메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 155, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 311-325

Disturbance frequency and community stability in native tallgrass prairie

Author keywords

Community dynamics; Community stability; Disturbance; Fire; Tallgrass prairie; Temporal variability

Indexed keywords

AVIFAUNA; BIOTIC FACTOR; COMMUNITY RESPONSE; DISTURBANCE; FIRE; GRASSHOPPER; PLANT COMMUNITY; PRAIRIE; SMALL MAMMAL; STABILITY ANALYSIS; STOCHASTICITY;

EID: 0033999510     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/303326     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (198)

References (92)
  • 1
    • 0033534709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grassland vegetation changes and nocturnal global warming
    • Washington, D.C.
    • Alward, R. D., J. K. Detling, and D. G. Milchunas. 1999. Grassland vegetation changes and nocturnal global warming. Science (Washington, D.C.) 283:229-231.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 229-231
    • Alward, R.D.1    Detling, J.K.2    Milchunas, D.G.3
  • 2
    • 0002162748 scopus 로고
    • The historic role of fire in the North American grassland
    • in S. L. Collins and L. L. Wallace, eds. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman
    • Anderson, R. C. 1990. The historic role of fire in the North American grassland. Pages 8-18 in S. L. Collins and L. L. Wallace, eds. Fire in North American tallgrass prairie. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
    • (1990) Fire in North American Tallgrass Prairie , pp. 8-18
    • Anderson, R.C.1
  • 3
    • 0022825453 scopus 로고
    • Stability and instability in plant communities following fire
    • Anderson, R. C., and L. E. Brown. 1986. Stability and instability in plant communities following fire. American Journal of Botany 73:364-368.
    • (1986) American Journal of Botany , vol.73 , pp. 364-368
    • Anderson, R.C.1    Brown, L.E.2
  • 4
    • 0024880609 scopus 로고
    • Have southern Texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history?
    • Archer, S. 1989. Have southern Texas savannas been converted to woodlands in recent history? American Naturalist 134:545-561.
    • (1989) American Naturalist , vol.134 , pp. 545-561
    • Archer, S.1
  • 5
    • 0024257249 scopus 로고
    • Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: Conversion of grassland to thorn woodland
    • Archer, S., C. J. Scifres, C. R. Bassham, and R. Maggio. 1988. Autogenic succession in a subtropical savanna: conversion of grassland to thorn woodland. Ecological Monographs 58:111-127.
    • (1988) Ecological Monographs , vol.58 , pp. 111-127
    • Archer, S.1    Scifres, C.J.2    Bassham, C.R.3    Maggio, R.4
  • 6
    • 0003171887 scopus 로고
    • Use of ordination and other multivariate methods to study succession
    • Austin, M. P. 1977. Use of ordination and other multivariate methods to study succession. Vegetatio 35: 165-175.
    • (1977) Vegetatio , vol.35 , pp. 165-175
    • Austin, M.P.1
  • 7
    • 51849180749 scopus 로고
    • Rise of the grassland biome, central North America
    • Axelrod, D. I. 1985. Rise of the grassland biome, central North America. Botanical Review 51:163-201.
    • (1985) Botanical Review , vol.51 , pp. 163-201
    • Axelrod, D.I.1
  • 8
    • 0024911880 scopus 로고
    • Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota
    • Baker, W. L. 1989. Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Ecology 70:23-35.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 23-35
    • Baker, W.L.1
  • 9
    • 0031401031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire, N availability and plant response in grasslands: A test of the transient maxima hypothesis
    • Blair, J. M. 1997. Fire, N availability and plant response in grasslands: a test of the transient maxima hypothesis. Ecology 78:2359-2368.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 2359-2368
    • Blair, J.M.1
  • 10
    • 0001436817 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic disturbance and the steady state in northern hardwoods forests
    • Bormann, F. H., and G. E. Likens. 1979. Catastrophic disturbance and the steady state in northern hardwoods forests. American Scientist 67:660-669.
