Cheaters and liars: Chemical mimicry at its finest

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 88, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 725-752

  Vereecken, N J ^a,b   McNeil, J N ^c  

^a FREE UNIVERSITY OF BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL ECOLOGY; INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; MIMICRY; NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY; NUTRIENT USE; POLLINATION;

EID: 77954915688     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/Z10-040     Document Type: Review

References (312)

1. Ackerman, J.D. 1986. Mechanisms and evolution of food-deceptive pollination systems in orchids. Lindleyana, 1: 108-113.
2. Ackerman, J.D., Méléndez-Ackerman, E.J., and Salguero-Faria, J. 1997. Variation in pollinator abundance and selection on fragrance phenotypes in an epiphytic orchid. Am. J. Bot. 84(10): 1383-1390. doi:10.2307/2446136.
3. Agren, L., Kullenberg, B., and Sensenbaught, T. 1984. Congruences in pilosity between three species of Ophrys (Orchidaceae) in their hymenopteran pollinators. Nova Acta Regise Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis Series V, C, 3: 15-25.
4. Akino, T., Knapp, J.J., Thomas, J.A., and Elmes, G.W. 1999. Chemical mimicry and host specificity in the butterfly, Maculina rebeli, a social parasite of Myrmica ant colonies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 266(1427): 1419-1426. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0796.
5. Alcock, J., Barrows, E.N., Gordh, G., Hubbard, J., Kirkendall, L., Pyle, D.W., Ponder, T.L., and Zalom, F.G. 1978. The ecology and evolution of male reproductive behaviour in the bees and wasps. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 64(4): 293-326. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1978.tb01075.x.
6. Als, T.D., Nash, D., and Boomsma, J.J. 2001. Adoption of parasitic Maculina alcon caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) by three Myrmica ant species. Anim. Behav. 62(1): 99-106. doi:10.1006/ anbe.2001.1716.
7. Als, T.D., Vila, R., Kandul, N.P., Nash, D.R., Yen, S.-H., Hsu, Y.-F., Mignault, A.A., Boomsma, J.J., and Pierce, N.E. 2004. The evolution of alternative parasitic life histories in large blue butterflies. Nature (London), 432(7015): 386-390. doi:10.1038/ nature03020. PMID:15549104.
8. Anderson, B., Johnson, S.D., and Carbutt, C. 2005. Exploitation of a specialized mutualism by a deceptive orchid. Am. J. Bot. 92(8): 1342-1349. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.8.1342.
9. Andersson, S., Nilsson, L.A., Groth, I., and Bergstrom, G. 2002. Floral scents in butterfly-pollinated plants: possible convergence in chemical composition. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 140(2): 129-153. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00068.x.
10. Angioy, A.-M., Stensmyr, M.C., Urru, I., Puliafito, M., Collu, I., and Hansson, B.S. 2004. Function of the heater: the dead horse arum revisited. Biol. Lett. 271: 13-15.
11. Anton, C., Musche, M., Hula, V., and Settele, J. 2008. Myrmica host-ant limit the density of ant-predatory large blue, Maculinae nausithous. J. Insect Conserv. 12(5): 511-517. doi:10.1007/s10841-007-9091-8.
12. Axén, A.H., Leimar, O., and Hoffman, V. 1996. Signalling in a mutualistic interaction. Anim. Behav. 52(2): 321-333. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0178.
13. Ayasse, M. 2006. Floral scent and pollinator attraction in sexually deceptive orchids. In Biology of floral scent Edited by N. Dudareva and E. Pichersky. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 219-241.
14. Ayasse, M., Engels, W., Lubke, G., Taghizadeh, T., and Francke, W. 1999. Mating expenditures reduced via female sex pheromone modulation in the primitively eusocial halictine bee, Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) malachurum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 45: 95-106. doi:10.1007/s002650050543.
15. Ayasse, M., Dutzler, G., Schiestl, F.P., Ibarra, F., and Francke, W. 2000. Identification of female and male sex pheromone in the solitary bee Osmia rufa (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). In Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Entomology and XVIII Brazilian Congress of Entomology (Chemistry and Physiological Ecology Symposium and Poster Session), Iguassu Falls, Brazil, 20-26 August 2000. Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura e do Abastecimento, Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR, Brazil. Abstract Book II, pp. 21.
16. Ayasse, M., Paxton, R.J., and Tengo, J. 2001. Mating behavior and chemical communication in the order Hymenoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 46(1): 31-78. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.31. PMID:11112163.
17. Ayasse, M., Schiestl, F.P., Paulus, H.F., Ibarra, F., and Francke, W. 2003. Pollinator attraction in a sexually deceptive orchid by means of unconventional chemicals. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 270(1514): 517-522. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2271.
18. Bänziger, H., and Pape, T. 2004. Flowers, feces and cadavers: natural feeding and laying habits of flesh flies in Thailand (Diptera: Sarcophagidae, Sarcophaga spp.). J. Nat. Hist. 38(13): 1677-1694. doi:10.1080/0022293031000156303.
19. Barbero, F., Thomas, J.A., Bonelli, S., Balletto, E., and Schonrogge, K. 2009. Queen ants make distinctive sounds that are mi-micked by a butterfly social parasite. Science (Washington, D.C.), 323(5915): 782-785. doi:10.1126/science.1163583.PMID:19197065.
20. Barkman, T.J., Beaman, J.H., and Gage, D.A. 1997. Floral fragrance variation in Cypripedium: implications for evolutionary and ecological studies. Phytochemistry, 44(5): 875-882. doi:10. 1016/S0031-9422(96)00614-0.
21. Barrozo, R.B., and Lazzari, C.R. 2004. The response of the blood-sucking bug Triatoma infestans to carbon dioxide and other host odours. Chem. Senses, 29(4): 319-329. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh035. PMID:15150145.
22. Barth, F.G. 1991. Insects and flowers: the biology of a partnership. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
23. Bascompte, J., Jordano, P., Melián, C.J., and Olesen, J.M. 2003. The nested assembly of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(16): 9383-9387. doi:10.1073/ pnas.1633576100. PMID:12881488.
24. Bergmark, L., Borg-Karlson, A.-K., and Tengo, J. 1984. Female characteristics and odour cues in mate recognition in Dasypoda altercator (Hym., Melittidae). Nova Acta Regise Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis Series V, C, 3: 137-143.
25. Bergstrom, G. 1978. Role of volatile chemicals in Ophrys-pollinator interactions. In Biochemical aspects of plant and animal coevolution. Edited by G. Harborne. Academic Press, London. pp. 207-230.
26. Bergstrom, G., Appelgren, M., Borg-Karlson, A.-K., Groth, I., Stromberg, S., and Stromberg, S. 1980. Studies on natural odoriferous compounds. XXII. Techniques for the isolation/ enrichment of plant volatiles in the analyses of Ophrys orchids (Orchidaceae). Chem. Scr. 16: 173-180.
27. Bergstrom, L.G.W. 2008. Chemical communication by behaviour-guiding olfactory signals. Chem. Commun. (Camb.), 2008(34): 3959-3979. doi:10.1039/b712681f.
28. Bergstrom, L.G.W., Birgersson, G., Groth, I., and Nilsson, L.A. 1992. Floral fragrance disparity between three taxa of lady's slipper Cypripedium calceolus L. (Orchidaceae). Phytochemistry, 31(7): 2315-2319. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(92)83271-Y.
29. Blanco, M.A., and Barboza, G. 2005. Pseudocopulatory pollination in Lepanthes (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) by fungus gnats. Ann. Bot. (Lond.), 95(5): 763-772. doi:10.1093/aob/mci090.
30. Blomquist, G.J., and Vogt, R.G. 2003. Biosynthesis and detection of pheromones and plant volatiles -introduction and overview. In Insect pheromone biochemistry and molecular biology - the bio-synthesis and detection of pheromones and plant volatiles. Edited by G.J. Blomquist and R.G. Vogt. Elsevier, New York. pp. 3-18.
31. Bologna, M.A., and Pinto, J.D. 2001. Phylogenetic studies of Meloidae (Coleoptera), with emphasis on the evolution of phoresy. Syst. Entomol. 26(1): 33-72. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00132.x.
32. Bologna, M.A., and Pinto, J.D. 2002. The Old World genera of Meloidae (Coleoptera): a key and synopsis. J. Nat. Hist. 36(17): 2013-2102. doi:10.1080/00222930110062318.
33. Bologna, M.A., Oliverio, M., Pitzalis, M., and Mariottini, P. 2008. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 48(2): 679-693. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.019. PMID:18514547.
