservation 2008, 141:460-471.
50. Driscoll, D.A., Lindenmayer, D.B., Bennett, A.F., Bode, M., Bradstock, R.A., Cary, G.J., Clarke, M.F., Dexter, N., Fensham, R., Friend, G., Gill, M., James, S., Kay, G., Keith, D.A., MacGregor, C., Possingham, H.P., Russel-Smith, J., Salt, D., Watson, J.E.M., Williams, R.J., York, A., 2010. Resolving conflicts in fire management using decision theory; asset-protection versus biodiversity conservation. Conservation Letters. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00115.x.
51. Duncan S.L. Mapping whose reality? Geographic information systems (GIS) and "wild science" Public Understanding of Science 2006, 15:411-434.
52. Edwards A., Kennett R., Price O., Russell-Smith J., Spiers G., Woinarski J. Monitoring the impacts of fire regimes on vegetation in northern Australia: an example from Kakadu National Park. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2003, 12:427-440.
53. Ellner S.P., Fieberg J., Ludwig D., Wilcox C. Precision of population viability analysis. Conservation Biology 2002, 16:258-261.
54. Fernandes P.M., Botelho H.S. A review of prescribed burning effectiveness in fire hazard reduction. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2003, 12:117-128.
55. Fieberg J., Ellner S.P. When is it meaningful to estimate an extinction probability?. Ecology 2000, 81:2040-2047.
56. Fisher J.L., Loneragan W.A., Dixon K., Delaney J., Veneklaas E.J. Altered vegetation structure and composition linked to fire frequency and plant invasion in a biodiverse woodland. Biological Conservation 2009, 142:2270-2281.
57. Flannigan M., Stocks B., Turetsky M., Wotton M. Impacts of climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circumboreal forest. Global Change Biology 2009, 15:549-560.
58. Fox B.J. Fire and mammalian secondary succession in an Australian coastal heath. Ecology 1982, 63:1332-1341.
59. Fox B.J., Taylor J.E., Thompson P.T. Experimental manipulation of habitat structure: a retrogression of the small mammal succession. Journal of Animal Ecology 2003, 72:927-940.
60. Friend G.R. Impact of fire on small vertebrates in mallee woodlands and heathlands of temperate Australia: a review. Biological Conservation 1993, 65:99-114.
61. Giaretta A.A., Facure K.G., Sawaya R.J., Meyer J.H.D., Chemin N. Diversity and abundance of litter frogs in a montane forest of southeastern Brazil: seasonal and altitudinal changes. Biotropica 1999, 31:669-674.
62. Gill A.M. Fire and the Australian flora: a review. Australian Forestry 1975, 38:4-25.
63. Gill A.M. Management of fire-prone vegetation for plant species conservation in Australia. Search 1977, 8:20-26.
64. Gill A.M., Allan G. Large fires, fire effects and the fire-regime concept. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2008, 17:688-695.
65. Gill A.M., Bradstock R. Extinction of biota by fires. Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions 1995, 309-322. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney. R.A. Bradstock, T.D. Auld, D.A. Keith, R. Kingsford, D. Lunney, D. Sivertsen (Eds.).
66. Gill A.M., McCarthy M.A. Intervals between prescribed fires in Australia: what intrinsic variation should apply?. Biological Conservation 1998, 85:161-169.
67. Gill A.M., Stephens S.L. Scientific and social challenges for the management of fire-prone wildland-urban interfaces. Environmental Research Letters 2009, 4:034014. .
68. Gill A.M., Williams J.E. Fire regimes and biodiversity: the effects of fragmentation of southeastern Australian eucalypt forests by urbanisation, agriculture and pine plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 1996, 85:261-278.
69. Gill, A.M., Woinarski, J.C.Z., York, A., 1999. Australia's Biodiversity - Responses to Fire. Plants, Birds and Invertebrates. Biodiversity Technical Paper No. 1. DEWHA, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/technical/fire/index.html.
70. Greenberg C.H., Waldrop T.A. Short-term response of reptiles and amphibians to prescribed fire and mechanical fuel reduction in a southern Appalachian upland hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management 2008, 255:2883-2893.