    • (1979) American Scientist , vol.67 , pp. 660-669
    • Bormann, F.H.1    Likens, G.E.2
  • 11
    • 0002293696 scopus 로고
    • The physical environment of Great Plains grasslands
    • A. Joern and K. H. Keeler, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Bragg, T. B. 1995. The physical environment of Great Plains grasslands. Pages 49-81 in A. Joern and K. H. Keeler, eds. The changing prairie. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1995) The Changing Prairie , pp. 49-81
    • Bragg, T.B.1
  • 12
    • 0001919579 scopus 로고
    • Woody plant invasion of unburned Kansas bluestem prairie
    • Bragg, T. B., and L. C. Hulbert. 1976. Woody plant invasion of unburned Kansas bluestem prairie. Journal of Range Management 29:19-23.
    • (1976) Journal of Range Management , vol.29 , pp. 19-23
    • Bragg, T.B.1    Hulbert, L.C.2
  • 13
    • 0028980480 scopus 로고
    • Interannual variability in primary production in tallgrass prairie: Climate, soil moisture, topographic position, and fire as determinants of aboveground biomass
    • Briggs, J. M., and A. K. Knapp. 1995. Interannual variability in primary production in tallgrass prairie: climate, soil moisture, topographic position, and fire as determinants of aboveground biomass. American Journal of Botany 82:1024-1030.
    • (1995) American Journal of Botany , vol.82 , pp. 1024-1030
    • Briggs, J.M.1    Knapp, A.K.2
  • 14
    • 0002588548 scopus 로고
    • Experimental community ecology: The desert granivore system
    • J. Diamond and T. J. Case, eds. Harper & Row, New York
    • Brown, J. H., D. W. Davidson, J. C. Munger, and R. S. Inouye. 1986. Experimental community ecology: the desert granivore system. Pages 41-61 in J. Diamond and T. J. Case, eds. Community ecology. Harper & Row, New York.
    • (1986) Community Ecology , pp. 41-61
    • Brown, J.H.1    Davidson, D.W.2    Munger, J.C.3    Inouye, R.S.4
  • 17
    • 0024198107 scopus 로고
    • The effects of disturbance size and frequency on a shortgrass plant community
    • Coffin, D. P., and W. K. Lauenroth. 1988. The effects of disturbance size and frequency on a shortgrass plant community. Ecology 69:1609-1617.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1609-1617
    • Coffin, D.P.1    Lauenroth, W.K.2
  • 18
    • 0023518845 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of disturbances in tallgrass prairie: A field experiment
    • Collins, S. L. 1987. Interaction of disturbances in tallgrass prairie: a field experiment. Ecology 68:1243-1250.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 1243-1250
    • Collins, S.L.1
  • 19
    • 0027041519 scopus 로고
    • Fire frequency and community heterogeneity in tallgrass prairie vegetation
    • -. 1992. Fire frequency and community heterogeneity in tallgrass prairie vegetation. Ecology 73: 2001-2006.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 2001-2006
  • 20
    • 0025205950 scopus 로고
    • A hierarchical analysis of species abundance patterns in grassland vegetation
    • Collins, S. L., and S. M. Glenn. 1990. A hierarchical analysis of species abundance patterns in grassland vegetation. American Naturalist 135:633-648.
    • (1990) American Naturalist , vol.135 , pp. 633-648
    • Collins, S.L.1    Glenn, S.M.2
  • 21
    • 0025993285 scopus 로고
    • Importance of spatial and temporal dynamics in species regional abundance and distribution
    • -. 1991. Importance of spatial and temporal dynamics in species regional abundance and distribution. Ecology 72:654-664.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 654-664
  • 22
    • 0030613880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of organismal and distance scaling on analysis of species distribution and abundance
    • -. 1997a. Effects of organismal and distance scaling on analysis of species distribution and abundance. Ecological Applications 7:543-551.
    • (1997) Ecological Applications , vol.7 , pp. 543-551
  • 23
    • 0031407884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermediate disturbance and its relationship to within-and between-patch dynamics
    • -. 1997b. Intermediate disturbance and its relationship to within-and between-patch dynamics. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21:103-110.