34. Borg-Karlson, A.-K. 1990. Chemical and ethological studies of pollination in the genus Ophrys (Orchidaceae). Phytochemistry, 29(5): 1359-1387. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)80086-V.
35. Borg-Karlson, A.-K., and Groth, I. 1986. Volatiles from the flowers of four species in the sections Arachnitiformes and Araniferae of the genus Ophrys as insect mimetic attractants. Phytochemistry, 25(6): 1297-1299. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81276-5.
36. Borg-Karlson, A.-K., and Tengo, J. 1986. Odor mimetism? Key substances in Ophrys lutea-Andrena pollination relationship (Orchidaceae: Andrenidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 12(9): 1927-1941. doi:10.1007/BF01041856.
37. Borg-Karlson, A.-K., Bergstrom, G., and Groth, I. 1985. I. Volatile compounds of Ophrys lutea and O. fusca as insect mimetic attractants/excitants. Chem. Scr. 25: 283-294.
38. Borg-Karlson, A.-K., Bergstrom, G., and Kullenberg, B. 1987. II. Volatile compounds of O. insectifera and O. speculum as insect mimetic attractants/excitants. Chem. Scr. 27: 303-311.
39. Borg-Karlson, A.-K., Englund, F.O., and Unelius, C.R. 1994. Dimethyl oligosulphides, major volatiles released from Sauromatum guttatum and Phallus impudicus. Phytochemistry, 35(2): 321-323. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94756-3.
40. Bouchard, Y., and Cloutier, C. 1984. Honeydew as a source of host-searching kairomones for the aphid parasitoid Aphidius nigripes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Can. J. Zool. 62(8): 1513-1520. doi:10.1139/z84-220.
41. Bower, C.C. 1996. Demonstration of pollinator-mediated reproductive isolation in sexually deceptive species of Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae: Caladeniinae). Aust. J. Bot. 44(1): 15-33. doi:10.1071/ BT9960015.
42. Bradbury, J.W., and Vehrencamp, S.L. 1998. Principles of animal communication. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Mass.
43. Brazil, R.P., Caballero, N.N., and Hamilton, J.G.C. 2009. Identification of the sex pheromone of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Asunción, Paraguay. Parasit. Vectors, 2(1): 51. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-2-51. PMID:19883505.
44. Bristow, A. 1978. The sex life of plants. New English Library Ltd., London.
45. Brodmann, J., Twele, R., Francke, W., Holzler, G., Zhang, Q.-H., and Ayasse, M. 2008. Orchids mimic green-leaf volatiles to attract prey-hunting wasps for pollination. Curr. Biol. 18(10): 740-744. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.040. PMID:18472423.
46. Brodmann, J., Twele, R., Francke, W., Yi-bo, L., Xi-qiang, S., and Ayasse, M. 2009. Orchid mimics honey bee alarm pheromone in order to attract hornets for pollination. Curr. Biol. 19(16): 1368-1372. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.067. PMID:19664924.
47. Brown, M.H. 1982. Meat microbiology. Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London.
48. Budenberg, W.J. 1990. Honeydew as a contact kairomone for aphid parasitoids. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 55(2): 139-148. doi:10.1007/ BF00352575.
49. Buitenhuis, R., McNeil, J.N., Boivin, G., and Brodeur, J. 2004. The role of honeydew in host searching of aphid hyperparasitoids. J. Chem. Ecol. 30(2): 273-285. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000017977. 39957.97. PMID:15112724.
50. Cameron, R.G., and Troilo, D. 1982. Fly-mediated spore dispersal in Splachnum ampullaceum (Musci). Mich. Bot. 21: 59-65.
51. Cameron, R.G., and Wyatt, R. 1986. Substrate restriction in entomophilous Splachnaceae: role of spore dispersal. Bryologist, 89(4): 279-284. doi:10.2307/3243199.
52. Cane, J.H. 1981. Dufour's gland secretion in the cell linings of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Chem. Ecol. 7(2): 403-410. doi:10.1007/BF00995762.
53. Cane, J.H. 1983. Olfactory evaluation of Andrena host nest suitability by kleptoparasitic Nomada bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Anim. Behav. 31(1): 138-144. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80181-X.
54. Chen, J., and Meeuse, B.J.D. 1971. Production of free indole by some arum lilies. Acta Bot. Neerl. 20: 627-635.
55. Chittka, L., and Osorio, D. 2007. Cognitive dimensions of predator responses to imperfect mimicry. PLoS Biol. 5(12): e339. doi:10. 1371/journal.pbio.0050339. PMID:18162048.
56. Chittka, L., Thomson, J.D., and Waser, N.M. 1999. Flower constancy, insect psychology and plant evolution. Naturwissenschaften, 86(8): 361-377. doi:10.1007/s001140050636.
57. Ciotek, L., Giorgis, P., Benitez-Vieyra, S., and Cocucci, A.A. 2006. First confirmed case of pseudocopulation in terrestrial orchids of South America: pollination of Geoblasta pennicillata (Orchidaceae) by Campsomeris bistrimacula (Hymenoptera, Scoliidae). Flora, 201: 365-369.
58. Clarke, J.D., and Haynes, K.F. 1990. Sex attractant for the bluegrass webworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 856-859.
59. Clausen, C.P. 1976. Phoresy among entomophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 21(1): 343-368. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.21. 010176.002015.
60. Coleman, E. 1928. Pollination of Cryptostylis leptochila. Vic. Nat. 44: 333-340.
61. Connick, W.J., and French, R.C. 1991. Volatiles emitted during the sexual stage of the Canada thistle rust fungus and by thistle flowers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39(1): 185-188. doi:10.1021/jf00001a037.
62. Cooley, J.R. 1995. Floral heat rewards and direct benefits to insect pollinators. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 88: 576-579.
63. Correvon, H., and Pouyanne, M. 1916. Un curieux cas de mimétisme chez les ophrydées. J. Soc. Nat. Hortic. Fr. 4: 29-47.
64. Correvon, H., and Pouyanne, M. 1923. Nouvelles observations sur le mimétisme et la fécondation chez les Ophrys speculum et lutea. J. Soc. Nat. Hortic. Fr. 4: 372-377.
65. Cortis, P., Vereecken, N.J., Schiestl, F.P., Barone Lumaga, M.R., Scrugli, A., and Cozzolino, S. 2009. Pollinator convergence and the nature of species' boundaries in sympatric Sardinian Ophrys (Orchidaceae). Ann. Bot. (Lond.), 104(3): 497-506. doi:10.1093/ aob/mcn219.
66. Cozzolino, S., Schiestl, F.P., Muller, A., De Castro, O., Nardella, A.M., and Widmer, A. 2005. Evidence for pollinator sharing in Mediterranean nectar-mimic orchids: absence of pre-mating barriers? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 272(1569): 1271-1278. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3069.
67. Culley, T.M., Weller, S.G., and Sakai, A.K. 2002. The evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17(8): 361-369. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02540-5.
68. Dafni, A. 1984. Mimicry and deception in pollination. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15(1): 259-278. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.001355.
69. Darwin, C. 1862. On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects. John Murray, London, UK.
70. Davis, C.C. 2008. Floral evolution: dramatic size change was recent and rapid in the world's largest flowers. Curr. Biol. 18(23): R1102-R1104. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.011.
71. Davis, C.C., Latvis, M., Nickrent, D.L., Wurdack, K.J., and Baum, D.A. 2007. Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae. Science (Washington, D.C.), 315(5820): 1812. doi:10.1126/science.1135260. PMID:17218493.
72. Davis, C.C., Endress, P.K., and Baum, D.A. 2008. The evolution of floral gigantism. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11(1): 49-57. doi:10. 1016/j.pbi.2007.11.003. PMID:18207449.
73. Deacon, J. 2005. Fungal biology. 4th ed. Wiley, Blackwell, N.J.
74. Delforge, P. 2005. Guide des orchidées d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Proche-Orient. Delachaux & Niestlé, Paris, France.
75. DeVries, P.J. 1990. Enhancement of symbiosis between butterfly caterpillars and ants by vibrational communication. Science (Washington, D.C.), 248(4959): 1104-1106. doi:10.1126/science.248.4959.1104. PMID:17733373.
76. Diaz, A., and Kite, G.C. 2002. A comparison of pollination ecology of Arum maculatum and A. italicum in England. Watsonia, 24: 171-181.
77. Diaz, A., and Kite, G.C. 2006. Why be a rewarding trap? The evolution of floral rewards in Arum (Araceae), a genus characterized by saprophilous pollination systems. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 88(2): 257-268. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00612.x.