71. Hanes T.L. Succession after fire in chaparral of southern California. Ecological Monographs 1971, 41:27-&.
72. Haney A., Apfelbaum S., Burris J.M. Thirty years of post-fire succession in a southern boreal forest bird community. American Midland Naturalist 2008, 159:421-433.
73. Hargrove W.W., Pickering J. Pseudoreplication: a sine qua non for regional ecology. Landscape Ecology 1992, 6:251-258.
74. Hauser C.E., Possingham H.P. Experimental or precautionary? Adaptive management over a range of time horizons. Journal of Applied Ecology 2008, 45:72-81.
75. He T.H., Krauss S.L., Lamont B.B., Miller B.P., Enright N.J. Long-distance seed dispersal in a metapopulation of Banksia hookeriana inferred from a population allocation analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism data. Molecular Ecology 2004, 13:1099-1109.
76. Heelemann S., Proches S., Rebelo A.G., van Wilgen B.W., Porembski S., Cowling R.M. Fire season effects on the recruitment of non-sprouting serotinous Proteaceae in the eastern (bimodal rainfall) fynbos biome, South Africa. Austral Ecology 2008, 33:119-127.
77. Herath D.N., Lamont B.B., Enright N.J., Miller B.P. Impact of fire on plant-species persistence in post-mine restored and natural shrubland communities in southwestern Australia. Biological Conservation 2009, 142:2175-2180.
78. Hewitt J.E., Thrush S.F., Dayton P.K., Bonsdorff E. The effect of spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the design and analysis of empirical studies of scale-dependent systems. American Naturalist 2007, 169:398-408.
79. Hiers J.K., Laine S.C., Bachant J.J., Furman J.H., Greene W.W., Compton V. Simple spatial modeling tool for prioritizing prescribed burning activities at the landscape scale. Conservation Biology 2003, 17:1571-1578.
80. Higgins S.I., Lavorel S., Revilla E. Estimating plant migration rates under habitat loss and fragmentation. Oikos 2003, 101:354-366.
81. Hoffmann B.D. Responses of ant communities to experimental fire regimes on rangelands in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory. Austral Ecology 2003, 28:182-195.
82. Hurlbert S.H. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecological Monographs 1984, 54:187-211.
83. Hutto R.L., Conway C.J., Saab V.A., Walters J.R. What constitutes a natural fire regime? Insight from the ecology and distribution of coniferous forest birds in North America. Fire Ecology 2008, 4:115-132.
84. Johnson E.A., Miyanishi K. Testing the assumptions of chronosequences in succession. Ecology Letters 2008, 11:419-431.
85. Jonas J.L., Joern A. Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) communities respond to fire, bison grazing and weather in North American tallgrass prairie: a long-term study. Oecologia 2007, 153:699-711.
86. Joseph S., Anitha K., Murthy M.S.R. Forest fire in India: a review of the knowledge base. Journal of Forest Research 2009, 14:127-134.
87. Keane R.E., Cary G.J., Davies I.D., Flannigan M.D., Gardner R.H., Lavorel S., Lenihan J.M., Li C., Rupp T.S. A classification of landscape fire succession models: spatial simulations of fire and vegetation dynamics. Ecological Modelling 2004, 179:3-27.
88. Keeley J.E., Zedler P.H. Large, high-intensity fire events in southern California shrublands: debunking the fine-grain age patch model. Ecological Applications 2009, 19:69-94.
89. Keith D.A. Population dynamics of an endangered heathland shrub, Epacris stuartii (Epacridaceae): recruitment, establishment and survival. Austral Ecology 2002, 27:67-76.
90. Keith D.A. Australian heath shrub (Epacris barbata): viability under management options for fire and disease. Species Conservation and Management: Case Studies 2004, 90-103. Oxford University Press, Oxford. H.R. Akcakaya, M.A. Burgman, O. Kindvall, C.C. Wood, P. Sjogren-Gulve, J.S. Hatfield, M.A. McCarthy (Eds.).
91. Keith D.A., Williams J.E., Woinarski J.C.W. Fire management and biodiversity conservation: key approaches and principles. Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent 2002, 401-425. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. R.A. Bradstock, A.M. Gill, J.E. Williams (Eds.).