    • (1997) New Zealand Journal of Ecology , vol.21 , pp. 103-110
  • 24
    • 0028974153 scopus 로고
    • Experimental analysis of intermediate disturbance and initial floristic composition: Decoupling cause and effect
    • Collins, S. L., S. M. Glenn, and D. J. Gibson. 1995. Experimental analysis of intermediate disturbance and initial floristic composition: decoupling cause and effect. Ecology 76:486-492.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 486-492
    • Collins, S.L.1    Glenn, S.M.2    Gibson, D.J.3
  • 25
    • 0032076610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie
    • Washington, D.C.
    • Collins, S. L., A. K. Knapp, J. M. Briggs, J. M. Blair, and E. M. Steinauer. 1998. Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie. Science (Washington, D.C.) 280:745-747.
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 745-747
    • Collins, S.L.1    Knapp, A.K.2    Briggs, J.M.3    Blair, J.M.4    Steinauer, E.M.5
  • 26
    • 0017806329 scopus 로고
    • Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs
    • Washington, D.C.
    • Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science (Washington, D.C.) 199:1302-1310.
    • (1978) Science , vol.199 , pp. 1302-1310
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 27
    • 0021029661 scopus 로고
    • On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence
    • Connell, J. H., and W. P. Sousa. 1983. On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence. American Naturalist 121:789-824.
    • (1983) American Naturalist , vol.121 , pp. 789-824
    • Connell, J.H.1    Sousa, W.P.2
  • 29
    • 0025262582 scopus 로고
    • Grassland patch dynamics and herbivore grazing preferences following urine deposition
    • Day, T. A., and J. K. Detling. 1990. Grassland patch dynamics and herbivore grazing preferences following urine deposition. Ecology 71:180-188.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 180-188
    • Day, T.A.1    Detling, J.K.2
  • 30
    • 0023504374 scopus 로고
    • Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models
    • DeAngelis, D. L., and J. C. Waterhouse. 1987. Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models. Ecological Monographs 57:1-21.
    • (1987) Ecological Monographs , vol.57 , pp. 1-21
    • DeAngelis, D.L.1    Waterhouse, J.C.2
  • 32
    • 0021616374 scopus 로고
    • Fire as a natural disturbance to grasshopper assemblages of tallgrass prairie
    • Evans, E. W. 1984. Fire as a natural disturbance to grasshopper assemblages of tallgrass prairie. Oikos 43:9-16.
    • (1984) Oikos , vol.43 , pp. 9-16
    • Evans, E.W.1
  • 33
    • 0024200133 scopus 로고
    • Community dynamics of prairie grasshoppers subjected to periodic fire: Predictable trajectories or random walks in time?
    • -. 1988. Community dynamics of prairie grasshoppers subjected to periodic fire: predictable trajectories or random walks in time? Oikos 52:283-292.
    • (1988) Oikos , vol.52 , pp. 283-292
  • 34
    • 0026498903 scopus 로고
    • Absence of interspecific competition among tallgrass prairie grasshoppers during a drought
    • -. 1992. Absence of interspecific competition among tallgrass prairie grasshoppers during a drought. Ecology 73:1038-1044.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1038-1044
  • 35
    • 0031839764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of the earth's grazing ecosystems
    • Frank, D. A., S. J. McNaughton, and B. F. Tracy. 1998. The ecology of the earth's grazing ecosystems. BioScience 48:513-521.