78. Dobson, H.E.M. 2006. Relationship between floral fragrance composition and type of pollinator. In Biology of floral scent. Edited by N. Dudareva and E. Pichersky. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 147-198
79. Dod, D.D. 1976. Oncidium henekenii: bee orchid pollinated by bee. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 45: 792-794.
80. Dormer, K.J. 1960. The truth about pollination in Arum. New Phytol. 59(3): 298-301. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1960.tb06224.x.
81. Duffield, R.M., Wheeler, J.W., and Eickwort, G.C. 1984. Sociochemicals of bees. In Chemical ecology of insects. Edited by W.J. Bell and R.T. Cardé. Chapman and Hall, London. pp. 387-428.
82. Edmunds, M. 2006. Do Malaysian Myrmarachne associate with particular species of ant? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 88(4): 645-653. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00649.x.
83. Eickwort, G.C., and Abrams, J. 1980. Parasitism of sweat bees in the genus Agapostemon by cuckoo bees in the genus Nomada. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 56: 144-152.
84. Eickwort, G.C., and Ginsberg, H.S. 1980. Foraging and mating behaviour in Apoidea. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 25(1): 421-446. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.25.010180.002225.
85. El-Sayed, A.M. 2008. The Pherobase: database of insect pheromones and semiochemicals [online]. Available from http:// www.pherobase.com [accessed 20 November 2009].
86. Elmes, G.W., Wardlaw, J.C., and Thomas, J.A. 1991. Larvae of Maculinea rebeli, a large-blue butterfly and their Myrmica host ants: patterns of caterpillar growth and survival. J. Zool. (Lond.), 224(1): 79-92. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04789.x.
87. Endress, P.K. 1994. Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
88. Engel, M.S. 2005. An Eocene ectoparasite of bees: the oldest definitive record of phoretic meloid triungulins (Coleoptera: Meloidae; Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Acta Zool. Cracov. 48(3): 43-48. doi:10.3409/173491505783995635.
89. Espmark, Y., Anumdsen, T., and Rosenqvist, G. (Editors). 2000. Animal signals: signaling and signal design in animal communication. Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim, Norway.
90. Fabre, J.-H. 1857. Mémoire sur l'hypermétamorphose et les moeurs des méloïdes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles et de Zoologie, Paris.
91. Faegri, K., and van der Pijl, L. 1979. The principles of pollination biology. 3rd ed. Pergamon, Oxford.
92. Fenster, C.B., Armbruster, S.W., Wilson, P., Dudash, M.R., and Thomson, J.D. 2004. Pollination syndromes and floral specialization. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35(1): 375-403. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132347.
93. Fiedler, K., Holldobler, B., and Seufert, P. 1996. Butterflies and ants: the communicative domain. Experientia (Basel), 52: 14-24.
94. Flach, A., Dondon, R.C., Singer, R.B., Koehler, S., Amaral, M.C., and Marsaioli, A.J. 2004. The chemistry of pollination in selected Brazilian Maxillariinae orchids: floral rewards and fragrance. J. Chem. Ecol. 30(5): 1045-1056. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC. 0000028466.50392.ed. PMID:15274447.
95. Flach, A., Marsaioli, A.J., Singer, R.B., Amaral, M.C., Menezes, C., Kerr, W.E., Batista-Pereira, L.G., and Corrêa, A.G. 2006. Pollination by sexual mimicry in Mormolyca ringens: a floral chemistry that remarkably matches the pheromones of virgin queens of Scaptotrigona sp. J. Chem. Ecol. 32(1): 59-70. doi:10.1007/s10886-006-9351-1. PMID:16525870.
96. Fleck, O. 1995. Identifizierung und Synthese fluchtiger Inhalts-stoffe von parasitaren Bienen der Gattung Nomada. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
97. Fraberger, R.J., and Ayasse, M. 2007. Mating behavior, male territoriality and chemical communication in the European spiralhorned bees Systropha planidens and S. curvicornis (Hymenoptera, Halictidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 80(4): 348-360. doi:10. 2317/0022-8567(2007)80[348:MBMTAC]2.0.CO;2.
98. Franke, S., Ibarra, F., Schulz, C.M., Twele, R., Poldy, J., Barrow, R.A., Peakall, R., Schiestl, F.P., and Francke, W. 2009. The discovery of 2,5-dialkylcyclohexan-1,3-diones as a new class of natural products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(22): 8877-8882. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900646106. PMID:19470640.
99. Friedman, J., and Barrett, S.C.H. 2008. A phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms. Int. J. Plant Sci. 169(1): 49-58. doi:10.1086/523365.
100. Galizia, C.G., Kunze, J., Gumbert, A., Borg-Karlson, A.K., Sachse, S., Markl, C., and Menzel, R. 2005. Relationship of visual and ol-factory signal parameters in a food-deceptive flower mimicry system. Behav. Ecol. 16(1): 159-168. doi:10.1093/beheco/arh147.
101. Gaskett, A.C., Winnick, C.G., and Herberstein, M.E. 2008. Orchid sexual deceit provokes ejaculation. Am. Nat. 171(6): E206-E212. doi:10.1086/587532.
102. Gäumann, E. 1959. Die Rostpilze Mitteleuropas. Beitr. Krypt. Flora Schweiz, 12: 355-397.
103. Gemeno, C., Yeargan, K.V., and Haynes, K.F. 2000. Aggressive chemical mimicry by the bolas spider, Mastophora hutchinsoni: identification and quantification of a major prey's sex pheromone components in the spider's volatile emissions. J. Chem. Ecol. 26(5): 1235-1243. doi:10.1023/A:1005488128468.
104. Gibernau, M., Favre, C., Talou, T., and Raynaud, C. 2004a. Floral odor of Arum italicum. Aroideana, 27: 142-147.
105. Gibernau, M., Macquart, D., and Przetak, G. 2004b. Pollination in the genus Arum: a review. Aroideana, 27: 148-166.
106. Gigord, L.D.B., Macnair, M.R., Stritesky, M., and Smithson, A. 2002. The potential for floral mimicry in rewardless orchids: an experimental study. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 269(1498): 1389-1395. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2018.
107. Godfery, M. 1922. Notes on the fertilization of orchids. J. Bot. (Lond.), 60: 359-361.
108. Godfery, M. 1929. Recent observations on the pollination of Ophrys. J. Bot. (Lond.), 67: 298-302.
109. Goffinet, B., Shaw, A.J., and Cox, C.J. 2004. Phylogenetic inferences in the dung-moss family Splachnaceae from analyses of cpDNA sequence data and implications for the evolution of entomophily. Am. J. Bot. 91(5): 748-759. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.748.
110. Gogler, J., Stokl, J., Sramkova, A., Twele, R., Francke, W., Cozzolino, S., Cortis, P., Scrugli, A., and Ayasse, M. 2009. Ménage à trois -two endemic species of deceptive orchids and one pollinator species. Evolution, 63(9): 2222-2234. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00712.x. PMID:19473395.
111. Goldblatt, P., Bernhardt, P., Vogan, P., and Manning, J.C. 2004. Pollination by fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) and self-recognition sites in Tolmiea menziesii (Saxifragaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 244(1-2): 55-67. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0067-1.
112. Gottsberger, G., and Amaral, A. 1984. Pollination strategies in Brazilian Philodendron species. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 97: 391-410.
113. Goyret, J., Markwell, P.M., and Raguso, R.A. 2007. The effect of olfactory and visual stimuli decoupling on the foraging behavior of Manduca sexta. J. Exp. Biol. 209: 1586-1593.
114. Goyret, J., Markwell, P.M., and Raguso, R.A. 2008. Context-and scale-dependent effects of floral CO2 on nectar foraging by Manduca sexta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105(12): 4565-4570. doi:10.1073/pnas.0708629105. PMID:18212123.
115. Gumbert, A., and Kunze, J. 2001. Colour similarity to rewarding model plants affects pollination in a food deceptive orchid, Orchis boryi. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 72(3): 419-433. doi:10.1111/j. 1095-8312.2001.tb01328.x.
116. Hafernik, J., and Saul-Gershenz, L.S. 2000. Beetle larvae cooperate to mimic bees. Nature (London), 405(6782): 35-36. doi:10.1038/35011129. PMID:10811206.
117. Hamilton, J.G., Brazil, R.P., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Davies, C.R., Kelly, D.W., Pessoa, F.A., and de Queiroz, R.G. 2002. Distribution of putative male sex pheromones among Lutzomyia sand-flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 96(1): 83-92. doi:10.1179/000349802125000547.PMID:11989537.