92. Keith D.A., Holman L., Rodoreda S., Lemmon J., Bedward M. Plant functional types can predict decade-scale changes in fire-prone vegetation. Journal of Ecology 2007, 95:1324-1337.
93. Keith D.A., Akcakaya H.R., Thuiller W., Midgley G.F., Pearson R.G., Phillips S.J., Regan H.M., Araujo M.B., Rebelo T.G. Predicting extinction risks under climate change: coupling stochastic population models with dynamic bioclimatic habitat models. Biology Letters 2008, 4:560-563.
94. King K., Cary G., Bradstock R., Chapman J., Pyrke A., Marsden-Smedley J. Simulation of prescribed burning strategies in south west Tasmania, Australia: effects on unplanned fires, fire regimes and ecological management values. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2006, 15:527-540.
95. King K.J., Bradstock R.A., Cary G.J., Chapman J., Marsden-Smedley J.B. The relative importance of fine-scale fuel mosaics on reducing fire risk in south-west Tasmania, Australia. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2008, 17:421-430.
96. Kirkpatrick C., Conway C.J., Jones P.B. Distribution and relative abundance of forest birds in relation to burn severity in southeastern Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 2006, 70:1005-1012.
97. Klink C.A., Machado R.B. Conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado. Conservation Biology 2005, 19:707-713.
98. Knight T.M., Holt R.D. Fire generates spatial gradients in herbivory: an example from a Florida sandhill ecosystem. Ecology 2005, 86:587-593.
99. Kodandapani N., Cochrane M.A., Sukumar R. Conservation threat of increasing fire frequencies in the Western Ghats, India. Conservation Biology 2004, 18:1553-1561.
100. Lamont B.B., Connell S.W., Bergl S.M. Seed bank and population-dynamics of Banksia cuneata - the role of time, fire, and moisture. Botanical Gazette 1991, 152:114-122.
101. Larsen K.W., Adams I.T., Haughland D.L. Small mammal communities in a pyrogenic habitat mosaic. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2007, 16:728-740.
102. Laughlin D.C., Bakker J.D., Stoddard M.T., Daniels M.L., Springer J.D., Gildar C.N., Green A.M., Covington W.W. Toward reference conditions: wildfire effects on flora in an old-growth ponderosa pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 2004, 199:137-152.
103. Lawrence G.E. Ecology of vertebrate animals in relation to chaparral fire in the Sierra Nevada foothills. Ecology 1966, 47:278-291.
104. Le Maitre D.C. Effects of season of burn on the regeneration of two Proteaceae with soil-stored seed. South African Journal of Botany 1988, 54:575-580.
105. 2. Global and Planetary Change 2008, 64:16-25.
106. Letnic M., Dickman C.R. The responses of small mammals to patches regenerating after fire and rainfall in the Simpson Desert, central Australia. Austral Ecology 2005, 30:24-39.
107. Letnic M., Dickman C.R., Tischler M.K., Tamayo B., Beh C.L. The responses of small mammals and lizards to post-fire succession and rainfall in arid Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 2004, 59:85-114.
108. Lindenmayer D.B., Likens G.E. Monitoring for Ecological Knowledge 2010, CSIRO Publishing and Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
109. Lindenmayer D.B., Possingham H.P. Ranking conservation and timber management options for leadbeater's possum in southeastern Australia using population viability analysis. Conservation Biology 1996, 10:235-251.
110. Lindenmayer D.B., Burgman M.A., Akcakaya H.R., Lacy R.C., Possingham H.P. A review of the generic computer programs ALEX, RAMAS/space and VORTEX for modelling the viability of wildlife metapopulations. Ecological Modelling 1995, 82:161-174.
111. Lindenmayer D.B., Ritman K., Cunningham R.B., Smith J.D.B., Horvath D. A method for predicting the spatial distribution of arboreal marsupials. Wildlife Research 1995, 22:445-456.
112. Lindenmayer D.B., Cunningham R.B., McCarthy M.A. The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the central highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. VIII. Landscape analysis of the occurrence of arboreal marsupials. Biological Conservation 1999, 89:83-92.
113. Lindenmayer D.B., Possingham H.P., Lacy R.C., McCarthy M.A., Pope M.L. How accurate are population models? Lessons from landscape-scale tests in a fragmented system. Ecology Letters 2003, 6:41-47.