    • (1998) BioScience , vol.48 , pp. 513-521
    • Frank, D.A.1    McNaughton, S.J.2    Tracy, B.F.3
  • 36
    • 0002984284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The flora of Konza Prairie: A historical review and contemporary patterns
    • A. K. Knapp, J. M. Briggs, D. C. Hartnett, and S. L. Collins, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Freeman, C. C. 1998. The flora of Konza Prairie: a historical review and contemporary patterns. Pages 69-80 in A. K. Knapp, J. M. Briggs, D. C. Hartnett, and S. L. Collins, eds. Grassland dynamics: long-term ecological research in tallgrass prairie. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1998) Grassland Dynamics: Long-term Ecological Research in Tallgrass Prairie , pp. 69-80
    • Freeman, C.C.1
  • 37
    • 0001710303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial scale influence on longterm temporal patterns of a semi-arid grassland
    • Fuhlendorf, S. D., and F. E. Smeins. 1996. Spatial scale influence on longterm temporal patterns of a semi-arid grassland. Landscape Ecology 11:107-113.
    • (1996) Landscape Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 107-113
    • Fuhlendorf, S.D.1    Smeins, F.E.2
  • 38
    • 0023520677 scopus 로고
    • Effects of fire, topography and year-to-year climatic variation on species composition in tallgrass prairie
    • Gibson, D. J., and L. C. Hulbert. 1987. Effects of fire, topography and year-to-year climatic variation on species composition in tallgrass prairie. Vegetatio 72: 175-185.
    • (1987) Vegetatio , vol.72 , pp. 175-185
    • Gibson, D.J.1    Hulbert, L.C.2
  • 39
    • 0027498730 scopus 로고
    • Experimental analysis of patch dynamics in tallgrass prairie plant communities
    • Glenn, S. M., and S. L. Collins. 1993. Experimental analysis of patch dynamics in tallgrass prairie plant communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 4:157-162.
    • (1993) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.4 , pp. 157-162
    • Glenn, S.M.1    Collins, S.L.2
  • 40
    • 0003909770 scopus 로고
    • University Press of Kansas, Lawrence
    • Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
    • (1986) Flora of the Great Plains
  • 41
    • 0026289858 scopus 로고
    • Single-species metapopulation dynamics: Concepts, models and observations
    • Hanski, I. 1991. Single-species metapopulation dynamics: concepts, models and observations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42:17-38.
    • (1991) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.42 , pp. 17-38
    • Hanski, I.1
  • 42
    • 0029660725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of bison grazing, fire and topography on floristic diversity in tallgrass prairie
    • Hartnett, D.C., K. R. Hickman, and L. E. Fischer-Walter. 1996. Effects of bison grazing, fire and topography on floristic diversity in tallgrass prairie. Journal of Range Management 49:413-420.
    • (1996) Journal of Range Management , vol.49 , pp. 413-420
    • Hartnett, D.C.1    Hickman, K.R.2    Fischer-Walter, L.E.3
  • 44
    • 0030846289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of plant competition and diversity on ecosystem processes
    • Washington, D.C.
    • Hooper, D. U., and P. M. Vitousek. 1997. The effects of plant competition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science (Washington, D.C.)277:1302-1305.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 1302-1305
    • Hooper, D.U.1    Vitousek, P.M.2
  • 45
    • 0028180821 scopus 로고
    • Response of early-and late-flowering plants to fire season in experimental prairies
    • Howe, H. F. 1994. Response of early-and late-flowering plants to fire season in experimental prairies. Ecological Applications 4:121-133.
    • (1994) Ecological Applications , vol.4 , pp. 121-133
    • Howe, H.F.1
  • 46
    • 0013587645 scopus 로고
    • History and use of Konza Prairie Research Natural Area
    • Hulbert, L. C. 1985. History and use of Konza Prairie Research Natural Area. Prairie Scout 5:63-93.
    • (1985) Prairie Scout , vol.5 , pp. 63-93
    • Hulbert, L.C.1
  • 47
    • 0030613870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: Re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity
    • Berlin
    • Huston, M. A. 1997. Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia (Berlin) 110:449-460.
    • (1997) Oecologia , vol.110 , pp. 449-460
    • Huston, M.A.1
  • 48
    • 0028974979 scopus 로고
    • Measuring resilience in stochastic systems
    • Ives, A. R. 1995. Measuring resilience in stochastic systems. Ecological Monographs 65:217-233.