118. Harvey, P.H., and Pagel, M.D. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
119. Hauser, M.D., and Konishi, M. (Editors). 1999. The design of animal communication. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
120. Haynes, K.F. 1990. Identification of the sex pheromone of bristly cutworm, Lacinipolia renigra (Stephens). J. Chem. Ecol. 16(9): 2615-2621. doi:10.1007/BF00988073.
121. Haynes, K.F., and Yeargan, K.V. 1999. Exploitation of intraspecific communication systems: illicit signalers and receivers. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 92: 960-970.
122. Haynes, K.F., Yeargan, K.V., Millar, J.G., and Chastain, B.B. 1996. Identification of the sex pheromone of Tetanolita mynesalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a prey species of a bolas spider, Mastophora hutchinsoni. J. Chem. Ecol. 22(1): 75-89. doi:10. 1007/BF02040201.
123. Haynes, K.F., Yeargan, K.V., and Gemeno, C. 2001. Detection of prey by a spider that aggressively mimics pheromone blends. J. Insect Behav. 14(4): 535-544. doi:10.1023/A:1011128223782.
124. Haynes, K.F., Gemeno, C., Yeargan, K.V., Millar, J.G., and Johnson, K.M. 2002. Aggressive chemical mimicry of moth pheromones by a bolas spider: how does this specialist predator attract more than one species of prey? Chemoecology, 12(2): 99-105. doi:10.1007/s00049-002-8332-2.
125. Hefetz, A., Fales, H.M., and Batra, S.W.T. 1979. Natural polyesters: Dufour's gland macrocyclic lactones form brood cell laminesters in Colletes bees. Science (Washington, D.C.), 204(4391): 415-417. doi:10.1126/science.204.4391.415.
126. Herrera, C.M. 1996. Floral traits and plant adaptation to insect pollinators: a devil's advocate approach. In Floral biology: studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants. Edited by D.G. Lloyd and S.C.H. Barrett. Chapman and Hall, New York. pp. 65-87.
127. Herrera, C.M., Castellanos, M.C., and Medrano, M. 2006. Geographical context of floral evolution: towards an improved research programme in floral diversification. In Ecology and evolution of flowers. Edited by L.D. Harder and S.C.H. Barrett. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 278-294.
128. Hilker, M., Blaske, V., Kobs, C., and Dippel, C. 2000. Kairomonal effects of sawfly sex pheromones on egg parasitoids. J. Chem. Ecol. 26(11): 2591-2601. doi:10.1023/A:1005592930772.
129. Hochberg, M.E., Thomas, J.A., and Elmes, G.W. 1992. A modelling study of the population dynamics of a large blue butterfly, Maculinea rebeli, a parasite of red ant nests. J. Anim. Ecol. 61(2): 397-409. doi:10.2307/5331.
130. Hojo, M.K., Wada-Katsumata, A., Akino, T., Yamaguchi, S., Ozaki, M., and Yamaoka, R. 2009. Chemical disguise as particular caste of host ants in the ant inquiline parasite, Niphanda fusca (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 276(1656): 551-558. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1064.
131. Holldobler, D., and Wilson, E.O. 1990. The ants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
132. Jakubska, A., Przado, D., Steininger, M., Aniol-Kwiatkowska, J., and Kadej, M. 2005. Why do pollinators become "sluggish"? Nectar chemical constituents from Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae). Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 3(2): 29-38.
133. Jersáková, J., Johnson, S.D., and Kindlmann, P. 2006. Mechanisms and evolution of deceptive pollination in orchids. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 81(2): 219-235. doi:10.1017/S1464793105006986.PMID:16677433.
134. Jersáková, J., Johnson, S.D., and Jurgens, A. 2009. Deceptive behavior in plants. II. Food deception by plants: from generalized systems to specialized floral mimicry. In Plant-environment interactions: from sensory plant biology to active behaviour. Edited by F. Baluska. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 223-246.
135. Jhumur, U.S., Dotterl, S., and Jurgens, A. 2007. Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of mosquitoes to volatiles of Silene otites (Caryophyllaceae). Arthropod-Plant Interact. 1(4): 245-254. doi:10.1007/s11829-007-9022-3.
136. Johnson, S.D. 1994. Evidence for Batesian mimicry in a butterfly pollinated orchid. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 53: 91-104.
137. Johnson, S.D., and Steiner, K.E. 2000. Generalization versus specialization in plant pollination systems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15(4): 140-143. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01811-X. PMID:10717682.
138. Jones, D.L. 1988. Native orchids of Australia. American Orchid Society, Delray Beach, Fla.
139. Judd, W.W. 1972. Wasps pollinating Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz at Owen, Ontario. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 102: 115.
140. Jurgens, A., Dotterl, S., and Meve, U. 2006. The chemical nature of fetid floral odours in stapeliads (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae). New Phytol. 172(3): 452-468. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01845.x. PMID:17083676.
141. Jurgens, A., Dotterl, S., Liede-Schumann, S., and Meve, U. 2008. Chemical diversity of floral volatiles in AsclepiadoidaeAsclepiadeae (Apocynaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 36(11): 842-852. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2008.10.005.
142. Kaiser, R. 1993. The scents of orchids: olfactory and chemical investigations. Elsevier Editions Roche, Basel, Switzerland. Kaiser, R. 2006a. Flowers and fungi use scents to mimic each other. Science (Washington, D.C.), 311(5762): 806-807. doi:10. 1126/science.1119499.
143. Kaiser, R. 2006a. Flowers and fungi use scents to mimic each other Science (Washington, D., doi:10. 1126/science.1119499
144. Kaiser, R. 2006b. Meaningful scents around the world: olfactory, chemical, biological and cultural considerations. Wiley-VCH, Zurich, Switzerland.
145. Kevan, P.G. 1975. Sun-tracking solar furnaces in high arctic flowers: significance for pollination and insects. Science (Washington, D.C.), 189(4204): 723-726. doi:10.1126/science.189.4204.723.
146. Kite, G.C. 1995. The floral odour of Arum maculatum. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 23(4): 343-354. doi:10.1016/0305-1978(95)00026-Q.
147. Kite, G.C., and Hetterschieid, W.L.A. 1997. Inflorescence odours of Amorphophallus and Pseudodraconitum (Araceae). Phyto-chemistry, 46(1): 71-75. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00221-5.
148. Kite, G.C., Hetterschieid, W.L.A., Lewis, M.J., Boyce, P.C., Ollerton, J., Cocklin, E., Diaz, A., and Simmonds, M.S.J. 1998. Inflorescence odours and pollinators of Arum and Amorphophallus (Araceae). In Reproductive biology. Edited by S.J. Owens and P.J. Rudall. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. pp. 295-315.
149. Knoll, F. 1926. Insekten und Blumen. Experimentelle Arbeiten zue Vertiefung unserer Kenntnisse uber die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Pflanzen und Tieren. IV. Die Arum-Blutenstande und ihre Besucher. Abh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 12: 379-482.
150. Knoll, F. 1956. Die Biologie der Blute. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
151. Knudsen, J.T., Eriksson, R., Gershenzon, J., and Ståhl, B. 2006. Diversity and distribution of floral scent. Bot. Rev. 72(1): 1-120. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2006)72[1:DADOFS]2.0.CO;2.
152. Knuth, P. 1909. Handbook of flower pollination. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
153. Koponen, A. 1990. Entomophily in the Splachnaceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 104(1-3): 115-127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02214.x.
154. Koponen, A., and Koponen, T. 1978. Evidence of entomophily in Splachnaceae (Bryophyta). Bryophyt. Bibl. 13: 569-577.
155. Kullenberg, B. 1956. Field experiments with chemical sexual attractants on Aculeate Hymenoptera males. Zool. Bidr. 31: 253-352.
156. Kullenberg, B. 1961. Studies in Ophrys pollination. Zool. Bidr., 34: 1-340.
157. Kullenberg, B. 1973. Field experiments with chemical sexual attractants on aculeate Hymenoptera males. II. Zoon (Uppsala), 1(Suppl.): 31-42.
158. Kullenberg, B., and Bergstrom, G. 1976. Hymenoptera Aculeata males as pollinators of Ophrys orchids. Zool. Scr. 5(1-4): 13-23. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1976.tb00678.x.
159. Kullenberg, B., Borg-Karlson, A.-K., and Kullenberg, A.-L. 1984. Field studies on the behaviour of the Eucera nigrolabris male in the odour flow from flower labellum extract of Ophrys tenthredinifera. Nova Acta Regise Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis Series V, C, 3: 79-110.
160. Lamprecht, I., Drong, K., Schaarschmidt, B., and Welge, G. 1991. Some like it hot: calorimetric investigations of voodoo lilies. Thermochim. Acta, 187: 33-40. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(91)87179-Z.