114. Lindenmayer D.B., Burton P., Franklin J.F. Salvage Logging and its Ecological Consequences 2008, Island Press, Washington, DC.
115. Lindenmayer D.B., Wood J.T., Michael D., MacGregor C., Cunningham R.B., Crane M., Montague-Drake R., Brown D., Muntz R., Gill A.M., Driscoll D.A. How predictable are reptile responses to wildfire?. Oikos 2008, 117:1086-1097.
116. Ludwig D. Is it meaningful to estimate a probability of extinction?. Ecology 1999, 80:298-310.
117. Madden E.M., Hansen A.J., Murphy R.K. Influence of prescribed fire history on habitat and abundance of passerine birds in northern mixed-grass prairie. Canadian Field-Naturalist 1999, 113:627-640.
118. Malhi Y., Aragao L., Galbraith D., Huntingford C., Fisher R., Zelazowski P., Sitch S., McSweeney C., Meir P. Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106:20610-20615.
119. McCarthy M.A., Cary G.J. Fire regimes in landscapes: models and realities. Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent 2002, 76-93. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. R.A. Bradstock, A.M. Gill, J.E. Williams (Eds.).
120. McCarthy M.A., Burgman M.A., Ferson S. Sensitivity analysis for models of population viability. Biological Conservation 1995, 73:93-100.
121. McCarthy M.A., Andelman S.J., Possingham H.P. Reliability of relative predictions in population viability analysis. Conservation Biology 2003, 17:982-989.
122. McCarthy M.A., Keith D., Tietjen J., Burgman M.A., Maunder M., Master L., Brook B.W., Mace G., Possingham H.P., Medellin R., Andelman S., Regan H., Regan T., Ruckelshaus M. Comparing predictions of extinction risk using models and subjective judgement. Acta Oecologica - International Journal of Ecology 2004, 26:67-74.
123. McGill B.J., Etienne R.S., Gray J.S., Alonso D., Anderson M.J., Benecha H.K., Dornelas M., Enquist B.J., Green J.L., He F.L., Hurlbert A.H., Magurran A.E., Marquet P.A., Maurer B.A., Ostling A., Soykan C.U., Ugland K.I., White E.P. Species abundance distributions: moving beyond single prediction theories to integration within an ecological framework. Ecology Letters 2007, 10:995-1015.
124. McKenzie D., Gedalof Z., Peterson D.L., Mote P. Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation. Conservation Biology 2004, 18:890-902.
125. Menges E.S. Population viability analyses in plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2000, 15:51-56.
126. Menges E.S. Integrating demography and fire management: an example from Florida scrub. Australian Journal of Botany 2007, 55:261-272.
127. Menges E.S., Ascencio P.F.Q., Weekley C.W., Gaoue O.G. Population viability analysis and fire return intervals for an endemic Florida scrub mint. Biological Conservation 2006, 127:115-127.
128. Monimeau L., Mouillot D., Fons R., Prodon R., Marchand B. Impact of prescribed burning on the survival rates of the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus). Acta Oecologica - International Journal of Ecology 2002, 23:51-58.
129. Moretti M., Legg C. Combining plant and animal traits to assess community functional responses to disturbance. Ecography 2009, 32:299-309.
130. Moretti M., Conedera M., Duelli P., Edwards P.J. The effects of wildfire on ground-active spiders in deciduous forests on the Swiss southern slope of the Alps. Journal of Applied Ecology 2002, 39:321-336.
131. Moretti M., Obrist M.K., Duelli P. Arthropod biodiversity after forest fires: winners and losers in the winter fire regime of the southern Alps. Ecography 2004, 27:173-186.
132. Morrison D.A., Cary G.J., Pengelly S.M., Ross D.G., Mullins B.J., Thomas C.R., Anderson T.S. Effects of fire frequency on plant-species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region: inter-fire interval and time-since-fire. Australian Journal of Ecology 1995, 20:239-247.
133. Mouillot F., Rambal S., Joffre R. Simulating climate change impacts on fire frequency and vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem. Global Change Biology 2002, 8:423-437.
134. Muller J., Hothorn T., Pretzsch H. Long-term effects of logging intensity on structures, birds, saproxylic beetles and wood-inhabiting fungi in stands of European beech Fagus sylvatica L. Forest Ecology and Management 2007, 242:297-305.