    • (1995) Ecological Monographs , vol.65 , pp. 217-233
    • Ives, A.R.1
  • 49
    • 0026498735 scopus 로고
    • Small-scale grazing in a semi-arid North American grassland. II. Cattle grazing of simulated urine patches
    • Jaramillo, V. J., and J. K. Detling. 1992. Small-scale grazing in a semi-arid North American grassland. II. Cattle grazing of simulated urine patches. Journal of Applied Ecology 29:9-13.
    • (1992) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.29 , pp. 9-13
    • Jaramillo, V.J.1    Detling, J.K.2
  • 52
    • 0002297556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Grasslands, Konza Prairie, and long-term ecological research
    • A. K. Knapp, J. M. Briggs, D. C. Hartnett, and S. L. Collins, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford
    • Knapp, A. K., and T. R. Seastedt. 1998. Introduction: grasslands, Konza Prairie, and long-term ecological research. Pages 3-15 in A. K. Knapp, J. M. Briggs, D. C. Hartnett, and S. L. Collins, eds. Grassland dynamics: long-term ecological research in tallgrass prairie. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1998) Grassland Dynamics: Long-term Ecological Research in Tallgrass Prairie , pp. 3-15
    • Knapp, A.K.1    Seastedt, T.R.2
  • 56
    • 0028165722 scopus 로고
    • Expansion of gallery forest on Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas, USA
    • Knight, C. L., J. M. Briggs, and M. D. Nellis. 1994. Expansion of gallery forest on Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas, USA. Landscape Ecology 9:117-125.
    • (1994) Landscape Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 117-125
    • Knight, C.L.1    Briggs, J.M.2    Nellis, M.D.3
  • 57
    • 0029764640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological determinants of species loss in remnant prairies
    • Washington, D.C.
    • Leach, M. K., and T. J. Givnish. 1996. Ecological determinants of species loss in remnant prairies. Science (Washington, D.C.) 273:1555-1558.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 1555-1558
    • Leach, M.K.1    Givnish, T.J.2
  • 58
    • 0014624129 scopus 로고
    • The meaning of stability
    • G. M. Woodwell and H. H. Smith, eds. Brookhaven Symposium in Biology Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y.
    • Lewontin, R. C. 1969. The meaning of stability. Pages 13-24 in G. M. Woodwell and H. H. Smith, eds. Diversity and stability in ecological systems. Brookhaven Symposium in Biology 22. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y.
    • (1969) Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems , vol.22 , pp. 13-24
    • Lewontin, R.C.1
  • 59
    • 77957215096 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of diversity, efficiency and community stability
    • Loucks, O. L. 1970. Evolution of diversity, efficiency and community stability. American Zoologist 10:17-25.
    • (1970) American Zoologist , vol.10 , pp. 17-25
    • Loucks, O.L.1
  • 61
    • 0030718540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability
    • London
    • McGrady-Steed, J., P. M. Harris, and P. J. Morin. 1997. Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability. Nature (London) 390:162-165.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.390 , pp. 162-165
    • McGrady-Steed, J.1    Harris, P.M.2    Morin, P.J.3
  • 62
    • 0001257473 scopus 로고
    • Diversity and stability in ecological communities: A comment on the role of empiricism in ecology
    • McNaughton, S. J. 1977. Diversity and stability in ecological communities: a comment on the role of empiricism in ecology. American Naturalist 111:515-525.
    • (1977) American Naturalist , vol.111 , pp. 515-525
    • McNaughton, S.J.1
  • 63
    • 0027332466 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments
    • Milchunas, D. G., and W. K. Lauenroth. 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecological Monographs 63: 327-366.
    • (1993) Ecological Monographs , vol.63 , pp. 327-366
    • Milchunas, D.G.1    Lauenroth, W.K.2
  • 64
    • 0031724225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Livestock grazing: Animal and plant biodiversity of shortgrass steppe and the relationship to ecosystem function
    • Milchunas, D. G., W. K. Lauenroth, and I. C. Burke. 1998. Livestock grazing: animal and plant biodiversity of shortgrass steppe and the relationship to ecosystem function. Oikos 83:65-74.