161. Lamprecht, I., Schmolz, E., Blanco, L., and Romero, C.M. 2002. Flower ovens: thermal investigations on heat producing plants. Thermochim. Acta, 391(1-2): 107-118. doi:10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00168-5.
162. Lehane, M.J. 1991. Biology of blood-sucking insects. Harper-Collins Academic, London.
163. Levi, H.W. 1993. The orb-weaver genus Kaira (Araneae, Araneidae). J. Arachnol. 21(3): 209-225.
164. Levi, H.W. 2003. The bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Univ. 157: 309-382.
165. Lev-Yadun, S., Ne'eman, G., and Shanas, U. 2009. A sheep in wolf's clothing: do carrion and dung odours of flowers not only attract pollinators but also deter herbivores? Bioessays, 31(1): 84-88. doi:10.1002/bies.070191. PMID:19154006.
166. Linder, H.P. 2000. Pollen morphology and wind pollination in angiosperms. In Pollen and spores: morphology and biology. Edited by M.M. Harley, C.M. Morton, and S. Blackmore. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. pp. 73-88.
167. Lopez, A., Stowe, M.K., and Bonaric, J.C. 1985. Anatomie interne de l'araignée à bolas nord-americaine Mastophora cornigera (Hentz, 1850) (Araneae: Araneidae) après sa sortie du cocon. C.R. VIIIe Coll. Arachnol. Moulis, P.S.A. 8: 1-9.
168. Lopez, A., Juberthie-Jupeau, L., and Stowe, M.K. 1986. L'appareil sericigene de Kaira alba (Hentz) (Araneae: Araneidae). Mem. Soc. R. Belge. Entomol. 33: 119-128.
169. Mant, J., Brändli, C., Vereecken, N.J., Schulz, C.M., Francke, W., and Schiestl, F.P. 2005a. Cuticular hydrocarbons as sex pheromone of the bee Colletes cunicularius and the key to its mimicry by the sexually deceptive orchid, Ophrys exaltata. J. Chem. Ecol. 31(8): 1765-1787. doi:10.1007/s10886-005-5926-5. PMID: 16222807.
170. Mant, J.G., Peakall, R., and Schiestl, F.P. 2005b. Does selection on floral odor promote differentiation among populations and species of the sexually deceptive orchid genus Ophrys? Evolution, 59(7): 1449-1463. PMID:16153031.
171. Marino, P.C. 1988. Coexistence on divided habitats: mosses in the family Splachnaceae. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 25: 89-98.
172. Marino, P.C. 1991a. Competition between mosses (Splachnaceae) in patchy habitats. J. Ecol. 79(4): 1031-1046. doi:10.2307/2261096.
173. Marino, P.C. 1991b. Dispersal and coexistence of mosses (Splachnaceae) in patchy habitats. J. Ecol. 79(4): 1047-1060. doi:10. 2307/2261097.
174. Marino, P.C. 1997. Competition, dispersal and coexistence of Splachnaceae in patchy habitats. Adv. Bryol. 6: 241-263.
175. Marino, P.C., Raguso, R.A., and Goffinet, B. 2009. The ecology and evolution of fly dispersed dung mosses (family Splachnaceae): manipulating insect behaviour through odour and visual cues. Symbiosis, 47(2): 61-76. doi:10.1007/BF03182289.
176. Maynard-Smith, J., and Harper, D.G.C. 2003. Animal signals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
177. Meeuse, B.J.D. 1975. Thermogenic respiration in aroids. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 26(1): 117-126. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.26. 060175.001001.
178. Meeuse, B.J.D. 1978. The physiology of some sapromyophilous flowers. In The pollination of flowers by insects. Edited by A.J. Richards. Academic Press, London. pp. 97-104.
179. Meeuse, B., and Morris, S. 1984. The sex life of flowers. Facts on File Editions, New York.
180. Milonas, P.G., Martinou, A.F., Kontodimas, D.Ch., Karamaouna, F., and Konstantopoulou, M.A. 2009. Attraction of different Trichogramma species to Prays oleae sex pheromone. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 102(6): 1145-1150. doi:10.1603/008.102.0624.
181. Mohra, C., Fellendorf, M., Paxton, R.J., and Tengo, J. 1999. Agonismus und Toleranz im Verhalten der kommunalen Sandbiene Andrena scotica und ihres Brutparasiten Nomda marshamella. In Soziale Insekten IUSSI-Tagung, Hohenheim, 1999. Edited by P. Rosenkranz and C. Garrido. Programm und Kurzfassungen, Internationale Union zum Studium der Sozialen Insekten (IUSSI), Graz, Hohenheim, Wurzburg. p. 68.
182. Mouquet, N., Thomas, J.A., Elmes, G.W., Clarke, R.T., and Hochberg, M.E. 2005. Population dynamics and conservation of a specialised predator: a case study of Maculinea arion. Ecol. Monogr. 75(4): 525-542. doi:10.1890/05-0319.
183. Moya, S.J.D., and Ackerman, J.D. 1993. Variation in the floral fragrance of Epidendrum ciliare (Orchidaceae). Nord. J. Bot. 13(1): 41-47. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00009.x.
184. Muller, H. 1873. Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten und die gegenseitigen Anpassungen beider Leipzig, Germany. Engelmann Verlag, Leipzig, Germany.
185. Naef, A., Roy, B.A., Kaiser, R., and Honegger, R. 2002. Insectmediated reproduction of systemic infections by Puccinia arrhenatheri on Berberis vulgaris. New Phytol. 154(3): 717-730. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00406.x.
186. Nash, D.R., Als, T.D., Maile, R., Jones, G.R., and Boomsma, J.J. 2008. A mosaic of chemical coevolution in a large blue butterfly. Science (Washington, D.C.), 319(5859): 88-90. doi:10.1126/ science.1149180.
187. Ngugi, H.K., and Scherm, H. 2006. Mimicry in plant-parasitic fungi. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 257(2): 171-176. doi:10.1111/j. 1574-6968.2006.00168.x. PMID:16553849.
188. Nilsson, L.A. 1979. Anthecological studies on the lady's slipper, Cypripedium calceolus (Orchidaceae). Bot. Not. 132: 329-347.
189. Nilsson, L.A. 1980. The pollination ecology of Dactylorhiza sambucina (Orchidaceae). Bot. Not. 133: 367-385.
190. Nilsson, L.A. 1983. Mimesis of bellflower (Campanula) by the red helleborine orchid Cephalanthera rubra. Nature (London), 305(5937): 799-800. doi:10.1038/305799a0.
191. Nilsson, L.A. 1984. Anthecology of O. morio (Orchidaceae) and its outpost in the North. Nova Acta Regise Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis Series V, C, 3: 167-180.
192. Noldus, L.P.J.J. 1988. Response of the egg parasitoid Tricho-gramma pretiosum to the sex pheromone of its host Heliothis zea. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 48(3): 293-300. doi:10.1007/BF00376410.
193. Noldus, L.P.J.J., van Lenteren, J.C., and Lewis, W.J. 1991. How Trichogramma parasitoids use moth sex pheromones as kairomones: orientation behaviour in a wind tunnel. Physiol. Entomol. 16(3): 313-327. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1991.tb00570.x.
194. Odell, E., Raguso, R.A., and Jones, K.N. 1999. Bumblebee foraging responses to variation in floral scent and color in snapdragons (Antirrhinum: Scrophulariaceae). Am. Midl. Nat. 142(2): 257-265. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0257:BFRTVI]2.0.CO;2.
195. Okuyama, Y., Kato, M., and Murakami, M. 2004. Pollination by fungus gnats in four species of the genus Mitella (Saxifragaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 144(4): 449-460. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00259.x.
196. Okuyama, Y., Pellmyr, O., and Kato, M. 2008. Parallel floral adaptations to pollination by fungus gnats within the genus Mitella (Saxifragaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(2): 560-575. doi:10. 1016/j.ympev.2007.09.020. PMID:18248825.
197. Oller, D.K., and Griebel, U. 2004 (Editors) The evolution of communication systems: a comparative approach. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
198. Ollerton, J. 1996. Reconciling ecological processes with phylogenetic patterns: the apparent paradox of plant-pollinator systems. J. Ecol. 84(5): 767-769. doi:10.2307/2261338.
199. Ollerton, J., and Liede, S. 1997. Pollination systems in the Asclepiadaceae: a survey and preliminary analysis. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 62(4): 593-610. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb00324.x.
200. Ollerton, J., and Raguso, R.A. 2006. The sweet stench of decay. New Phytol. 172(3): 382-385. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01903.x. PMID:17083669.