135. Nappi A., Drapeau P. Reproductive success of the black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) in burned boreal forests: are burns source habitats?. Biological Conservation 2009, 142:1381-1391.
136. Natcher D.C., Calef M., Huntington O., Trainor S., Huntington H.P., DeWilde L., Rupp S., Chapin F.S. Factors contributing to the cultural and spatial variability of landscape burning by native peoples of interior Alaska. Ecology and Society 2007, 12:12.
137. Naujokaitis-Lewis I.R., Curtis J.M.R., Arcese P., Rosenfeld J. Sensitivity analyses of spatial population viability analysis models for species at risk and habitat conservation planning. Conservation Biology 2009, 23:225-229.
138. Nicholson E., Possingham H.P. Making conservation decisions under uncertainty for the persistence of multiple species. Ecological Applications 2007, 17:251-265.
139. Niemela J. Invertebrates and boreal forest management. Conservation Biology 1997, 11:601-610.
140. Noble I.R., Gitay H. A functional classification for predicting the dynamics of landscapes. Journal of Vegetation Science 1996, 7:329-336.
141. Noble I.R., Slatyer R.O. The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant-communities subject to recurrent disturbances. Vegetatio 1980, 43:5-21.
142. Noson A.C., Schmitz R.A., Miller R.F. Influence of fire and Juniper encroachment on birds in high-elevation sagebrush steppe. Western North American Naturalist 2006, 66:343-353.
143. Ojima D.S., Schimel D.S., Parton W.J., Owensby C.E. Long-term and short-term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling in tallgrass prairie. Biogeochemistry 1994, 24:67-84.
144. Paquin P. Carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) diversity in the black spruce succession of eastern Canada. Biological Conservation 2008, 141:261-275.
145. Parr C.L., Andersen A.N. Patch mosaic burning for biodiversity conservation: a critique of the pyrodiversity paradigm. Conservation Biology 2006, 20:1610-1619.
146. Parr C.L., Chown S.L. Burning issues for conservation: a critique of faunal fire research in Southern Africa. Austral Ecology 2003, 28:384-395.
147. Parr C.L., Robertson H.G., Biggs H.C., Chown S.L. Response of African savanna ants to long-term fire regimes. Journal of Applied Ecology 2004, 41:630-642.
148. Pausas J.G., Bradstock R.A., Keith D.A., Keeley J.E. Plant functional traits in relation to fire in crown-fire ecosystems. Ecology 2004, 85:1085-1100.
149. Pennanen J., Kuuluvainen T. A spatial simulation approach to natural forest landscape dynamics in boreal Fennoscandia. Forest Ecology and Management 2002, 164:157-175.
150. Perry G.L.W., Enright N.J. Humans, fire and landscape pattern: understanding a maquis-forest complex, Mont Do, New Caledonia, using a spatial 'state-and-transition' model. Journal of Biogeography 2002, 29:1143-1158.
151. Perry G.L.W., Enright N.J. Contrasting outcomes of spatially implicit and spatially explicit models of vegetation dynamics in a forest-shrubland mosaic. Ecological Modelling 2007, 207:327-338.
152. Pickett S.T.A. Space-for-time substitution as an alternative to long-term studies. Long-term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternatives 1989, 110-135. Springer-Verlag, New York, USA. G.E. Likens (Ed.).
153. Pitman A.J., Narisma G.T., McAneney J. The impact of climate change on the risk of forest and grassland fires in Australia. Climatic Change 2007, 84:383-401.
154. Prada M. Effects of fire on the abundance of large mammalian herbivores in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Mammalia 2001, 65:55-61.
155. Premoli A.C., Kitzberger T. Regeneration mode affects spatial genetic structure of Nothofagus dombeyi forests. Molecular Ecology 2005, 14:2319-2329.
156. Pugnaire F.I., Lozano J. Effects of soil disturbance, fire and litter accumulation on the establishment of Cistus clusii seedlings. Plant Ecology 1997, 131:207-213.
157. Radford J.Q., Bennett A.F. The relative importance of landscape properties for woodland birds in agricultural environments. Journal of Applied Ecology 2007, 44:737-747.