    • (1998) Oikos , vol.83 , pp. 65-74
    • Milchunas, D.G.1    Lauenroth, W.K.2    Burke, I.C.3
  • 65
    • 0031438048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability
    • London
    • Naeem, S., and S. Li. 1997. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature (London) 390:507-509.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.390 , pp. 507-509
    • Naeem, S.1    Li, S.2
  • 66
    • 0000241883 scopus 로고
    • The role of Rhus copallina in the dynamics of the forest-prairie ecotone in north-central Oklahoma
    • Petranka, J. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1979. The role of Rhus copallina in the dynamics of the forest-prairie ecotone in north-central Oklahoma. Ecology 60: 956-965.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 956-965
    • Petranka, J.W.1    McPherson, J.K.2
  • 68
    • 0004295054 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
    • (1991) The Balance of Nature?
    • Pimm, S.L.1
  • 69
    • 0000717668 scopus 로고
    • Habitat structure, patchiness, and avian communities in North American steppe vegetation: A multivariate analysis
    • Rotenberry, J. T., and J. A. Wiens. 1980a. Habitat structure, patchiness, and avian communities in North American steppe vegetation: a multivariate analysis. Ecology 61: 1228-1250.
    • (1980) Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 1228-1250
    • Rotenberry, J.T.1    Wiens, J.A.2
  • 70
    • 0001924105 scopus 로고
    • Temporal variation in habitat structure and shrubsteppe bird dynamics
    • Berlin
    • -. 1980b. Temporal variation in habitat structure and shrubsteppe bird dynamics. Oecologia (Berlin) 47:1-9.
    • (1980) Oecologia , vol.47 , pp. 1-9
  • 71
    • 0027524314 scopus 로고
    • Consequences of non-equilibrium resource availability across multiple time scales: The transient maxima hypothesis
    • Seastedt, T. R., and A. K. Knapp. 1993. Consequences of non-equilibrium resource availability across multiple time scales: the transient maxima hypothesis. American Naturalist 141:621-633.
    • (1993) American Naturalist , vol.141 , pp. 621-633
    • Seastedt, T.R.1    Knapp, A.K.2
  • 72
    • 0028975326 scopus 로고
    • Effects of urine deposition on small-scale patch structure in prairie vegetation
    • Steinauer, E. M., and S. L. Collins. 1995. Effects of urine deposition on small-scale patch structure in prairie vegetation. Ecology 76:1195-1205.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1195-1205
    • Steinauer, E.M.1    Collins, S.L.2
  • 73
    • 0023508771 scopus 로고
    • Secondary succession and patterns of plant dominance along experimental nitrogen gradients
    • Tilman, D. 1987. Secondary succession and patterns of plant dominance along experimental nitrogen gradients. Ecological Monographs 57:189-214.
    • (1987) Ecological Monographs , vol.57 , pp. 189-214
    • Tilman, D.1
  • 74
    • 0000357010 scopus 로고
    • Ecological experimentation: Strengths and conceptual problems
    • Springer, New York
    • -. 1989. Ecological experimentation: strengths and conceptual problems. Pages 136-157 in G. E. Likens, ed. Long-term studies in ecology: approaches and alternatives. Springer, New York.
    • (1989) Long-term Studies in Ecology: Approaches and Alternatives , pp. 136-157
    • Likens, G.E.1
  • 75
    • 0030418734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity: Population versus ecosystem stability
    • -. 1996. Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77:350-363.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 350-363
  • 76
    • 0028181948 scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity and stability in grasslands
    • London
    • Tilman, D., and J. A. Downing. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature (London) 367:363-365.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.367 , pp. 363-365
    • Tilman, D.1    Downing, J.A.2
  • 77
    • 0029667536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems
    • London
    • Tilman, D., D. Wedin, and J. Knops. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature (London) 379:718-720.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.379 , pp. 718-720
    • Tilman, D.1    Wedin, D.2    Knops, J.3
  • 78
    • 0030881030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes
    • Washington, D.C.