201. Patino, S., Aalto, T., Edwards, A.A., and Grace, J. 2002. Is Rafflesia an endothermic flower? New Phytol. 154(2): 429-437. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00396.x.
202. Paulmier, I., Bagnères, A.-G., Afonso, C.M.M., Dusticier, G., Rivière, G., and Clement, J.-L. 1999. Alkenes as sexual pheromone in the alfalfa leaf-cutter bee Megachile rotundata. J. Chem. Ecol. 25(3): 471-490. doi:10.1023/A:1020993518226.
203. Peakall, R. 1990. Responses of male Zaspilothynnus trilobatus Turner wasps to females and the sexually deceptive orchid it pollinates. Funct. Ecol. 4(2): 159-167. doi:10.2307/2389335.
204. Peakall, R., Beattie, A.J., and James, S.H. 1987. Pseudocopulation of an orchid by male ants: a test of two hypotheses accounting for the rarity of ant pollination. Oecologia (Berl.), 73(4): 522-524. doi:10.1007/BF00379410.
205. Peakall, R., Ebert, D., Poldy, J., Barrow, R.A., Francke, W., Bower, C.C., and Schiestl, F.P. 2010. Pollinator specificity, floral odour chemistry and the phylogeny of Australian sexually deceptive Chiloglottis orchids: implications for pollinator-driven speciation. New Phytol. In press. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03308.x. PMID:20561345.
206. Pech, P., Fric, Z., and Konvicka, M. 2007. Species-specificity of the Phengaris (Maculinea) - Myrmica host system: fact or myth? (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae; Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 50: 983-1003.
207. Peter, C.I., and Johnson, S.D. 2008. Mimics and magnets: the importance of color and ecological facilitation in floral deception. Ecology, 89(6): 1583-1595. doi:10.1890/07-1098.1. PMID:18589523.
208. Pfunder, M., and Roy, B.A. 2000. Pollinator-mediated interactions between a pathogenic fungus, Uromyces pisi (Pucciniaceae), and its host plant, Euphorbia cyparissias (Euphorbiaceae). Am. J. Bot. 87(1): 48-55. doi:10.2307/2656684. PMID:10636829.
209. Pierce, N.E., Braby, M.F., Heath, A., Lohman, D.J., Mathew, J., Rand, D.B., and Travassos, M.A. 2002. The ecology and evolution of ant association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera). Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47(1): 733-771. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145257. PMID:11729090.
210. Poinar, G.O., Jr. 1992. Life in amber. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif.
211. Poldy, J., Peakall, R., and Barrow, R.A. 2008. Pheromones and analogs from Neozeleboria wasps and the orchids that seduce them: a versatile synthesis of 2,5-dialkylated 1,3-cyclohexanediones. Tetrahedron Lett. 49(15): 2446-2449. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.037.
212. Pouyanne, M. 1917. La fécondation des Ophrys par les insectes. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord, 43: 6-7.
213. Proctor, M., and Yeo, P. 1972. The pollination of flowers. Taplinger Publishing Company, NewYork.
214. Pyysalo, H., Koponen, A., and Koponen, T. 1978. Studies on entomophily in Splachnaceae (Musci). I. Volatile compounds in the sporophytes. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 15: 293-296.
215. Pyysalo, H., Koponen, A., and Koponen, T. 1983. Studies on entomophily in Splachnaceae (Musci). II. Volatile compounds in the hypophysis. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 20: 335-338.
216. Raguso, R.A. 2003. Olfactory landscapes and deceptive pollination: signal, noise and convergent evolution in scent. In Insect pheromone biochemistry and molecular biology -the biosynthesis and detection of pheromones and plant volatiles. Edited by G.J. Blomquist and R.G. Vogt. Elsevier, New York. pp. 631-650.
217. Raguso, R.A. 2004. Why are some nectars scented? Ecology, 85(6): 1486-1494. doi:10.1890/03-0410.
218. Raguso, R.A., and Roy, B.A. 1998. 'Floral' scent production by Puccinia rust fungi that mimic flowers. Mol. Ecol. 7(9): 1127-1136. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00426.x. PMID:9734071.
219. Raguso, R.A., and Willis, M.A. 2002. Synergy between visual and ol-factory cues in nectar feeding by naïve hawkmoths, Manduca sexta. Anim. Behav. 64(5): 685-695. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.4010.
220. Raguso, R.A., and Willis, M.A. 2005. Synergy between visual and olfactory cues in nectar feeding by wild hawkmoths, Manduca sexta. Anim. Behav. 69(2): 407-418. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.04.015.
221. Rands, S.A., and Whitney, H.M. 2008. Floral temperature and optimal foraging: is heat a feasible floral reward for pollinators? PLoS One, 3(4): e2007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002007.PMID:18431488.
222. Renner, S.S. 2006. Rewardless flowers in the angiosperms and the role of insect cognition in their evolution. In Plant-pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization. Edited by N.M. Waser and J. Ollerton. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp. 123-144.
223. Roy, B.A. 1993. Floral mimicry by a plant pathogen. Nature (London), 362(6415): 56-58. doi:10.1038/362056a0.
224. Roy, B.A., and Raguso, R.A. 1997. Olfactory versus visual cues in a floral mimicry system. Oecologia (Berl.), 109(3): 414-426. doi:10.1007/s004420050101.
225. Sachs, J.L., and Simms, E.L. 2006. Pathways to mutualism break-down. Trends Ecol. Evol. 21(10): 585-592. doi:10.1016/j.tree. 2006.06.018. PMID:16828927.
226. Salzmann, C.C., and Schiestl, F.P. 2007. Odour and colour polymorphism in the food-deceptive orchid Dactylorhiza romana. Plant Syst. Evol. 267(1-4): 37-45. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0560-z.
227. Salzmann, C.C., Brown, A., and Schiestl, F.P. 2006. Floral scent emission and pollination syndromes: evolutionary changes from food to sexual deception. Int. J. Plant Sci. 167(6): 1197-1204. doi:10.1086/508022.
228. Salzmann, C.C., Cozzolino, S., and Schiestl, F.P. 2007a. Floral scent in food-deceptive orchids: species specificity and sources of variability. Plant Biol (Stuttg.), 9(6): 720-729. doi:10.1055/s-2007-965614. PMID:17891704.
229. Salzmann, C.C., Nardella, A., Cozzolino, S., and Schiestl, F.P. 2007b. Variability in floral scent in rewarding and deceptive orchids: the signature of pollinator-imposed selection? Ann. Bot. (Lond.), 100(4): 757-765. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm161.
230. Sapir, Y., Shmida, A., and Ne'eman, G. 2006. Morning floral heat as a reward to the pollinators of the Oncocyclus irises. Oecologia (Berl.), 147(1): 53-59. doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0246-6.
231. Saul-Gershenz, L.S., and Millar, J.G. 2006. Phoretic nest parasites use sexual deception to obtain transport to their host's nest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103(38): 14039-14044. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603901103. PMID:16966608.
232. Schardl, C.L. 1996. Epichloe species: fungal symbionts of grasses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34(1): 109-130. doi:10.1146/annurev. phyto.34.1.109. PMID:15012537.
233. Schiestl, F.P. 2004. Floral evolution and pollinator mate choice in a sexually deceptive orchid. J. Evol. Biol. 17(1): 67-75. doi:10. 1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00650.x. PMID:15000649.
234. Schiestl, F.P. 2005. On the success of a swindle: pollination by deception in orchids. Naturwissenschaften, 92(6): 255-264. doi:10. 1007/s00114-005-0636-y. PMID:15931514.
235. Schiestl, F.P., and Ayasse, M. 2000. Post-mating odor in females of the solitary bee, Andrena nigroaenea (Apoidea, Andrenidae), inhibits male mating behavior. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 48(4): 303-307. doi:10.1007/s002650000241.
236. Schiestl, F.P., and Ayasse, M. 2001. Post-pollination emission of a repellent compound in a sexually deceptive orchid: a new mechanism for maximising reproductive success? Oecologia (Berl.), 126(4): 531-534. doi:10.1007/s004420000552.
237. Schiestl, F.P., and Ayasse, M. 2002. Do changes in floral odor cause speciation in sexually deceptive orchids? Plant Syst. Evol. 234(1): 111-119. doi:10.1007/s00606-002-0187-z.
238. Schiestl, F.P., and Peakall, R. 2005. Two orchids attract different pollinators with the same floral odour compound: ecological and evolutionary implications. Funct. Ecol. 19(4): 674-680. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01010.x.