158. Ramos-Neto M.B., Pivello V.R. Lightning fires in a Brazilian Savanna National Park: rethinking management strategies. Environmental Management 2000, 26:675-684.
159. Regan H.M., Auld T.D., Keith D.A., Burgman M.A. The effects of fire and predators on the long-term persistence of an endangered shrub, Grevillea caleyi. Biological Conservation 2003, 109:73-83.
160. Richards S.A., Possingham H.P., Tizard J. Optimal fire management for maintaining community diversity. Ecological Applications 1999, 9:880-892.
161. Russell R.E., Royle J.A., Saab V.A., Lehmkuhl J.F., Block W.M., Sauer J.R. Modeling the effects of environmental disturbance on wildlife communities: avian responses to prescribed fire. Ecological Applications 2009, 19:1253-1263.
162. Russell-Smith J., Ryan P.G., Cheal D.C. Fire regimes and the conservation of sandstone heath in monsoonal northern Australia: frequency, interval, patchiness. Biological Conservation 2002, 104:91-106.
163. Russell-Smith J., Whitehead P.J., Cook G.D., Hoare J.L. Response of Eucalyptus-dominated savanna to frequent fires: lessons from Munmarlary, 1973-1996. Ecological Monographs 2003, 73:349-375.
164. Russell-Smith J., Edwards A.C., Woinarski J.C.Z., McCartney J., Kerin S., Winderlich S., Murphy B.P., Watt F. An assessment of the first ten years of the three parks (Kakadu, Litchfield, Nitmiluk) fire regime and biodiversity monitoring program. Culture, Ecology and Economy of Savanna Fire Management in Northern Australia: Rekindling the Wurrk Tradition 2009, 257-285. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne. J. Russell-Smith, P.J. Whitehead, P. Cooke (Eds.).
165. Rykiel E.J. Testing ecological models: the meaning of validation. Ecological Modelling 1996, 90:229-244.
166. Schwilk D.W., Keeley J.E., Knapp E.E., McIver J., Bailey J.D., Fettig C.J., Fiedler C.E., Harrod R.J., Moghaddas J.J., Outcalt K.W., Skinner C.N., Stephens S.L., Waldrop T.A., Yaussy D.A., Youngblood A. The national Fire and Fire Surrogate study: effects of fuel reduction methods on forest vegetation structure and fuels. Ecological Applications 2009, 19:285-304.
167. Shao G., Duncan B.W. Effects of band combinations and GIS masking on fire-scar mapping at local scales in east-central Florida, USA. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 2007, 33:250-259.
168. Shugart H.H., Noble I.R. A computer-model of succession and fire response of the high-altitude Eucalyptus forest of the Brindabella Range, Australian Capital Territory. Australian Journal of Ecology 1981, 6:149-164.
169. Siemann E., Haarstad J., Tilman D. Short-term and long-term effects of burning on oak savanna arthropods. American Midland Naturalist 1997, 137:349-361.
170. Simmons R.E., Barnard P., Dean W.R.J., Midgley G.F., Thuiller W., Hughes G. Climate change and birds: perspectives and prospects from southern Africa. Ostrich 2004, 75:295-308.
171. Sirois L., Payette S. Reduced post-fire tree regeneration along a Boreal forest forest-tundra transect in northern Quebec. Ecology 1991, 72:619-627.
172. Smucker K.M., Hutto R.L., Steele B.M. Changes in bird abundance after wildfire: importance of fire severity and time since fire. Ecological Applications 2005, 15:1535-1549.
173. Specht R.L., Rayson P., Jackman M.E. Dark Island heath (Ninety-Mile Plain, South Australia). VI. Pyric succession: changes in composition, coverage, dry weight and mineral nutrient status. Australian Journal of Botany 1958, 6:59-89.
174. Strayer D., Pletscher D.H., Hamburg S.P., Nodvin S.C. The effects of forest disturbance on land gastropod communities in northern New-England. Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 1986, 64:2094-2098.
175. Sutton F.M., Morgan J.W. Functional traits and prior abundance explain native plant extirpation in a fragmented woodland landscape. Journal of Ecology 2009, 97:718-727.