    • Tilman, D., J. Knops, D. Wedin, P. Reich, M. Ritchie, and E. Siemann. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science (Washington, D.C.) 277:1300-1302.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 1300-1302
    • Tilman, D.1    Knops, J.2    Wedin, D.3    Reich, P.4    Ritchie, M.5    Siemann, E.6
  • 79
    • 0024249788 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation dynamics: Patterns in space and time
    • Van der Maarel, E. 1988. Vegetation dynamics: patterns in space and time. Vegetatio 77:7-19.
    • (1988) Vegetatio , vol.77 , pp. 7-19
    • Van Der Maarel, E.1
  • 80
    • 0030613573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil N and plant responses to fire, topography, and supplemental N in tallgrass prairie
    • Turner, C. L., J. M. Blair, R. J. Sharitz, and J. C. Neel. 1997. Soil N and plant responses to fire, topography, and supplemental N in tallgrass prairie. Ecology 78: 1832-1843.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1832-1843
    • Turner, C.L.1    Blair, J.M.2    Sharitz, R.J.3    Neel, J.C.4
  • 81
    • 0030800859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of island area on ecosystem properties
    • Washington, D.C.
    • Wardle, D. A., O. Zackrisson, G. Hörnberg, and C. Gallet. 1997. The influence of island area on ecosystem properties. Science (Washington, D.C.) 277:1296-1299.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 1296-1299
    • Wardle, D.A.1    Zackrisson, O.2    Hörnberg, G.3    Gallet, C.4
  • 82
    • 0027508580 scopus 로고
    • Competition among grasses along a nitrogen gradient: Initial conditions and mechanisms of competition
    • Wedin, D., and D. Tilman. 1993. Competition among grasses along a nitrogen gradient: initial conditions and mechanisms of competition. Ecological Monographs 63: 199-229.
    • (1993) Ecological Monographs , vol.63 , pp. 199-229
    • Wedin, D.1    Tilman, D.2
  • 83
    • 0000016376 scopus 로고
    • Pattern, process and natural disturbance in vegetation
    • White, P. S. 1979. Pattern, process and natural disturbance in vegetation. Botanical Review 45:229-299.
    • (1979) Botanical Review , vol.45 , pp. 229-299
    • White, P.S.1
  • 85
    • 0017548704 scopus 로고
    • The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities
    • Whittaker, R. H., and S. A. Levin. 1977. The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities. Theoretical Population Biology 12:117-139.
    • (1977) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.12 , pp. 117-139
    • Whittaker, R.H.1    Levin, S.A.2
  • 87
    • 0022836672 scopus 로고
    • A lesson in the limitations of field experiments: Shrubsteppe birds and habitat alteration
    • Wiens, J. A., J. T. Rotenberry, and B. Van Home. 1986. A lesson in the limitations of field experiments: shrubsteppe birds and habitat alteration. Ecology 67:365-376.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 365-376
    • Wiens, J.A.1    Rotenberry, J.T.2    Van Home, B.3
  • 88
    • 0024229287 scopus 로고
    • Linear trend in multi-species time series
    • Wildi, O. 1988. Linear trend in multi-species time series. Vegetatio 77:51-56.
    • (1988) Vegetatio , vol.77 , pp. 51-56
    • Wildi, O.1
  • 89
    • 0025956361 scopus 로고
    • Components of plant competition along an experimental gradient of nitrogen availability
    • Wilson, S. D., and D. Tilman. 1991. Components of plant competition along an experimental gradient of nitrogen availability. Ecology 72:1050-1065.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 1050-1065
    • Wilson, S.D.1    Tilman, D.2
  • 91
    • 0030043339 scopus 로고
    • From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: A paradigm shift in ecology
    • Wu, J., and O. L. Loucks. 1995. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology 70:439-466.
    • (1995) Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.70 , pp. 439-466
    • Wu, J.1    Loucks, O.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.