239. Schiestl, F.P., Ayasse, M., Paulus, H.F., Lofstedt, C., Hansson, B.S., Ibarra, F., and Francke, W. 1999. Orchid pollination by sexual swindle. Nature (London), 399(6735): 421-422. doi:10. 1038/20829.
240. Schiestl, F.P., Ayasse, M., Paulus, H.F., Lofstedt, C., Hansson, B.S., Ibarra, F., and Francke, W. 2000. Sex pheromone mimicry in the early spider orchid (Ophrys sphegodes): patterns of hydrocarbons as the key mechanism for pollination by sexual deception. J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol., 186(6): 567-574. doi:10.1007/s003590000112. PMID: 10947239.
241. Schiestl, F.P., Peakall, R., Mant, J.G., Ibarra, F., Schulz, C., Franke, S., and Francke, W. 2003. The chemistry of sexual deception in an orchid-wasp pollination system. Science (Washington, D.C.), 302(5644): 437-438. doi:10.1126/science.1087835. PMID:14564006.
242. Schiestl, F.P., Peakall, R., and Mant, J. 2004. Chemical communication in the sexually deceptive orchid genus Cryptostylis. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 144(2): 199-205. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00249.x.
243. Schiestl, F.P., Steinebrunner, F., Schulz, C., von Reuß, S., Francke, W., Weymuth, C., and Leuchtmann, A. 2006. Evolution of 'pollinator'-attracting signals in fungi. Biol. Lett. 2(3): 401-404. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0479. PMID:17148414.
244. Schindler, M. 2005. Biologie kleptoparasitischer Bienen und ihrer Wirte (Hymenoptera, Apiformes): Labor-und Freilanduntersu-chungen an Arten der Gattungen Nomada und Andrena. Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, 2004, Bonn (Selbstverlag).
245. Schlick-Steiner, B.C., Steiner, F.M., Hottinger, H., Nikiforov, A., Mistrik, R., Schafellner, C., Baier, P., and Christian, E. 2004. A butterfly's chemical key to various ant forts: intersection-odour or aggregate-odour multi-host mimicry? Naturwissenschaften, 91(5): 209-214. doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0518-8. PMID:15146266.
246. Schonrogge, K., Wardlaw, J.C., Peters, A.J., Everett, S., Thomas, J.A., and Elmes, G.W. 2004. Changes in chemical signature and host specificity from larval retrieval to full social integration in the myrmecophilous butterfly Maculinea rebeli. J. Chem. Ecol. 30(1): 91-107. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000013184.18176.a9.PMID:15074659.
247. Searcy, W.A., and Nowicki, S. 2005. The evolution of animal communication: reliability and deception in signaling systems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
248. Seymour, R.S., and Schultze-Motel, P. 1997. Heat-producing flowers. Endeavour, 21(3): 125-129. doi:10.1016/S0160-9327(97)80222-0.
249. Seymour, R.S., and Schultze-Motel, P. 1999. Respiration, temperature regulation and energetics of thermogenic inflorescences of the dragon lily Dracunculus vulgaris (Araceae). Proc R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 266(1432): 1975-1983. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0875.
250. Seymour, R.S., Gibernau, M., and Ito, K. 2003a. Thermogenesis and respiration of inflorescences of the dead horse lily Helicodiceros muscivorus, a pseudo-thermoregulatory aroid associated with fly pollination. Funct. Ecol. 17(6): 886-894. doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2435.2003.00802.x.
251. Seymour, R.S., White, C.R., and Gibernau, M. 2003b. Environmental biology: heat reward for insect pollinators. Nature (London), 426(6964): 243-244. doi:10.1038/426243a. PMID:14628037.
252. Sick, M., Ayasse, M., Tengo, J., Engels, W., Lubke, G., and Francke, W. 1994. Host-parasite relationships in six species of Sphecodes bees and their halictid hosts: nest intrusion, intranidal behavior, and Dufour's gland volatiles (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). J. Insect Behav. 7(1): 101-117. doi:10.1007/BF01989830.
253. Simmons, L.W., Alcock, J., and Reeder, A. 2003. The role of cuticular hydrocarbons in male attraction and repulsion by female Dawson's burrowing bee, Amegilla dawsoni. Anim. Behav. 66(4): 677-685. doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2240.
254. Simpson, B.B., and Neff, J.L. 1981. Floral rewards: alternatives to pollen and nectar. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 68(2): 301-322. doi:10. 2307/2398800.
255. Singer, R.B. 2002. The pollination mechanism in Trigonidium obtusum Lindl. (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae): sexual mimicry and trap-flowers. Ann. Bot. (Lond.), 89(2): 157-163. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf021.
256. Singer, R.B., Flach, A., Koehler, S., Marsaioli, A.J., and Amaral, M.E. 2004. Sexual mimicry in Mormolyca ringens (Lindl.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae). Ann. Bot. (Lond.), 93(6): 755-762. doi:10.1093/aob/mch091.
257. Smith, B.N., and Meeuse, B.J.D. 1966. Production of volatile amines and skatole at anthesis in some arum lily species. Plant Physiol. 41(2): 343-347. doi:10.1104/pp.41.2.343. PMID:16656260.
258. Steinebrunner, F., Schiestl, F.P., and Leuchtmann, A. 2008a. Variation of insect attracting odor in endophytic Epichloe fungi: phylogenetic constrains versus host influence. J. Chem. Ecol. 34(6): 772-782. doi:10.1007/s10886-008-9476-5. PMID:18463800.
259. Steinebrunner, F., Schiestl, F.P., and Leuchtmann, A. 2008b. Ecological role of volatiles produced by Epichloe: differences in antifungal toxicity. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 64(2): 307-316. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00452.x. PMID:18328083.
260. Steinebrunner, F., Twele, R., Francke, W., Leuchtmann, A., and Schiestl, F.P. 2008c. Role of odour compounds in the attraction of gamete vectors in endophytic Epichloe fungi. New Phytol. 178(2): 401-411. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02347.x. PMID: 18194147.
261. Steiner, K.E., Whitehead, V.B., and Johnson, S.D. 1994. Floral and pollinator divergence in two sexually deceptive Cape orchids. Am. J. Bot. 81(2): 185-194. doi:10.2307/2445632.
262. Stensmyr, M.C., Urru, I., Collu, I., Celander, M., Hansson, B.S., and Angioy, A.-M. 2002. Pollination: rotting smell of deadhorse arum florets. Nature (London), 420(6916): 625-626. doi:10.1038/420625a. PMID:12478279.
263. Stokl, J., Paulus, H., Dafni, A., Schulz, C., Francke, W., and Ayasse, M. 2005. Pollinator attracting odour signals in sexually deceptive orchids of the Ophrys fusca group. Plant Syst. Evol. 254(1-2): 105-120. doi:10.1007/s00606-005-0330-8.
264. Stokl, J., Twele, R., Erdmann, D.H., Francke, W., and Ayasse, M. 2007. Comparison of the flower scent of the sexually deceptive orchid Ophrys iricolor and the female sex pheromone of its pollinator Andrena morio. Chemoecology, 17(4): 231-233. doi:10. 1007/s00049-007-0383-y.
265. Stokl, J., Schluter, P.M., Stuessy, T.F., Paulus, H.F., Assum, G., and Ayasse, M. 2008. Scent variation and hybridization cause the displacement of a sexually deceptive orchid species. Am. J. Bot. 95(4): 472-481. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.4.472.
266. Stoutamire, W.P. 1975. Pseudocopulation in Australian terrestrial orchids. Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 44: 226-233.
267. Stowe, M.K. 1988. Chemical mimicry. In Chemical mediation of coevolution. Edited by K. Spencer. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. pp. 513-580.
268. Stowe, M.K., Tumlinson, J.H., and Heath, R.R. 1987. Chemical mimicry: bolas spiders emit components of moth prey species sex pheromones. Science (Washington, D.C.), 236(4804): 964-967. doi:10.1126/science.236.4804.964. PMID:17812752.
269. Stowe, M.K., Turlings, T.C.J., Loughrin, J.H., Lewis, W.J., and Tumlinson, J.H. 1995. The chemistry of eavesdropping, alarm, and deceit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92(1): 23-28. doi:10. 1073/pnas.92.1.23. PMID:7816823.
270. Stránský, K. and Valterová, I. 1999.Releaseofvolatilesduringthe flowering period of Hydrosme rivieri (Araceae). Phytochemistry, 52(8): 1387-1390. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00247-2.
271. Strohm, E., Kroiss, J., Herzner, G., Laurien-Kehnen, C., Boland, W., Schreier, P., and Schmitt, T. 2008. A cuckoo in wolves' clothing? Chemical mimicry in a specialized cuckoo wasp of the European beewolf (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae and Crabronidae). Front. Zool. 5(1): 2. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-5-2. PMID:18190702.