176. Takahata C., Amin R., Sarma P., Banerjee G., Oliver W., Fa J.E. Remotely-sensed active fire data for protected area management: eight-year patterns in the Manas National Park, India. Environmental Management 2010, 45:414-423.
177. Thonicke K., Venevsky S., Sitch S., Cramer W. The role of fire disturbance for global vegetation dynamics: coupling fire into a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Global Ecology and Biogeography 2001, 10:661-677.
178. Torre I., Diaz M. Small mammal abundance in Mediterranean post-fire habitats: a role for predators?. Acta Oecologica - International Journal of Ecology 2004, 25:137-142.
179. Valentine L.E., Schwarzkopf L. Effects of weed-management burning on reptile assemblages in Australian tropical savannas. Conservation Biology 2009, 23:103-113.
180. van Mantgem P., Schwartz M., Keifer M.B. Monitoring fire effects for managed burns and wildfires: coming to terms with pseudoreplication. Natural Areas Journal 2001, 21:266-273.
181. van Wilgen B.W., Govender N., Biggs H.C. The contribution of fire research to fire management: a critical review of a long-term experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2007, 16:519-530.
182. Vernes K., Haydon D.T. Effect of fire on northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) foraging behaviour. Austral Ecology 2001, 26:649-659.
183. Vickery P.D. Effects of the size of prescribed fire on insect predation of northern blazing star, a rare grassland perennial. Conservation Biology 2002, 16:413-421.
184. Waldram M.S., Bond W.J., Stock W.D. Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: white rhino impacts on a South African savanna. Ecosystems 2008, 11:101-112.
185. Walters C.J. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources 1986, McMillan, New York, USA.
186. Walters C.J., Holling C.S. Large-scale management experiments and learning by doing. Ecology 1990, 71:2060-2068.
187. Weller T.J. Using occupancy estimation to assess the effectiveness of a regional multiple-species conservation plan: bats in the Pacific Northwest. Biological Conservation 2008, 141:2279-2289.
188. Whelan R.J. The Ecology of Fire 1995, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
189. Whelan R.J., Rodgerson L., Dickman C.R., Sutherland E.F. Critical life cycles of plants and animals: developing a process-based understanding of population changes in fire-prone landscapes. Flammable Australia: The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent 2002, 94-124. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. R.A. Bradstock, J.E. Williams, A.M. Gill (Eds.).
190. Williams R.J., Bradstock R.A. Large fires and their ecological consequences: introduction to the special issue. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2008, 17:685-687.
191. Williams R.J., Woinarski J.C.Z., Andersen A.N. Fire experiments in northern Australia: contributions to ecological understanding and biodiversity conservation in tropical savannas. International Journal of Wildland Fire 2003, 12:391-402.
192. Williams, R.J., Bradstock, R.A., Cary, G.J., Enright, N.J., Gill, A.M., Liedloff, A., Lucas, C., Whelan, R.J., Andersen, A.N., Bowman, D.M.J.S., Clarke, P.J., Cook, G.D., Hennessy, K., York, A., 2009. The Impact of Climate Change on Fire Regimes and Biodiversity in Australia - A Preliminary Assessment. Report to Department of Climate Change and Department of Environment Heritage and the Arts, Canberra.
193. Woinarski J.C.Z., Risler J., Kean L. Response of vegetation and vertebrate fauna to 23 years of fire exclusion in a tropical Eucalyptus open forest, Northern Territory, Australia. Austral Ecology 2004, 29:156-176.
194. Wright D.J., Duncan S.L., Lach D. Social power and GIS technology: a review and assessment of approaches for natural resource management. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2009, 99:254-272.
195. Yarnell R.W., Metcalfe D.J., Dunstone N., Burnside N., Scott D.M. The impact of fire on habitat use by the short-snouted elephant shrew (Elephantulus brachyrhynchus) in North West Province, South Africa. African Zoology 2008, 43:45-52.
196. York A. Long-term effects of frequent low-intensity burning on the abundance of litter-dwelling invertebrates in coastal blackbutt forests of southeastern Australia. Journal of Insect Conservation 1999, 3:191-199.
197. York A. Long-term effects of frequent low-intensity burning on ant communities in coastal blackbutt forests of southeastern Australia. Austral Ecology 2000, 25:83-98.