272. Tartally, A., and Varga, Z. 2008. Host and use by Maculinea teleius in the Carpathian Basin (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 54(3): 257-268.
273. Tartally, A., Nash, D.R., Lengyel, S., and Varga, Z. 2008. Patterns of host ant use by sympatric populations of Maculinea alcon and M. 'rebeli' in the Carpathian Basin. Insectes Soc. 55(4): 370-381. doi:10.1007/s00040-008-1015-4.
274. Tengo, J. 1979. Odour-released behaviour in Andrena bees (Apoidea, Hymenoptera). Zoon, 7: 15-48.
275. Tengo, J., and Bergstrom, G. 1975. All-trans-farnesyl hexanoate and geranyl octanoate in the Dufour gland secretion of Andrem (Hymenoptera, Apidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 1(2): 253-268. doi:10. 1007/BF00987874.
276. Tengo, J., and Bergstrom, G. 1976. Odor correspondence between Melitta females and males of their nest parasite Nomada flavopicta K. (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. Chem. Ecol. 2(1): 57-65. doi:10.1007/BF00988024.
277. Tengo, J., and Bergstrom, G. 1977. Cleptoparasitism and odor mimetism in bees: do Nomada males imitate the odor of Andrena females? Science (Washington, D.C.), 196(4294): 1117-1119. doi:10.1126/science.196.4294.1117. PMID:17778551.
278. Thien, L.B. 1969. Mosquito pollination of Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). Am. J. Bot. 56(2): 232-237. doi:10.2307/2440711.
279. Tholl, D., and Rose, U.S.R. 2006. Detection and identification of floral scent compounds. In Biology of floral scent. Edited by N. Dudareva and E. Pichersky. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Fla. pp. 3-26.
280. Thomas, J.A., and Elmes, G.W. 1998. Higher productivity at the cost of increased host-specificity when Maculinea butterfly larvae exploit ant colonies through tropholaxis rather than by predation. Ecol. Entomol. 23(4): 457-464. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311. 1998.00153.x.
281. Thomas, J.S., and Elmes, G.W. 2001. Food-plant niche selection rather than the presence of ants nests explains oviposition patterns of the myrmycophilous butterfly genus Maculinea. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 268(1466): 471-477. doi:10.1098/ rspb.2000.1398.
282. Thomas, J.A., and Settele, J. 2004. Evolutionary biology: butterfly mimics of ants. Nature (London), 432(7015): 283-284. doi:10. 1038/432283a. PMID:15549080.
283. Travassos, M.A., and Pierce, N.E. 2000. Acoustics, context and function of vibrational signalling in a lycaenid butterfly-ant mutualism. Anim. Behav. 60(1): 13-26. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999. 1364. PMID:10924199.
284. Turgeon, J.J., McNeil, J.N., and Roelofs, W.L. 1983a. Responsiveness of Pseudaletia unipuncta males to the female sex pheromone. Physiol. Entomol. 8(3): 339-344. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00366.x.
285. Turgeon, J.J., McNeil, J.N., and Roelofs, W.L. 1983b. Evaluation of sex pheromone traps for the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Environ. Entomol. 12: 891-894.
286. Tyteca, D., Róis, A.S., and Vereecken, N.J. 2006. Observations on the pollination of Ophrys fuciflora by pseudocopulating males of Phyllopertha horticola in northern France. Journal Europäischer Orchideen, 38: 203-214.
287. van der Cingel, N.A. 2001. An atlas of orchid pollination: America, Africa, Asia and Australia. Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
288. van der Pijl, L., and Dodson, C.H. 1966. Orchid flowers-their pollination and evolution. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Fla.
289. van Dyck, H., Oostermeijer, J.G.B., Talloen, W., Feenstra, V., van der Hidde, A., and Wynhoff, I. 2000. Does the presence of ants matter for oviposition to a specialized myrmecophilous Maculinea butterfly? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 267: 861-866. doi:doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1082.
290. Vereecken, N.J. 2009. Deceptive behavior in plants. I. Pollination by sexual deception in orchids: a host-parasite perspective. In Plantenvironment interactions: from sensory plant biology to active behaviour. Edited by F. Baluska. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 203-222
291. Vereecken, N.J., and Mahé, G. 2007. Larval aggregations of the blister beetle Stenoria analis (Schaum) (Coleoptera: Meloidae) sexually deceive patrolling males of their host, the solitary bee Colletes hederae Schmidt & Westrich (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 43: 493-496.
292. Vereecken, N.J., and Schiestl, F.P. 2008. The evolution of imperfect floral mimicry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105(21): 7484-7488. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800194105. PMID:18508972.
293. Vereecken, N.J., and Schiestl, F.P. 2009. On the roles of colour and scent in a specialized floral mimicry system. Ann. Bot. (Lond.), 104(6): 1077-1084. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp208.
294. Vereecken, N.J., Mant, J., and Schiestl, F.P. 2007. Population differentiation in female sex pheromone and male preferences in a solitary bee. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61(5): 811-821. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0312-z.
295. Vogel, S. 1978. Pilzmuckenblumen als Pilzmimeten I. Erster teil. Flora, 167: 329-366.
296. Wäckers, F.L. 2005. Suitability of (extra-)floral nectar, pollen and honeydew as insect food sources. In Plant-provided food for carnivorous insects: a protective mutualism and its applications. Edited by F.L. Wäckers, P.C.J. van Rijn, and J. Bruin. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 17-74.
297. Wäckers, F.L., van Rijn, P.C.J., and Heimpel, G.E. 2008. Honey-dew as a food source for natural enemies: making the best of a bad meal? Biol. Control, 45(2): 176-184. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.007.
298. Wada, A., Isobe, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Yamaoka, R., and Ozaki, M. 2001. Taste-enhancing effects of glycine on the sweetness of glucose: a gustatory aspect of symbiosis between the ant, Camponotus japonicus, and the larvae of the lycaenid butterfly, Niphanda fusca. Chem. Senses, 26(8): 983-992. doi:10.1093/chemse/26.8.983. PMID:11595675.
299. Wagner, D. 1993. Species-specific effects of tending ants on the development of lycaenid butterfly larvae. Oecologia (Berl.), 96(2): 276-281. doi:10.1007/BF00317742.
300. Waser, N.M., Chittka, L., Price, M.V., Williams, N.M., and Ollerton, J. 1996. Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters. Ecology, 77(4): 1043-1060. doi:10.2307/2265575.
301. Webster, J., and Weber, R. 2007. Introduction to fungi. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
302. Wickler, W. 1968. Mimicry in plants and animals. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
303. Wiens, D. 1978. Mimicry in plants. Evol. Biol. 11: 365-403.
304. Witek, M., Sliwinska, E.B., Skorka, P., Nowichi, P., Wantuch, M., Vrabexc, V., Settele, J., and Woyciechowski, M. 2008. Host and specificity of large blue butterflies Phengaris (Maculinea) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) inhabiting humid grasslands in East-central Europe. Eur. J. Entomol. 105: 871-877.
305. Wolff, T. 1950. Pollination and fertilization of the fly ophrys, Ophrys insectifera L. in Allindellille Fredskov, Denmark. Oikos, 2(1): 20-59. doi:10.2307/3564661.
306. Wong, B.B.M., and Schiestl, F.P. 2002. How an orchid harms its pollinator. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 269(1500): 1529-1532. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2052.
307. Wyatt, T.D. 2003. Pheromones and animal behaviour: communication by smell and taste. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
308. Yeargan, K.V. 1988. Ecology of a bolas spider, Mastophora hutchinsoni: phenology, hunting tactics, and evidence for aggressive chemical mimicry. Oecologia (Berl.), 74(4): 524-530. doi:10. 1007/BF00380049.
309. Yeargan, K.V. 1994. Biology of bolas spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 39(1): 81-99. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.000501.
310. Yeargan, K.V., and Quate, L.W. 1996. Juvenile bolas spiders attract psychodid flies. Oecologia (Berl.), 106(2): 266-271. doi:10.1007/BF00328607.
311. Yeargan, K.V., and Quate, L.W. 1997. Adult male bolas spiders retain juvenile hunting tactics. Oecologia (Berl.), 112(4): 572-576. doi:10.1007/s004420050347.
312. Zhu, J., and Haynes, K.F. 2004. Sex pheromone components of the bronzed cutworm, Nephelodes minians, a prey species of a bolas spider, Mastophora hutchinsoni. J. Chem. Ecol. 30(10): 2047-2056. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000045594.72243.b2. PMID:15609836.